Effectiveness Of Public Health Services Research Articles

The challenges and benefits of public health in smart cities from a 4 M perspective.

With the acceleration of urbanization, public health issues have become increasingly prominent in smart city construction, especially in the face of sudden public health crises. A deep research method for public health management based on a 4M perspective (human, machine, materials, methods) is proposed to effectively address these challenges. Methods: The method involves studying the impact of human factors such as population age, gender, and occupation on public health from a human perspective. It incorporates a machine perspective by constructing a public health prediction model using deep neural networks. Additionally, it analyzes resource allocation and process optimization in public health management from the materials and methods perspectives. The experiments demonstrate that the public health prediction model based on deep neural networks achieved a prediction accuracy of 98.6% and a recall rate of 97.5% on the test dataset. In terms of resource allocation and process optimization, reasonable adjustments and optimizations increased the coverage of public health services by 20% and decreased the response time to public health events by 30%. This research method has significant benefits for addressing the challenges of public health in smart cities. It can improve the efficiency and effectiveness of public health services, helping smart cities respond more quickly and accurately to potential large-scale public health events in the future. This approach holds important theoretical and practical significance.

An Analytical-Predictive Model for Measuring the Efficiency and Effectiveness of Public Health Services

Background:The main function of public health services is to improve people’s health and therefore, efficiency and effectiveness are constantly a subject of various world-wide research works. Today, in the era of digitalization, when numerous data are created and built, it is much easier to develop and implement a measurement system. It is possible to quickly use a wide variety of accurate and reliable data, aiming to create different measures that will help in the assessment and the decision-making process. For a long time, public health services have been facing a problem of finding an appropriate solution for measuring efficiency and effectiveness.Objective:The aim of this research is to find an appropriate analytical-predictive model for measuring efficiency and effectiveness of public health institutes. Public health is oriented to monitoring, analysis, and evaluation of the health of a populationi.e., prevention activities. It is a complex and interdependent process of different realisation of services, programmes, and activities the results of which are sometimes visible only after a long period of time. Therefore, the results of their activities should be evaluated using an appropriate performance measurement system.Methods:The adjusted Balanced Scorecard (BSC) combined with the non-parametric Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) technique is used to help identify the possibilities for improving the efficiency and effectiveness of public health service activities.Results:The result of this study is the proposed Analytical-Predictive Model (APE) that uses Balanced Scorecard combined with Data Envelopment Analysis to measure relative and technical efficiency as well as long-term effectiveness. The model used DEA as a benchmark for targets set in each perspective within the BSC. Using the BSC model, we selected the goals and common indicators for all DMUs, and using DEA, we identified relative efficiency of the DMUs. Efficient DMUs are considered a benchmark and used as targets for measuring effectiveness.Conclusion:This research has confirmed the appropriateness of the combination of BSC and DEA methods for measuring efficiency and effectiveness of public health institutions. To be able to measure and predict the long-term effectiveness of the activities and programmes, we had to combine the realised outputs and the set outcomes. The implementation of the APE model in the institutes of public health will contribute to the improvement of analysis, forecast, and optimisation of all their activities. The model is applicable to other public health institutions.

Measuring spatio-temporal accessibility to emergency medical services through big GPS data.

Medical accessibility is an important indicator for evaluating the effectiveness of public health services. However, the previous medical accessibility studies mainly focus on spatial accessibility without considering temporal variation in population distribution which is significant for evaluating access to emergency medical service (EMS). This paper proposes a model of spatio-temporal accessibility to EMS called ST-E2SFCA based on adapting the enhanced two-step floating catchment area (E2SFCA) method. We apply our method to the greater Tokyo area for a large volume of GPS dataset with millions of users and compare the accessibility difference over space and time. To evaluate our model, we also analyze the distinction of our model over different weight sets and compare the performance of ST-E2SFCA with the traditional E2SFCA. The result shows that our method can illustrate the temporal difference and is suitable for measuring the spatio-temporal accessibility to EMS, thus can guide the hospital location selection and urban planning.

Effectiveness of public health spending on infant mortality in Florida, 2001–2014

Studies investigating the effectiveness of public health spending typically face two major challenges. One is the lack of data on individual program spending, which restricts researchers to rely on aggregate expenditures. The other is the failure to address issues of endogeneity and serial correlation between health outcomes and spending. In this study, we demonstrate that the use of specific spending items as opposed to overall spending, combined with Generalized Method of Moments estimation techniques can do a far better job in revealing the effectiveness of public health services on health outcomes. As an example, we consider the effects of infant-related public health programs on infant mortality rates. Focus on programs expressly related to maternal and infant health was made possible by a unique longitudinal dataset from the Florida Department of Health containing information for all 67 Florida counties spanning 2001 through 2014. Our empirical methodology, by addressing potential endogeneity issues along with serial correlation, allows us to estimate the causal impact of specific public health investments in maternal and infant-related programs on infant mortality. We find that a 10 percent increase in targeted public health spending per infant leads to a 2.07 percent decrease in infant mortality rates. We also find that targeted spending may be more effective in reducing infant mortality among blacks than among whites. The use of targeted spending data along with the Generalized Method of Moments technique can provide stronger evidence to guide future resource allocation and policy decisions in public health.

Prevention and control of noncommunicable diseases through evidence-based public health: implementing the NCD 2020 action plan.

The control of noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) was addressed by the declaration of the 66th United Nations (UN) General Assembly followed by the World Health Organization's (WHO) NCD 2020 action plan. There is a clear need to better apply evidence in public health settings to tackle both behaviour-related factors and the underlying social and economic conditions. This article describes concepts of evidence-based public health (EBPH) and outlines a set of actions that are essential for successful global NCD prevention. The authors describe the importance of knowledge translation with the goal of increasing the effectiveness of public health services, relying on both quantitative and qualitative evidence. In particular, the role of capacity building is highlighted because it is fundamental to progress in controlling NCDs. Important challenges for capacity building include the need to bridge diverse disciplines, build the evidence base across countries and the lack of formal training in public health sciences. As brief case examples, several successful capacity-building efforts are highlighted to address challenges and further evidence-based decision making. The need for a more comprehensive public health approach, addressing social, environmental and cultural conditions, has led to government-wide and society-wide strategies that are now on the agenda due to efforts such as the WHO's NCD 2020 action plan and Health 2020: the European Policy for Health and Wellbeing. These efforts need research to generate evidence in new areas (e.g. equity and sustainability), training to build public health capacity and a continuous process of improvement and knowledge generation and translation.

Evaluation and mechanism for outcomes exploration of providing public health care in contract service in Rural China: a multiple-case study with complex adaptive systems design

BackgroundThe Chinese government has increased the funding for public health in 2009 and experimentally applied a contract service policy (could be seen as a counterpart to family medicine) in 15 counties to promote public health services in the rural areas in 2013. The contract service aimed to convert village doctors, who had privately practiced for decades, into general practitioners under the government management, and better control the rampant chronic diseases. This study made a rare attempt to assess the effectiveness of public health services delivered under the contract service policy, explore the influencing mechanism and draw the implications for the policy extension in the future.MethodsThree pilot counties and a non-pilot one with heterogeneity in economic and health development from east to west of China were selected by a purposive sampling method. The case study methods by document collection, non-participant observation and interviews (including key informant interview and focus group interview) with 84 health providers and 20 demanders in multiple level were applied in this study. A thematic approach was used to compare diverse outcomes and analyze mechanism in the complex adaptive systems framework.ResultsWithout sufficient incentives, the public health services were not conducted effectively, regardless of the implementation of the contract policy. To appropriately increase the funding for public health by local finance and properly allocate subsidy to village doctors was one of the most effective approaches to stimulate health providers and demanders’ positivity and promote the policy implementation. County health bureaus acted as the most crucial agents among the complex public health systems. Their mental models influenced by the compound and various environments around them led to the diverse outcomes. If they could provide extra incentives and make the contexts of the systems ripe enough for change, the health providers and demanders would be receptive to the transition of the policy.ConclusionsThe innovative fund raising measures could be taken by relatively developed counties of China to conduct public health services. Policymakers could take systems thinking as a useful tool to design plans and predict the unintended outcomes during the process of public health reforms.

Effectiveness of public health services

Effectiveness of public health services