Effectiveness Of Solvents Research Articles

Extraction of bioactive compounds from peel and seeds of pitomba (Talisia esculenta) using eutectic solvents

SummaryThis study explores using pitomba peel and seeds to obtain a natural extract with high antioxidant capacity, employing extraction techniques with eutectic solvents combined with agitation and temperature control. The analysis revealed that, for the extraction with pitomba peel residues, the average levels of phenolic compounds did not show significant differences except for the extraction with ethanol. In contrast, the extractions performed with pitomba seeds showed significant differences, with the combination of choline chloride with lactic acid and choline chloride with glycerol providing the highest phenolic compound values. For flavonoids, the highest amount was obtained with the extraction using L‐proline and levulinic acid for the pitomba peel and ethanol and choline chloride with levulinic acid for the pitomba seeds. The results of the DPPH and FRAP assays indicate that, for antioxidant activity, the highest DPPH value was achieved with the extraction of pitomba peel using choline chloride with glycerol. In contrast, for pitomba seeds, elevated values were found with choline chloride with glycerol and choline chloride with levulinic acid. In the FRAP assay, the averages between L‐proline with levulinic acid and choline chloride with glycerol were not significantly different, showing high values. For pitomba seeds, the averages between ethanol and choline chloride with glycerol were also not significantly different and showed the highest obtained values. The results demonstrate that the extracts obtained from pitomba residues are rich in valuable compounds for potential applications in the food and pharmaceutical industries. They highlight the significant levels of flavonoids extracted from pitomba peel and seeds and emphasise the effectiveness of deep eutectic solvents (DES), particularly choline chloride with glycerol, in the extraction process.

Factorial Analysis and Thermal Kinetics of Chemical Recycling of Poly(ethylene terephthalate) Aided by Neoteric Imidazolium-Based Ionic Liquids.

Poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) waste accumulation poses significant environmental challenges due to its persistent nature and current management limitations. This study explores the effectiveness of imidazolium-based neoteric solvents [Emim][OAc] and [Bmim][OAc] as catalytic co-solvents in the glycolysis of PET with ethylene glycol (EG). Reaction thermal kinetics showed that both ionic liquids (ILs) significantly enhanced the depolymerization rate of PET compared to traditional methods. The use of [Emim][OAc] offered a lower activation energy of 88.69 kJ·mol-1, thus making the process more energy-efficient. The contribution of key process parameters, including temperature (T), plastic-to-ionic liquid (P/IL) mass ratio, and plastic-to-solvent (P/S) mass ratio, were evaluated by means of a factorial analysis and optimized to achieve the maximum PET conversion for both neoteric solvents. The relevance sequence for both ionic liquids involved the linear factors T and P/S, followed by the interaction factors T×P/S and T×P/IL, with P/IL being the less significant parameter. The optimal conditions, with a predicted conversion of 100%, involved a temperature of 190 °C, with a P/IL of 1:1 and a P/S of 1:2.5, regardless of the IL used as the catalytic co-solvent.

History of the study of amyloidosis: from the Rokitansky's theory to the present day

In the history of amyloidosis studying the concept of liquids dyscrasia has been predominated and finally it is resulted in accepting a serum protein-precursor as a leading amyloidogenic factor in the disease pathogenesis. Consequently basic diagnostic and treatment strategy was aimed to find and eliminate this protein from the blood and this approach evidenced high effectiveness in most frequent AA and AL-amyloidosis characterized with anomaly high levels of precursors in the blood. At the same time there are less frequent and slower progressing inheritant forms of systemic amyloidosis including transthyretin induced, which are less depending on amyloidogenecity of amyloid precursor and because of that, in example, the effectiveness of transthyretin stabilizers or blockers of its synthesis is limited comparing with the precursor elimination in AA or AL. Developed in the middle of XX century a theory of local synthesis by macrophages is more preferable to describe the pathogenesis of these forms. And modern proteome analysis using give rise to confirm the key meaning of macrophage in the amyloidogenesis and proves necessity to know deeply mechanisms of macrophagial autophagia - basic tool of maintaining intracellular protein homeostasis. That is why it is difficult to hope on high effectiveness of chemical amyloid solvents in vivo, which being under macrophages regulation never could realize its chemical activities.

Effectiveness of ammonium-based deep eutectic solvents in extracting polyphenol from Chlorella vulgaris

This study investigated the extraction of polyphenols from Chlorella vulgaris microalgae using environmentally friendly choline chloride-based deep eutectic solvents (DESs), specifically DES 1 (choline chloride: ethylene glycol, 1:2) and DES 2 (choline chloride: glycerol, 1:2). Thermal characterization of DESs through DSC analysis confirmed their formation as a glass former, while through density and viscosity analysis reveals their influence on extraction efficiency. Both DESs and methanol were employed in solid-liquid extraction combined with centrifugation. The Folin-Ciocalteu method quantified total phenolic content, showing DES 1 and DES 2 to outperform methanol (80.04, 68.63, and 60.15 mg GAE/g, respectively). High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was used in order to confirm these results. The HPLC result revealed that DES 1 exhibited the highest extraction efficiency at 198.00 ± 4.45 mg/L of Gallic acid yielded, followed by DES 2 at 189.83 ± 4.84 mg/L and the lowest is MeOH at 138.47 ± 5.36 mg/L. DPPH Radical Scavenging assay indicated both DES 1 and DES 2 extracts with significant radical scavenging activity (88.45 ± 0.17) % and (66.13 ± 1.62) %, respectively, compared to MeOH extracts that showed the lowest antioxidant activity at (30.41 ± 1.70) %. Overall, this study highlighted the potential of DESs in enchancing polyphenol extraction from Chlorella vulgaris, with room for further optimization and exploration of DES-polyphenol interactions.

Efficient catalyst regeneration through solvent-based wax extraction for Co/Al2O3 Fischer-Tropsch catalysts

The regeneration of Fischer-Tropsch (FT) catalysts plays a crucial role in sustaining their catalytic activity and longevity in sustainable production processes. This research investigates the effectiveness of various solvents, including n-hexane, n-heptane, toluene, xylene, and the liquid fraction of FT products (LF-FT), for catalyst regeneration and extracting wax from the 15 wt%Co/Al2O3 catalyst. Toluene, with a unique combination of key parameters such as polarity, solubility, boiling point, aromatic structure, and chemical interactions, exhibited the highest wax removal efficiency of 90.6%. However, due to its 41 °C lower boiling point compared to toluene and very similar wax removal efficiency, n-hexane appears as a more energy-efficient and cost-effective option for this process. The regenerated catalysts showed comparable characteristics, including the textural properties (surface area, pore size, and pore volume), crystallinity, and reducibility, to fresh catalysts. The slightly lower reduction temperature in the regenerated catalyst indicates a higher possibility for the formation of cobalt active sites during the catalyst reduction process with hydrogen, leading to an increased potential for higher catalytic activity. The LF-FT, comprising paraffins, iso-paraffins, olefins, napthenes, and aromatics, provided a unique combination of aliphatic and aromatic moieties, enhancing the solubility of both polar and nonpolar components in FT wax and improving the wax removal efficiency to 91.5%. The higher boiling point and operating temperature of the LF-FT also contributed to its better performance. Efficient separation of hydrocarbons from solvents allowed for solvent reusability in subsequent FT wax removal cycles, making it advantageous for large-scale applications.

Extraction of Chitin from Giant Tiger Prawn (Penaeus monodon) Shrimp Shell Using Deep Eutectic Solvents and Citric Acid

Chitin, a natural biomass resource, has shown great promise for a wide range of applications because of its high bioactivity. This study evaluated the effectiveness of deep eutectic solvents (DESs) mixed with citric acid as a method for extracting chitin from the shells of giant tiger prawn shrimps (Penaeus monodon). The purity and physicochemical properties of the extracted chitin were compared with those obtained using the traditional chemical extraction method and commercial chitin. The results showed that the highest chitin purity (99.22%) was achieved when choline chloride-glycerol (ChCl–Gl) was used in a 1:2 molar ratio with a citric acid content of 5% w/v (CG2-5%). Additionally, the extracted chitin had a molecular weight of 3.75 × 105 Da and a crystallinity index of 81.34%, which was slightly higher than that of chitin extracted using the conventional method (3.24 × 105 Da and 73.59%). However, there was no significant difference between chitin extracted by CG2-5% and commercial chitin. This suggests that the structure of the biopolymer remained intact following the CG2-5% extraction process. The α-chitins in tiger prawn shrimp shells, as confirmed by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, and X-ray Diffraction Analysis (XRD), are analogous to commercial shrimp chitin. These results, achieved without employing potentially harmful chemicals, demonstrate that CG2-5% can efficiently enhance chitin extraction from diverse raw biomass sources without jeopardizing the polymer's structural stability.

Enhanced biomass processing towards acetone-butanol-ethanol fermentation using a ternary deep eutectic solvent

This work evaluated the effectiveness of ternary deep eutectic solvents (DES) composed of cholinium chloride (ChCl), lactic acid (LA) and a diol (ethylene glycol – EG, or 1,6-hexanediol – HEX) in the pretreatment of rice straw (RS) towards the production of biobutanol. The most promising results were obtained with ChCl:LA:EG 1:5:5 at 120 °C for 4 h, which enabled the highest conversion of biomass polysaccharides into glucose and xylose up to 89.3 % and 53.6 % yields, respectively. Subsequently, the produced sugars were efficiently converted into biobutanol through the acetone-butanol-ethanol (ABE) fermentation process, resulting in the production of 95.7 g butanol/kg RS as one of the highest values reported in literature. Thus, the application of the ternary DES ChCl:LA:EG 1:5:5 represents a competitive and environmentally friendly pathway for RS valorization in comparison to conventional processes.

Comparative evaluation of the effectiveness of various solvents on dissolving efficacy of gutta percha- An in vitro- study

This study's objective was to compare how well xylene, chloroform, turpentine oil, halothane, and orange oil dissolved materials at three different immersion time intervals.For the investigation. An ISO no. 40 cone and gutta-percha cones with a 0.06 taper were gathered. In each of the tested solvents, five batches of samples were made and submerged for 6, 12, and 18 minutes. To ascertain the process of gutta-percha dissolution in the solvents, the weight before immersion and the weight after immersion in the solvents were measured on a digital analytical scale. Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and multiple comparisons with Scheffe's test (p 0.05) were used to statistically analyse the data. With xylene, the best solvency capacity was attained. Halothane, orange oil, and chloroform all had comparable dissolving abilities.

Evaluation of the antioxidant potential of brown seaweeds extracted by different solvents and characterization of their phenolic compounds by LC-ESI-QTOF-MS/MS.

Seaweeds, serving as valuable natural sources of phenolic compounds (PCs), offer various health benefits like antioxidant, anti-inflammatory properties, and potential anticancer effects. The efficient extraction of PCs from seaweed is essential to harness their further applications. This study compares the effectiveness of different solvents (ethanol, methanol, water, acetone, and ethyl acetate) for extracting PCs from four seaweed species: Ascophyllum sp., Fucus sp., Ecklonia sp., and Sargassum sp. Among them, the ethanol extract of Sargassum sp. had the highest content of total phenolics (25.33±1.45mgGAE/g) and demonstrated potent scavenging activity against the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical (33.65±0.03mgTE/g) and phosphomolybdate reduction (52.98±0.47mgTE/g). Ecklonia sp. had the highest content of total flavonoids (0.40±0.02mgQE/g) in its methanol extract, whereas its ethyl acetate extract contained the highest content of total condensed tannins (8.09±0.12mgCE/g). Fucus sp. demonstrated relatively strong antioxidant activity, with methanolic extracts exhibiting a scavenging ability against 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) radical (54.41±0.24mgTE/g) and water extracts showing ferric-reducing antioxidant power of 36.24±0.06mgTE/g. Likewise, liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry identified 61 individual PCs, including 17 phenolic acids, 32 flavonoids, and 12 other polyphenols. Ecklonia sp., particularly in the ethanol extract, exhibited the most diverse composition. These findings underscore the importance of selecting appropriate solvents based on the specific seaweed species and desired compounds, further providing valuable guidance in the pharmaceutical, nutraceutical, and cosmetic industries. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: The PCs, which are secondary metabolites present in terrestrial plants and marine organisms, have garnered considerable attention due to their potential health advantages and diverse biological effects. Using various organic/inorganic solvents during the extraction process makes it possible to selectively isolate different types of PCs from seaweed species. The distinct polarity and solubility properties of each solvent enable the extraction of specific compounds, facilitating a comprehensive assessment of the phenolic composition found in the seaweed samples and guiding industrial production.

Extraction of C6 α-olefin against n-paraffin in coker naphtha with deep eutectic solvents: Quantum chemical calculations and experimental investigation

Extraction technology is often employed to separate olefin/paraffin mixtures due to the advantages of mature process, flexible operation, and large processing capacity. This work aims to investigate the effectiveness of novel deep eutectic solvents (DESs) for the extraction of 1-hexene/n-hexane model coker naphtha using a combination of simulations and experiments. The results showed that the aliphatic or aromatic groups in the hydrogen bond acceptors or hydrogen bond donors have a strong affinity for 1-hexene, and the components containing hydroxyl or aromatic groups possess the ability to provide protons, which is beneficial to dissolve 1-hexene. Combining the results of the melting point predicted by the group and group-interaction contribution model, three DESs, namely ethanolamine-sulfolane 1:5 (DES1), tetrabutylammonium bromide-bis[2-(2-hydroxyethoxy)ethyl] ether 1:4 (DES2), and methyltriphenylphosphonium bromide-Triethylene glycol 1:4 (DES3), were finally prepared. Then, quantum chemical calculations were used to investigate the separation mechanism between the DESs and 1-hexene/n-hexane, demonstrating single-center and multi-center hybrid weak hydrogen bonds dominated by the dispersion attraction between DESs and 1-hexene. Finally, liquid–liquid equilibrium experiments were used to examine the effects of DESs type, composition, and temperature on the separation performance, and the results showed that the DES1 has both high distribution coefficient of 1-hexene and selectivity of 1-hexene/n-hexane, as well as good recycle stability. This work demonstrates that new DESs can be used as alternative solvents to traditional organic solvents and ionic liquids, and provides ideas for the separation of olefins and paraffins in coker naphtha.

Effectiveness of deep eutectic solvents for light oil recovery through spontaneous imbibition

With the rise in demand for energy, comes the need to extract oil from not only primary and secondary stages, but also from tertiary recovery methods to keep up with the current market. Enhanced oil recovery (EOR) has become more prevalent within maturing reservoirs. Ionic liquids (IL) were highly regarded for chemical EOR until researchers raised concerns about their expensive cost, toxicity, and environmental impacts. Recently, deep eutectic solvents (DES) were discovered as a potential replacement for ILs due to their non-toxic nature, being biodegradable, non-flammable, and cheaper. In this study, the effectiveness of DES is investigated by observing its ability to promote oil recovery through wettability alteration. Spontaneous Imbibition tests along with emulsion and thermogravimetric tests (TGA) are used to achieve the objectives. Results indicated that both DESs can recover oil that was not recoverable using brine only. At higher temperatures, the effectiveness of DES was higher, which allowed for more oil to be imbibed out. The effect of concentration suggested that at high concentrations, DESs exhibit self-destructive properties by increasing interfacial tension (IFT), which reduced the imbibition rate and recovery factor. TGA studies indicate that the thermal stability of DESs is highly dependent on the thermal stability of their hydrogen bond donor (HBD).

DEVELOPMENT OF TECHNOLOGY FOR CLEANING THE BOTTOM-HOLE ZONE OF THE FORMATION FROM ASPHALT-RESINOUS DEPOSITS

The article considered the process of operation of wells, paraffin oil, causing a serious problem during the operation of the well. Physico-chemical methods providing an increase in displacement and coverage coefficients simultaneously for the extraction of film and capillary–retained oil from flooded reservoirs. At the same time, by adding special chemicals to water, it is possible to create solutions that reduce: the interfacial surface tension of water, thereby changing the ratio of the displacing and displaced phase mobility. For this kind of issues, pilot field studies and testing of the optimal technology for cleaning the bottom-hole formation zone (BFZ) from deposits of asphaltene-resinous substances were carried out and 6 production wells were selected for this purpose. Further, the criteria of wells for conducting pilot field tests of the technology for cleaning bottom-hole zones of wells from asphaltene-resinous substances are recommended. A composite composition with a high solvent capacity in relation to asphaltene-resinous substances was selected, the results of laboratory studies to determine the effectiveness of hydrocarbon solvents were given. The volume of the solvent composition was calculated for all selected wells. It is recommended that for processing for each well, a "Plan for processing the bottom-hole zone of the well" was drawn up, and a recommendation was also given that the processing of the BFZ should be carried out without extracting the underground equipment of the well (tubing columns with a pump).

Development of novel ternary deep eutectic pretreatment solvents from lignin-derived phenol, and its efficiency in delignification and enzymatic hydrolysis of peanut shells

This work evaluated the effectiveness of a novel deep eutectic solvents (DES) prepared from guaiacol (GG), and p-hydroxybenzoic acid (PB) as a double hydrogen bond donor and choline chloride (ChCl) as a hydrogen bond receptor. The effect of ChCl-GG-PB on the structural properties and enzymatic hydrolysis of peanut shell was analyzed. Furthermore, the performance of ChCl-GG-PB as a hydrogen bond donor was compared with two other DES of PB and GG as hydrogen bond donors, and the effects of molar ratio, temperature and time were studied. The results showed that after ChCl-GG-PB pretreatment, hemicellulose and lignin were effectively removed, the removal rate was about 63.36% and 69.54%, respectively, and the enzymatic glycosaccharification efficiency was significantly improved, of which the xylose content was 5.5 times higher than the untreated. In addition, ChCl-GG-PB pretreated showed significant changes in the structure and morphology, with the highest crystallinity and lowest solid recovery. These results affirms that the proposed novel ternary DES is a promising pretreatment solvent that can effectively deconstruct lignocellulose and improve cellulose digestibility, thereby achieving an economically viable biomass conversion method.

Investigation of Solvent Efficiency in Extraction of Bioactive Constituents from Peels, Leaves and Tubers of Sweet Potato

The effectiveness of solvents in extracting phytochemicals from leaves, peels and tubers of sweet potato was studied with a view of knowing the best solvent for extraction as well as establishing the availability of bioactive constituents in different parts of sweet potato. The peels, leaves and tubers of sweet potato were obtained, cut, air-dried, ground, sieved with 40 mm mesh and separately extracted using six different solvents (acetone, ethyl acetate, methanol, ethanol, water and chloroform) at ratio 1:10 for 72 h. The extracts obtained using six different solvents on peels, leaves and tubers of sweet potato were screened for phytochemicals. It was observed that all the three parts of sweet potato considered were rich in phytochemicals, although the peels and tubers contained relatively higher bioactive constituents than that available in the leaves. The extraction efficiency of the solvents in obtaining bioactive constituents from leaves, peels and tubers of sweet potato is highest in ethanol, followed by methanol, acetone and ethyl acetate while the least were in chloroform and water.

Selection of Solvents for the Removal of Asphaltene–Resin–Paraffin Deposits

In this study, we aimed to select the optimal solvents for the removal of asphaltene–resin–paraffin deposits. The effectiveness of various solvents was determined based on the asphaltene–resin–paraffin deposits (ARPDs) of the Zhanaozen (Ozen) crude oil field. These deposits affect the geological, physical, and technological conditions of the oil field, thus influencing its development. According to the results, we found that the most effective composite solvent is a composition comprising a 50% gasoline fraction and a 50% kerosene fraction. This composition showed mass loss of deposits of 97.7% and a dissolving power of 93.5 g/cm3 after 5 h. We confirmed the effectiveness of this composition by the paraffinic type of the deposits, which is explained by the high content of paraffin in the oil from the Zhanaozen field. Aromatic solvents showed a relatively low dissolving power compared with aliphatic solvents, which also confirms the low content of resins and asphaltenes in the ARPD.

Effectiveness of Volatile Natural Deep Eutectic Solvents (VNADESs) for the Green Extraction of Chelidonium majus Isoquinoline Alkaloids.

The Chelidonium majus plant is rich in biologically active isoquinoline alkaloids. These alkaline polar compounds are isolated from raw materials with the use of acidified water or methanol; next, after alkalisation of the extract, they are extracted using chloroform or dichloromethane. This procedure requires the use of toxic solvents. The present study assessed the possibility of using volatile natural deep eutectic solvents (VNADESs) for the efficient and environmentally friendly extraction of Chelidonium alkaloids. The roots and herb of the plant were subjected three times to extraction with various menthol, thymol, and camphor mixtures and with water and methanol (acidified and nonacidified). It has been shown that alkaloids can be efficiently isolated using menthol–camphor and menthol–thymol mixtures. In comparison with the extraction with acidified methanol, the use of appropriate VNADESs formulations yielded higher amounts of protopine (by 16%), chelidonine (35%), berberine (76%), chelerythrine (12%), and coptisine (180%). Sanguinarine extraction efficiency was at the same level. Additionally, the values of the contact angles of the raw materials treated with the tested solvents were assessed, and higher wetting dynamics were observed in the case of VNADESs when compared with water. These results suggest that VNADESs can be used for the efficient and environmentally friendly extraction of Chelidonium alkaloids.

Effectiveness of various solvents in the microwave-assisted extraction of cellulose from oil palm mesocarp fiber

Cellulose is a valuable resource for organic synthesis owing to its low cost, abundance, and sustainability. However, crystalline cellulose in lignocellulosic biomass is frequently smothered by the recalcitrant amorphous layers of lignin and hemicellulose that limit its extractability. Therefore, this studyaimedto find the best solvent to combine with a microwave-assisted method for fast and efficient extraction of cellulose from oil palm mesocarp fiber. Results showed that γ-valerolactone gave the highest average cellulose yield(64.0%),followed by protic solvents viz. 2-butoxyethanol (62.8%)and ethyl lactate(57.3%), however, there was no statistical difference (p > 0.05)between the three solvents. Crystalline cellulose in biomass seems to interact with aprotic solvent via dipole–dipole interactions slightly more efficiently than with protic solvent via hydrogen bonds. However, as an aprotic solvent,ethyl acetate showed an exception low cellulose yield (50.7%), presumably due to its boiling point which is lower than the operating temperature. Among all, ILs([BMIM][Cl], [HMIM][HSO4] and [EMIM][Ac]) performed the poorest giving only 36.0% to 52.0% of cellulose yields. The mixture of [HMIM][HSO4]/γ-valerolactone (1:1, v/v) performed similar to the sole [HMIM][HSO4]. Overall, the combination of γ-valerolactone and microwave extraction allowed a high yield of cellulose to be achieved within a short period of 2 min, at a relatively low temperature of140 °C, althoughfaint hydrolysis into glucose was detected. The cellulose extracted from γ-valerolactone showed a higher crystallinity index (46.81%) than raw biomass (24.06%), indicating a high purity product and the removal of amorphous portion.

Solvent-Based Elimination of Organic Matter from Marine-Collected Plastics

The physical-chemical characterization of plastic litter from the marine environment requires the prior removal of the biofouling attached to their surface without causing any degradation in the polymer. The absence of a standardized protocol for digesting biofouling and organic matter of both macro and microplastic samples extracted from seawater has been the main motivation for this research work, which aims to evaluate the effectiveness of different solvents (hydrogen peroxide, ethanol, a commercial enzymatic detergent, and potassium hydroxide) for the digestion of organic matter and biofouling in different samples recovered from the Spanish Atlantic and Mediterranean coast. Moreover, the potential effect of those solvents on the physical-chemical structure of polymers, four virgin plastic reference materials (low-density polyethylene, polyamide, poly(ethylene terephthalate) and polystyrene) without any type of prior degradation has been characterized in terms of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and optical microscopy. Results indicate that the hydrogen peroxide at 15% concentration applied for one week at 40 °C is the most effective solvent for organic matter and biofouling removal, without causing any apparent damage on the structure of plastic samples analyzed.

Ultrasonic-Assisted Extraction and Natural Deep Eutectic Solvents Combination: A Green Strategy to Improve the Recovery of Phenolic Compounds from Lavandula pedunculata subsp. lusitanica (Chaytor) Franco.

The present study aimed at evaluating the effectiveness of different natural deep eutectic solvents (NADES) on the extraction of phenolic compounds from Lavandula pedunculata subsp. lusitanica (Chaytor) Franco, on the antioxidant activity, and acetylcholinesterase (AChE), butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) and tyrosinase (Tyr) inhibitory capacities. Ten different NADES were used in this research and compared with conventional solvents. Ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) for 60 min proved to be the best extraction condition, and proline:lactic acid (1:1) and choline chloride:urea (1:2) extracts showed the highest total phenolic contents (56.00 ± 0.77 mgGAE/gdw) and antioxidant activity [64.35 ± 1.74 mgTE/gdw and 72.13 ± 0.97 mgTE/gdw in 2.2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2.2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) methods, respectively]. These extracts also exhibited enzymes inhibitory capacity particularly against Tyr and AChE. Even so, organic acid-based NADES showed to be the best extractants producing extracts with considerable ability to inhibit enzymes. Twenty-four phenolic compounds were identified by HPLC-HRMS, being rosmarinic acid, ferulic acid and salvianolic acid B the major compounds. The results confirmed that the combination of UAE and NADES provide an excellent alternative to organic solvents for sustainable and green extraction, and have huge potential for use in industrial applications involving the extraction of bioactive compounds from plants.

The use of solvents for gutta-percha dissolution/removal during endodontic retreatments: A scoping review.

This scoping review study aimed to map the evidence about solvents' use for gutta-percha dissolution and removal during endodontic retreatments. The study protocol followed the Joanna Briggs Institute guidelines, available online (https://osf.io/5vy8n/). Reporting was based on PRISMA Extension for Scoping Reviews. We selected dentistry studies that considered the effectiveness of solvents in gutta-percha dissolution in endodontic retreatments and compared their performance to the use of instrumentation techniques without solvents. The search and study screening were performed in PubMed and Scopus databases by two independent researchers. A descriptive analysis considered the study design, method/technique used for obturation, method/technique used for instrumentation during retreatment, solvent solutions tested, exposure time, and main findings. A total of 41 studies were included. Despite that, most studies suggested that solvents' use may complicate root canal cleanliness, regardless of the type of instrumentation used, and facilitate the presence of gutta-percha remnants in the root surface. Thus, the use of solvents should be avoided and its use should only be considered if the previous working length was not possible to access without it. Despite that, high heterogeneity was observed, further studies are still encouraged comparing the performance and effects of different solvents in different clinical scenarios.