Effects Of Pricing Policies Research Articles

A conceptual framework to build effective medicine pricing policies for low and middle-income countries (LMICs)

Building effective medicine pricing policies is a challenging task in all high-, middle- and low-income countries. In high-income countries have stable health systems in place, trained workforce, as well as specialised agencies to evaluate innovative drugs for reimbursement. However, in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) the challenges are manifold. A large majority of low- and middle-income countries lack technical expertise either to evaluate new medicines or to set efficient medicine prices. The countries also lack comparator reference pricing data to set prices. Also, there are significant out-of-pocket expenditures as people pay for medicines by themselves. An effective medicine pricing policy is vital in the context that it can be used as a tool to improve access and affordability among the masses. This discussion paper presents a conceptual framework to build effective medicine pricing policies for low and middle-income countries (LMICs). The enablers to build effective medicine pricing policies are also discussed. This includes (a) data and statistics on the pharmaceutical situation of the country (b) Having a national medicine policy in the country (c) The availability of the medicine pricing data and (d) Human resources and technical capacity. WHO has recommended several strategies including External Price Referencing (EPR), Internal Reference pricing, Value-based pricing, Cost-plus pricing, and Generic medicine policies to build a pricing policy. However, this information is generic and it's a complex task for countries to tailor to their needs, hence a critical analysis is provided on these policies. The concepts related to fair medicine pricing, providing information to consumers and price transparency are also discussed.

RESEARCH OF MARKETING PRICING OF ENTERPRISE POLICY

Abstract. Introduction. The article examines the economic concept of «price», «marketing pricing policy» and its interpretation by various domestic and foreign scientists. The process of the marketing policy of the enterprise's pricing and the use of various concepts of pricing, the choice of which depends on the characteristics of the product or service and the marketing goals of the enterprise, have been studied. Research in relation to a marketing pricing of enterprise policy is actual, as it will allow to decide the row of urgent problems, in particular, establishment of optimal price on products, increase of volumes of sales, increase of level of satisfaction of consumers and other and is especially appropriate in the conditions of strengthening of competition and introduction of new technologies in economic activity. The purpose of the article. Research of essence, maintenance and role of marketing pricing policy. Aims that can be attained by means of effective pricing policy. Metods. During research the methods of comparison, analysis, synthesis, abstraction, theoretical, historical and logical generalization are used. The dialectical method of research became methodological basis. Results. The essence of the economic concept "price", "marketing pricing policy" is revealed. It has been studied that the marketing policy of pricing is an important component of the company's marketing strategy. Formation of prices for goods and services requires the company to carefully analyze the market, competitors, consumers and own costs, and the main goal of pricing is to achieve maximum profit for the company. Conclusiоns. The analysis of the theoretical and practical aspects of marketing pricing policy showed the place and role that pricing policy plays in achieving strategic goals and ensuring the sustainable development of the enterprise, analyzed the main approaches to pricing and identified a number of factors affecting the choice of pricing strategy. It has been studied that in the process of marketing pricing policy, enterprises can use various concepts of pricing, such as price elasticity, competitiveness, consumer orientation and others. The choice of the pricing concept should depend on the characteristics of the product or service, as well as on the marketing goals of the enterprise. Further research is seen appropriate to point at sound determination of marketing strategies of companies of different patterns of ownership.

Analisis Pengaruh Ketersediaan, Kualitas Produk, Promosi, dan Harga terhadap Kepuasan Konsumen Pengguna MacBook di Jakarta Selatan

This research aims to analyze the influence of product availability, product quality, promotion, and price on consumer satisfaction with Macbook laptop users in South Jakarta. Through a multiple linear regression analysis approach, this research uses primary data processed using SPSS tools. The results of the validity test show that the research variables are recognized as valid, and the reliability test shows a good level of reliability. VIF analysis confirmed the absence of multicollinearity problems. By using a regression equation, the research results show that product availability, product quality, promotion, and price together influence consumer satisfaction. The individual t-test on these variables produces significant values. Therefore, the hypothesis proposed in this study is accepted. These findings support the importance of promotional strategies in increasing consumer satisfaction and strengthening product positions in the market. The practical implications of this research guide for companies to design more effective marketing strategies, improve product quality, optimize promotions, and design more effective pricing policies to achieve higher consumer satisfaction.

Optimized Gas Pricing Policy to Have Maximally Peak Shaving

Today pricing policy in the electricity network is an effective way to oblige users to change their consumption during peak hours. At the same time by increasing distributed energy resources like Combined Heat and Power (CHP) and also gas network penetration level in huge areas it will be more attractive to use gas price as another motivated factor to alter electricity consumption curve. In this article, based on energy hub concept, an optimization approach related to the power dispatch through an energy hub is simulated and consequently an effective pricing policy of natural gas, to have a maximally electricity load shaving, is determined.

Theoretical-conceptual and scientific-applied dominants of transfer pricing policy for economic entities

Introduction. Through the adept use of transfer pricing, companies can optimize their costs, minimize various types of risks, maximize profits, and gain tangible competitive advantages. At the same time, in the context of increased fiscal control and constant changes in the international tax environment, adherence to fiscal-regulatory requirements regarding transfer pricing by economic entities gains special importance. Therefore, companies need to develop, implement, and continuously modernize their own corporate transfer pricing policy, as it not only contributes to overall financial success but also strengthens tax security and business reputation of complexly organized and integrated business structures. This highlights and enhances the practical value of relevant scientific research. Objective. The aim of the article is to systematize, generalize, and develop theoretical-conceptual and scientific-applied foundations of the transfer pricing policy of entrepreneurial entities in the contemporary business environment. Method (methodology). The research methodology encompasses a critical systematic analysis of numerous scientific works to understand existing scientific theories and approaches to transfer pricing policy, including the use of comparative analysis to compare different definitions of its essence, graphical method, as well as methods of synthesis, induction, and deduction – in elucidating the targeted orientation, principles of construction, and functional purpose of the said policy. Results. Based on the analysis of a number of definitions of the transfer pricing policy of economic entities by broad and narrow scientific approaches, a proprietary definition of this term is proposed, characterized by universality and addressing identified deficiencies in similar definitions. In the context of deepening and modernizing the theoretical-conceptual foundations of companies' transfer pricing policy, an author's vision of the goals and tasks, principles of formation, and functional purpose of the transfer pricing policy of companies with a complex organizational structure and business associations is proposed. Scientific-applied recommendations on the development, implementation, and practical realization of an effective transfer pricing policy for entrepreneurial structures, which are advisable to follow in the proposed logical sequence, are formulated.

Tourism development in the North Caucasus Federal District

The article shows the great importance of tourism development for the economy of the Russian Federation. Attention is drawn to the availability of favorable conditions for this industry in the North Caucasus Federal District of the country. The tourism development potential is considered in detail in each subject of the studied district (Stavropol Territory, the Republic of Dagestan, the Chechen Republic, the Republic of Ingushetia, the Kabardino-Balkarian Republic, the Karachayevo-Cherkessian Republic, The Republic of North Ossetia-Alania), and the circumstances hindering this process have been identified. The main directions of tourism development in the subjects of the North Caucasus Federal District are substantiated, such as growth of highly qualified specialists in tourism organization; construction of hotels; infrastructure development; increasing the number of catering facilities; improving the quality of transport services; conducting marketing research aimed at the tourism development of various directions; effective pricing policy for tourist services.

Willingness to Pay for Improved Solid Waste Management in Itahari, Sunsari, Nepal

Solid waste management (SWM) is a widespread problem in urban areas of developed and underdeveloped countries. Unplanned urbanization, rapid population growth, and migration of people from rural to urban areas are the leading causes for the problem of SWM in the major cities of Nepal. Inadequate services for solid waste collection can lead to environmental problems, pollution, health risks, and economic burdens for the society. Understanding the willingness to pay (WTP) of residents for improved solid waste collection is crucial for deciding effective pricing policies and waste collection techniques. In this context, the main aim of the study is to examine the WTP for the services of improved SWM in the study area. Using simple random sampling method, 377 households were taken as a sample to estimate the WTP for SWM through the Contingent Valuation Model (CVM) and Tobit regression. A field survey was conducted to collect the required data and information related to the WTP of households through the structured questionnaire. The study found that 83.55 percent of respondents would pay for improved SWM services, and the willingness to pay varies from NRs. 50 to NRs.500 per month. Tobit regression results identified the factors influencing WTP for improved SWM in the study area. The factors of gender, ownership of the house, education, profession, income level, and service satisfaction are statistically significant in determining the WTP for SWM.

Carbon pricing policies in China: Comparative analysis of carbon tax and emission trading systems

Carbon pricing has gained significant attention as a market-based approach to tackle carbon emissions and mitigate climate change. In the context of China, the world's largest emitter of carbon dioxide, the implementation of effective carbon pricing policies is of paramount importance. This paper conducts a comparative analysis of China's two primary carbon pricing mechanisms: the carbon tax and the emission trading system (ETS). The analysis delves into the design, implementation, and outcomes of both policies, assessing their effectiveness, challenges, and potential for achieving carbon emission reduction targets. By examining case studies, policy documents, and empirical data, this study aims to provide insights into the strengths and weaknesses of each policy approach, offering recommendations for policymakers and stakeholders to optimize China's carbon pricing strategy and contribute to global climate goals.

Management of price policy in the enterprise

The aim of the article. The purpose of the article is to highlight the theoretical aspects of price policy management at the enterprise in modern business conditions. The results of the analyses. The article is devoted to the study of price policy trends based on the use of a marketing approach, taking into account a comprehensive analysis of the enterprise's activity and modern trends of world experience in studying the conditions and factors of price policy. The work summarizes the initial elements of the development of the company's pricing policy. The main stages of the price policy management process are formulated. The main blocks of the price policy management process at the enterprise are considered, as well as the goals of the price policy are summarized and reflected. Conclusions and perspectives for further research. It was determined that the price policy of the enterprise is one of the decisive factors of its successful functioning, prosperity of competitiveness in the market. An effective pricing policy should take into account the current needs of the market and strive to achieve the best financial results for the organization. The result of a competent price policy should be not only the establishment of a competitive price for the product, but also the creation of a complete system of prices at the enterprise, which would allow the establishment of prices for the goods produced by the enterprise, based on the geographical features of the location of the sales market, the financial capabilities of consumers, and the seasonal consumption of goods and other equally important aspects.

Consumer perception of goods and the strategies of effective pricing policy on online e-commerce platforms

Consumer perception of goods and the strategies of effective pricing policy on online e-commerce platforms

온라인 플랫폼 여행상품 가격할인율에 따른 구매 행동

The purpose of this study was to better understand potential travelers' purchasing habits on online travel platforms. This study attempted to investigate nonlinear purchasing behavior by examining the effect of the discount rate on prefactual thinking and choice deferral. To achieve the study's goal, scenarios describing real-world purchase situations were created, and an online research firm conducted a survey to collect 225 valid data for analysis. According to the findings, the discount rate increased product acceptance, but the excessive discount rate decreased purchasing behavior, resulting in a nonlinear inverted U-shape. Furthermore, this study found that when the optimal discount rate was 28.45 percent, product acceptance was maximized. Furthermore, when the optimal discount rate was exceeded, prefactual thinking increased, while choice deferral increased when prefactual thinking was high. Finally, this study examined the role of prefactual thinking as a mediator in the relationship between discount rate and choice deferral. These findings imply that when offered at the optimal discount rate, online travel products are effective. Furthermore, this study is significant in that prefactual thinking is an important mediating variable when examining potential consumers' purchasing psychology on online travel platforms. Based on these findings, this study provided theoretical and practical implications for effective pricing policies and strategies in an online travel setting.

ENSURING ECONOMIC SECURITY OF TRADE ENTERPRISES IN THE FORMATION OF PRICING POLICY

The article considers the problem of ensuring the economic security of trade enterprises by forming an optimal pricing policy. The methodology of formation the minimum and maximum selling prices of trade enterprise, maintenance of margin of economic security, which based on research of turnover costs and working capital of trade enterprise is offered. Based on statistical data of trade enterprises, the types of prices by product range are determined, which form a stable economic situation and ensure economic security of trade enterprise. The necessity of formation the optimal price policy and selling prices of trade enterprises with the use of Pareto efficiency tools and construction of single-criteria and multi-criteria tasks, indicators of quality of commodity resources of trade enterprises is substantiated. Using the Excel software processor and the “Regression” function, economic-mathematical models of optimal prices for the product range of trade enterprises are built. The results testified to the effectiveness of the proposed model of the optimal pricing policy of trade enterprises, as the obtained values are within the minimum selling prices, which provides economic security of trade enterprises. The process of forming the pricing policy of trade enterprises to ensure economic security is proposed, which is based on the principles of pricing, appropriate methodological tools and monitoring of market environment factors. Organizational, economic, legal, social and market (marketing) mechanisms for the formation of effective pricing policy of trade enterprises aimed at ensuring economic security are identified. This study is practically interesting for personnel of trade enterprises, regardless of organizational-legal forms of ownership and activities, and theoretically – for researchers dealing with pricing.

Pengaruh Kebijakan Harga terhadap Minat Mahasiswa Perguruan Tinggi di Kota Pagar Alam (Studi Kasus Pada 5 Perguruan Tinggi di Kota Pagar Alam STIT Pagar Alam ITBis Lembah Dempo, STKIP Muhammadiyah Pagar Alam, STEBIS Pagar Alam, Sekolah Tinggi Teknologi Pa

This study aims to determine the effect of price policy on the interest of college students in Pagar Alam City. The method used in sampling is proposive sampling. The sample in this study amounted to 50 people who were taken randomly from 5 universities in the city of Pagar Alam. The collection is done by using a questionnaire method that has been tested for validity and reliability. Based on the results of the t test on the price policy variable, it was obtained at 2,949, while in this study it was 2,949, so it can be said > , and it can be concluded that in the t test in this study "there is a negative and significant influence between the price policy variable on the interest variable". So it can be concluded that the price policy has a negative and significant effect on the interest of college students in Pagar Alam City. This means that Universities in Pagar Alam City should further increase their reconsideration of price policies in order to attract students' interest.

Influence of Geodemographic Factors on Electricity Consumption and Forecasting Models

The residential sector is a major consumer of electricity, and its demand will rise by 65 percent by the end of 2050. The electricity consumption of a household is determined by various factors, e.g. house size, socio-economic status of the family, size of the family, etc. These factors play a critical role in analyzing the energy consumption causalities in the residential sector for better energy prediction models, effective price policy implementations, and improved customer engagement in energy efficiency programs. However, determining the effect of demographic factors on energy consumption is a challenging prospect. First, it is not trivial to study the causes of energy consumption variation, even for similar size residential houses, without analyzing the impact of interdependencies between demographic factors on energy consumption behavior. Second, to achieve higher accuracy of energy prediction models, it is necessary to identify key geodemographic factors that influence these models. Previous studies have only identified a limited number of socio-economic and dwelling factors. In this paper, we study the significance of 826 <i>geodemographic</i> factors on electricity consumption for 4917 homes in the City of London. <i>Geodemographic factors</i> cover a wide array of categories e.g. social, economic, dwelling, family structure, health, education, finance, occupation, and transport. Using Spearman correlation, we have identified 354 factors that are strongly correlated with electricity consumption. We also examine the impact of using <i>geodemographic</i> factors in designing forecasting models. In particular, we develop an encoder-decoder LSTM model which shows improved accuracy with geodemographic factors. We believe that our study will help energy companies design better energy management strategies.

KEY ASPECTS OF PRICING AS AN ELEMENT OF ENTERPRISE MARKETING POLICY

Introduction. The article examines the main key aspects of product pricing, which is the main element of marketing policy of the enterprise. The authors emphasize that pricing for the products of the processing plant is one of the important ways to use economic laws for further development of production. The main goals of the pricing policy at the enterprise are outlined, which include: maximization of the enterprise profit; ensuring the survival of the enterprise in market conditions; maintenance of the market segment in which the company operates. It is proved that raising the price of products can also increase or decrease the total profit of the enterprise, it all depends on the soundness of pricing policy, analysis of market sensitivity to prices and, most importantly, processing and analysis of information on the economic situation in the macro environment. After all, when forming an effective pricing policy, enterprises must have appropriate information support, take into account the principles of its formation, adhere to the current legal framework for state regulation of prices, monitor the factors of internal and external environment. enterprises to increase turnover, optimize turnover costs and increase net profit. The purpose of the article is to substantiate the theoretical aspects of pricing policy and commercial activities of enterprises and determine the features of the formation of pricing policy to achieve a high level of marketability and profitability of the enterprise. Method (methodology). In the process of conducting research, a systematic approach and the following methods were used: monographic (in the study of the problem; for theoretical generalizations, elaboration of conclusions); theoretical generalization, description (in the study of scientific issues on the pricing of enterprise products); abstract-logical (for theoretical generalization, formulation of conclusions, recommendations for improving pricing as an element of commercial activity). Results. As a result of the research, the elements of scientific novelty were obtained, which are as follows: the economic essence of the price as an instrument of commercial policy of the processing enterprise is revealed; the formation and implementation of the pricing policy of the enterprise are considered; methods of analysis of commercial activity and pricing policy at enterprises are determined; the characteristic of pricing as an element of commercial activity of the enterprise and prospects of improvement of its marketing activity is carried out. Therefore, the practical significance of the obtained results lies in the possibility of using theoretical and methodological developments and practical recommendations for improving pricing as an element of commercial activity

Visitor's Willingness to Pay for National Park Entrance Fees in China: Evidence from a Contingent Valuation Method.

China has been making efforts in nature conservation by developing a new national park system. Setting a fee-based entrance policy for the newly established national parks can be challenging without information on visitors’ willingness to pay (WTP). Thus, this study aims to evaluate visitors’ WTP entrance fees with a dataset of 1215 visitors collected in China’s planned Qinling National Park (QNP). Using the double bounded dichotomous choice format of the contingent valuation method, we obtained the mean WTP for the entrance fee of QNP of 200 yuan. Visitors’ demand becomes relatively inelastic at the recommended entrance fee of 160 yuan when the expected ticket revenue will reach its maximum of 13.8 billion yuan. Our study also indicates that visitors’ WTP is significantly influenced by their gender difference, education level, income, number of trips to natural attractions, duration of stay, the intention of a future visit, and concern about commercial exploitation. Our empirical study provides insights into developing effective pricing policies and appropriate marketing strategies for China’s new national park system.

The Effect Of Price Policy And Experiential Marketing On Repurchase Intention Mediated By Customer Satisfaction (Study at PT. Maybank Indonesia Finance Regional Jakarta)

The increase in the number of motorized vehicles can be seen from the data released by the Central Statistics Agency (BPS) explaining that in 2019 the number of vehicles spread in Indonesia reached more than 133 million units where this number increased by around 5.3% compared to the previous two years. The distribution of the total number of vehicles consists of motorcycles, private cars, freight cars and buses. Of the total number of vehicles circulating in Indonesia in 2020, DKI Jakarta contributed about 17% or 20 million vehicles to the total, where the number of vehicles also increased very significantly compared to the previous year. Another surprising fact is that the number of vehicles circulating in Jakarta exceeds the population of Jakarta based on population census data in 2020 which only reached 10.56 million people. However, in 2020 a decline in sales in new car transactions due to the Covid-19 pandemic was also unavoidable so that it became a challenge for PT Maybank Indonesia Finance, especially for customers who had already made transactions, of course, to maintain retention from these customers so that the intention to make transactions emerged. /buyback through PT Maybank Indonesia Finance, which this requires appropriate and effective strategies. This research is a quantitative study with 111 respondents spread across DKI Jakarta, using SMARTPLS 3.3 data processing. The results of the study show that all of the hypotheses studied in this study have a significant influence, so that PT Maybank Indonesia Finance must pay attention to many things to maintain customer retention for re-transactions.

The Effect Of Price Policy On The Production And Breeding Of large Sheep flocks In Anbar Governorate (Al-Rutba District, an applied model)

Livestock constitute an essential and important part of the agricultural sector, and sheep are the mainstay in livestock, as their products come to the fore; Being an essential source of daily food; And because they also have a high nutritional value compared to plant products, and sheep are characterized by being highly efficient in food conversion, as it was mainly relied on the data obtained from the questionnaire form, where a random sample was taken of 20 sheep breeders whose sheep number exceeds 500 head of sheep. The results of this study showed that the transfers of traded inputs (J) with a negative sign, amounting to about (-9008) thousand dinars, which indicate that the social prices of traded inputs (F) are greater than private prices (B), which means that there is real support for the inputs. Stores within the applicable policy. The transfers of local resources (K) came with a negative sign and a value of (18249-) thousand dinars, which indicates the existence of support for local resources because their value at social prices is higher than their value at private prices, meaning that the protection is negative for the local product, while between the nominal protection coefficient for traded inputs which appeared With a positive value less than the correct one, its value amounted to (0.88), which indicates that the prices of traded inputs are lower than the prices of their international counterparts, and this confirms the existence of real support provided for these inputs by the state, and the cost factor of the local resource (comparative advantage factor) also appeared. With a positive sign, its value amounted to (0.24), which means that the Iraqi product has a comparative advantage and efficiency for its local production of sheep, while between the effective protection factor, which came with a positive value, its value was (0.30), which is less than one. This means that local producers receive their returns in the event that there are The price intervention policy is less than returns in the absence of it, and it showed that it is less than the right one, that is, the commodity system loses its profits in favor of other sectors.

The Effect of Product Quality and Price Policy On Consumer Loyalty Through the Variables of Customer Satisfaction Ulamm Pt. Permodalan Nasional Madani (Persero) Bekasi Branch

This study aims to determine the effect of product quality on consumer loyalty, the effect of price policy on consumer loyalty, the influence of consumer satisfaction on consumer loyalty, the influence of product quality on customer satisfaction, the influence of price policy on consumer satisfaction, the influence of product quality on consumer loyalty through the variable customer satisfaction, and knowing the effect of price policy on consumer loyalty through customer satisfaction variables. This research was conducted at Pt. Permodalan Nasional Madani (Persero) Bekasi branch involving 98 consumers of the company. Data analysis used path analysis with partial least square (PLS) model with t-test. Based on data analysis, it is found that product quality has a significant effect on consumer loyalty. The analysis in this path is the effect of product quality on consumer loyalty. Price policy has a significant effect on consumer loyalty. Satisfaction has a significant effect on consumer loyalty. The analysis in this path is the effect of customer satisfaction on customer loyalty. Product quality has a significant effect on satisfaction. The analysis in this pathway is the effect of product quality on customer satisfaction. Price policy has a significant effect on satisfaction. Analysis in this pathway is the effect of price policy on customer satisfaction. The consumer satisfaction variable is not a moderating variable. The analysis on this path is the effect of product quality on consumer loyalty through customer satisfaction. The consumer satisfaction variable is not a moderating variable. The analysis in this path is the effect of price policy on consumer loyalty through customer satisfaction.

Carbon Price Forecasting Based on Improved CEEMDAN and Extreme Learning Machine Optimized by Sparrow Search Algorithm

Effective carbon pricing policies have become an effective tool for many countries to encourage emission reduction. An accurate carbon price prediction model is helpful for the implementation of energy conservation and emission reduction policies and the decision-making of governments and investors. However, it is difficult for a single prediction model to achieve high prediction accuracy because of the high complexity of the carbon price series. Many studies have proved the nonlinear characteristics of carbon trading prices, but there are very few studies on the chaotic nature of carbon price series. As a consequence, this paper proposes an innovative hybrid model for carbon price prediction. A decomposition-reconstruction-prediction-integration scheme is designed to predict carbon prices. Firstly, several intrinsic mode functions (IMFs) and one residue were obtained from the raw data decomposed by ICEEMDAN. Next, the decomposed subsection is reconstructed into a new sequence according to the calculation results by the Lempel-Ziv complexity algorithm. Then, considering the chaotic characteristics of sequence, the input variables of the models are determined through the phase space reconstruction (PSR) algorithm combined with the partial autocorrelation function (PACF). Finally, the Sparrow search algorithm (SSA) is introduced to optimize the extreme learning machine (ELM) model, which is applied in the carbon price prediction for the purpose of verifying the validity of the proposed combination model, which is applied to the pilots of Hubei, Beijing, and Guangdong. The empirical results show that the combination model outperformed the 13 other models in predicting accuracy, speed, and stability. The decomposition-reconstruction-prediction-integration strategy is a method for predicting the carbon price efficiently.