Effects In Children Research Articles

Parent-Child Interaction Therapy as Applied to Turkish Families: Effectiveness for Children with Behavior Problems and Their Caregivers

This study assessed the impact of Parent-Child Interaction Therapy (PCIT) on caregiver and child outcomes in Türkiye using a non-concurrent multiple baseline design (N = 3). Improvements in child disruptive behavior frequency were observed, with a large effect across participants (Tau-U = −0.74) and perceived problematic child behaviors (Tau-U = −0.87). School refusal, anxiety symptoms, and child emotion regulation improved with reliable change indices indicating clinically significant improvements (>1.96). Clinically significant decreases (RCI >1.96) in parenting stress and parent emotion regulation difficulties were also observed. Parents demonstrated improvements in parenting skills, as outlined by the PCIT protocol. This study highlights PCIT’s efficacy within a novel cultural context.

The Effects of Children's Gender and Urban-rural Categorical Differences on Parents' Parenting Views

With the opening up of the three-child policy, society is paying more and more attention to child rearing. Do parents nowadays have different parenting views towards boys and girls? Does the difference between urban and rural categorization affect parents' views on parenting? This paper utilizes a sample of parents of children aged 0-16 years from the 2020 China Family Tracking Survey Database (CFPS2020), with the independent variables being the gender of the children and the urban-rural classification of the study participants, and the dependent variable being the parenting view. The study found that Chinese parents' traditional views of parenting are still retained, with parents taking a great deal of responsibility for their children's lives and studies, and most of them tending to sacrifice their self-interests for the sake of their children; parents are gradually treating their children equally in terms of their education, and they have high expectations for them regardless of gender. Compared with urban parents, rural parents tend to be more self-sacrificing and responsible for their children.

The Effect of Children with Acute Tonsillitis on the Rate of Sedimentation of Red Blood Cells and the Complete Blood Count Test of Children in the Hawija City, Kirkuk Governorate

The current study aimed to know the negative effect of children with acute tonsillitis on CBC values and inflammatory indicators. ESR where the study included 50 children whose ages ranged from 5-10 years. Examples of experiment were divided into two groups 25 children for the first group, who were healthy from the injury. As for the second group, they are 25 children with acute tonsillitis. Al -Razi Laboratory, Al -Rafah and Al -Ahly Hospital Laboratory in Al -Hawija district. The current study's findings demonstrated a noteworthy rise in White Blood Cell (WBC) in children with acute tonsillitis compared to healthy children, while the results of the study in Red Blood Cell (RBC) showed a significant increase in healthy people compared to the affected children, while platelet values and values showed PCV is that there are no moral differences between the injured and the healthy, as the results showed that there is a moral rise in random sugar values and ESR values.

The Effect of Children’s Sleep Problems on Problem Behaviors: The Serial Mediating Effect of Executive Function and Emotion Regulation

Objectives: This study explains the process by which sleep problems affect problem behaviors in early elementary school children and explores the roles of executive function and emotion regulation, which are concepts related to cognitive or emotional regulation.Methods: This study’s participants consisted of 283 children in first to third grades of elementary school. Questionnaires asked mothers about their children’s sleep problems, executive function, emotion regulation, and problem behaviors. Model 6 of PROCESS macro version 3.4 was used to analyze the collected data.Results: First, children’s sleep problems had a directly positive effect on problem behaviors. Second, children’s sleep problems had a negative effect on executive function, and executive function had a negative effect on problem behaviors. Third, children’s sleep problems had a negative effect on emotion regulation, and emotion regulation had a negative effect on problem behaviors. Finally, children’s sleep problems had a negative effect on executive function; executive function had a positive effect on emotion regulation; and emotion regulation had a negative effect on problem behaviors. Bootstrapping tests revealed that the mediating effect of executive function, the mediating effect of emotion regulation, and the serial mediating effect of executive function and emotion regulation were all significant in the relationship between children’s sleep problems and problem behaviors.Conclusion: This study expands on studies that revealed the mediating effect of executive function or emotion regulation in the relationship between sleep problems and problem behaviors. In other words, by confirming the serial mediating effect of executive function and emotion regulation, this study expands our understanding of the mechanisms by which children’s sleep problems affect problem behaviors.

Effects of Children’s Communication Disorders on the Quality of Life of Their Parents in Iran

Effects of Children’s Communication Disorders on the Quality of Life of Their Parents in Iran

Parent-child coregulation as a dynamic system: a commentary on Wass etal. (2024).

In this commentary, I argue that including and operationalizing allostatic processes will become increasingly important in future research on parent-child biobehavioral coregulation. In particular, the conceptualization and modeling of dyadic oscillatory rhythms that align in expected ways with the child's developmental stage and that distinguish typical and atypical development will be useful in future work. Despite the inherent asymmetry characteristic of parent-child relationships, we should not forget to consider the child's effects on the parent within and across time, the additional environmental demands upon parents that shape parent-child coregulation, and variations in parent-child asymmetry by parental risk factors. Studying risk factors that are dyadic in nature, such as child maltreatment, may be particularly informative in gaining a deeper understanding of how parent-child coregulation interfaces with developmental psychopathology. To best model parent-child coregulation as a dynamic system, it will be critical to employ more nonlinear analytic models and better represent the multiple hierarchical domains of coregulation and their interactions, including affect, cognition, behavior, and biology. Finally, in future research, a deeper application of existing dyadic and dynamic theories, as well as the generation of new dyadic developmental theories, will aid us in obtaining a stronger understanding of the developmental function and intervention implications of parent-child biobehavioral coregulation.

Significance of single-nucleotide variants of anorexigenic hormone genes in childhood obesity

Obesity-induced dysregulation of hypothalamic neurons is not completely eliminated by restoring body weight, therefore the most urgent task of modern precision medicine is to predict the trajectory of development of metabolic disorders associated with obesity in children. The aim of the study was to determine the level of association of single-nucleotide variants of genes that determine eating behavior – Neuronal growth regulator 1, Fat mass and obesity associated gene, Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor, ghrelin, leptin receptor, cholecystokinin, in the development of metabolically unhealthy obesity. 252 obese children aged 6-18 years were examined. The main group (n=152) consisted of children with metabolically unhealthy obesity (MUO) according to Identification and prevention of Dietary- and Lifestyle-induced Health Effects in Children and Infants 2014 criteria. The control group (n=100) consisted of children with metabolically healthy obesity (MHO). All children underwent a general clinical, immunobiochemical examination at the Synevo laboratory (Ukraine). Whole-genome sequencing (CeGat, Germany) was performed in 31 children of the primary and 21 children of the control group. Static analysis: variance analysis ANOVA, method of estimating data dispersion, ROC-analysis, method of testing statistical hypotheses. The level of single nucleotide variants association of anorexigenic hormone genes with MUO that exceeded the threshold accepted by 75% of the available data was, respectively, in ascending order: leptin receptor (LEPR) rs1137101 (40.38%), Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor (GLP1R) rs1126476 (40.38%), GLP1R rs2235868 (42.31%), GLP1R rs1042044 (42.31%), LEPR rs3790435 (48.08%), cholecystokinin (CCK) rs754635 (50%), LEPR rs2186248 (55.76%), GLP1R rs6918287 (55.76%). Genotypes of the GLP1R gene, such as CC rs10305421 determine insulin resistance (F=5.6); GA/AA rs3765468 – meta-inflammation (F=5.8); AA rs6918287 – basal hyperglycemia (F=6.3) and triglyceridemia (F=51.3), p<0.05. Single-nucleotide variants of the gene GLP1R rs6918287, LEPR rs2186248, CCK rs754635 of the anorexic hormones that control eating behavior are highly associated with the presence of metabolically unhealthy obesity in children.

The Cerebellar Response to Visual Portion Size Cues Is Associated with the Portion Size Effect in Children.

The neural mechanisms underlying susceptibility to eating more in response to large portions (i.e., the portion size effect) remain unclear. Thus, the present study examined how neural responses to portion size relate to changes in weight and energy consumed as portions increase. Associations were examined across brain regions traditionally implicated in appetite control (i.e., an appetitive network) as well as the cerebellum, which has recently been implicated in appetite-related processes. Children without obesity (i.e., BMI-for-age-and-sex percentile < 90; N = 63; 55% female) viewed images of larger and smaller portions of food during fMRI and, in separate sessions, ate four meals that varied in portion size. Individual-level linear and quadratic associations between intake (kcal, grams) and portion size (i.e., portion size slopes) were estimated. The response to portion size in cerebellar lobules IV-VI was associated with the quadratic portion size slope estimated from gram intake; a greater response to images depicting smaller compared to larger portions was associated with steeper increases in intake with increasing portion sizes. Within the appetitive network, neural responses were not associated with portion size slopes. A decreased cerebellar response to larger amounts of food may increase children's susceptibility to overeating when excessively large portions are served.

Parents' Perceptions of Eye-Gaze Technology Use by Children With Complex Communication Needs.

Some preschool students with complex communication needs explore eye-gaze computer technology (EGCT) and adopt computer-based augmentative and alternative communication (AAC). The objective of this study was to follow preschool explorers of EGCT who are now school aged to describe the children's use of technology and parents' perceptions of its utility for communication, participation, or leisure. Ten parents completed survey questions by Internet and phone and reported their perceptions of nine children's effectiveness in the use and acceptance of AAC and the support they received in implementing technology. The results are reported as a descriptive study. All children in this research continue to use AAC technology in school and most at home. Many children who tried and obtained EGCT while in preschool continue to use that technology. Most parents agreed that the children understood how to use the devices, which enhanced the children's communication, and that the parents received sufficient support. Most children were limited in their use of the devices for leisure and control of their environments. Computer-based AAC for school-aged children who trialed it when they were in preschool appears to be a powerful means for them to communicate and participate. However, the technology appears not to be used to its full capabilities to support the children's agency to control environments and to pursue leisure. Teams may want to consider how to support children in using their AAC devices to meet multiple needs. The study was limited by its small sample size and its descriptive nature. Additional research on this subject is needed.

Monitoring Nusinersen Treatment Effects in Children with Spinal Muscular Atrophy with Quantitative Muscle MRI.

Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is caused by deficiency of survival motor neuron (SMN) protein. Intrathecal nusinersen treatment increases SMN protein in motor neurons and has been shown to improve motor function in symptomatic children with SMA. We used quantitative MRI to gain insight in microstructure and fat content of muscle during treatment and to explore its use as biomarker for treatment effect. We used a quantitative MRI protocol before start of treatment and following the 4th and 6th injection of nusinersen in 8 children with SMA type 2 and 3 during the first year of treatment. The MR protocol allowed DIXON, T2 mapping and diffusion tensor imaging acquisitions. We also assessed muscle strength and motor function scores. Fat fraction of all thigh muscles with the exception of the m. adductor longus increased in all patients during treatment (+3.2%, p = 0.02). WaterT2 showed no significant changes over time (-0.7 ms, p = 0.3). DTI parameters MD and AD demonstrate a significant decrease in the hamstrings towards values observed in healthy muscle. Thigh muscles of children with SMA treated with nusinersen showed ongoing fatty infiltration and possible normalization of thigh muscle microstructure during the first year of nusinersen treatment. Quantitative muscle MRI shows potential as biomarker for the effects of SMA treatment strategies.

A Possible Nocebo Effect in Children Following the Flint Water Crisis: Evidence From Schoolteacher Perceptions and Neuropsychological Evaluations.

Special education enrollment increased in Flint following the 2014-2015 Flint Water Crisis, but lead exposure is not plausibly responsible. Labeling Flint children as lead poisoned and/or brain damaged may have contributed to rising special education needs (ie, nocebo effect). To better document this possibility, we surveyed schoolteachers and reviewed neuropsychological assessments of children for indications of negative labeling. A survey of Flint and Detroit (control) public schoolteachers using a modified Illness Perception Questionnaire was conducted 5 years post-crisis. We also examined neuropsychological assessments from a recently settled class lawsuit. Relative to Detroit (n = 24), Flint teachers (n = 11) believed that a higher proportion of their students had harmful lead exposure (91.8% Flint vs 46% Detroit; P = 0.00034), were lead poisoned (51.3% vs 24.3%; P = 0.018), or brain damaged (28.8% vs 12.9%; P = 0.1), even though blood lead of Flint children was always less than half of that of Detroit children. Neuropsychological assessments diagnosed lead poisoning and/or brain damage from water lead exposure in all tested children (n = 8), even though none had evidence of elevated blood lead and a majority had prior learning disability diagnoses. Teachers' responses and neuropsychological assessments suggest Flint children were harmed by a nocebo effect.

Risk Factors Associated With Drug-Related Side Effects in Children: A Scoping Review.

Objective. Children's vulnerability to drug-related side effects has been highlighted in several studies. However, there is no consensus on the risk factors associated with these side effects. This study aimed to investigate risk factors associated with drug-related side effects in children. Methods. This scoping review was conducted across multiple databases. The search strategy was created with a focus on drug-related side effects, as they are more predictable based on the pre-determined risk factors. Data were collected, and reported narratively. Results. The demographic, health, hospital, and drug-related risk factors may cause drug-related side effects in children. Among them, low age, sex, polypharmacy, length of hospitalization, and medications used for comorbidities may increase the risk. Conclusion. While most of the risk factors might be similar in adults and children, their impact might be different in these 2 groups. Therefore, future studies should identify more details about the impact of the risk factors in children.

Addressing Drug-Related Side Effects in Children With Congenital Heart Disease: A Policy Brief.

Addressing Drug-Related Side Effects in Children With Congenital Heart Disease: A Policy Brief.

A Possible Nocebo Effect in Children Following the Flint Water Crisis: Evidence From Schoolteacher Perceptions and Neuropsychological Evaluations

A Possible Nocebo Effect in Children Following the Flint Water Crisis: Evidence From Schoolteacher Perceptions and Neuropsychological Evaluations

Azithromycin Effectiveness in Children with Mutated Mycoplasma Pneumoniae Pneumonia.

Mycoplasma pneumoniae (MP) is highly resistant to macrolides in China. However, macrolides still exhibit clinical effectiveness in some macrolide-resistant patients. We tend to explore azithromycin effectiveness in Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia (MPP) children with A2063/2064G mutation. This retrospective observational cohort study was conducted at the Children's Hospital of the Chongqing Medical University. Children with macrolide-resistant mutations (A2063/2064G) diagnosed as MPP were retrospectively enrolled. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves and logistic regression analysis were used to evaluate and identify independent risk factors for treatment failure (progress to refractory Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia [RMPP]) in macrolide-unresponsive Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia (MUMPP) children with the A2063/2064G mutation. One hundred fifty-five children were retrospectively enrolled. More than 20% (36/155, 23.23%) of patients experienced defervescence within 3 days of azithromycin treatment. RMPP was diagnosed in 54 patients (54/155, 34.84%) and the incidence of RMPP during hospitalization was 22.72 per 1000 person-days. Logistic regression analysis showed that lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) ≥ 399 (U/L) was an independent risk factor for RMPP (odds ratio [OR] 4.66, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.31-17.10, P=0.017). During the year followed, RMPP patients had a significantly higher incidence of bronchiolitis obliterans and bronchiectasis than non-RMPP patients (16.67% vs 1.98%, P=0.001; 9.26% vs 0.00%, P=0.005, respectively). Azithromycin was effective in children with MPP with the A2063/2064G mutation. For MUMPP children with A2063/2064G mutation, children with LDH ≥ 399 (U/L) had significant higher risk for progression to RMPP, and should consider to be treated with alternative antibiotics (eg tetracyclines, and fluoroquinolones).

The Effect of Children’s Phubbing on Parents’ Psychological Wellbeing: A Moderated Mediation Analysis

Attending to the phone while interacting face‐to‐face with another person, a behaviour known as phubbing, can be detrimental to the phubbed person’s psychological wellbeing. Recent research revealed that phubbing friends and partners indirectly affected the phubbed individual’s wellbeing. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of children’s phubbing on parents’ psychological wellbeing; not the effect of parents’ phubbing on children’s psychological wellbeing, which has been the focus of most of current research. Two hundred and sixty six (266) parents of smartphone users participated in a web survey. The questionnaire measured parents’ experience of being phubbed by their children, psychological wellbeing, relationship satisfaction, loneliness, and self‐esteem. The analysis showed a significant indirect effect of children’s phubbing on parents’ psychological wellbeing through the mediating roles of relationship satisfaction and loneliness. Children’s phubbing increased parents’ feelings of loneliness, and this rise in levels of loneliness worsened parents’ psychological wellbeing. Similarly, children’s phubbing decreased parents’ relationship satisfaction with their children, and this decrease in feelings of relationship satisfaction worsened parents’ psychological wellbeing. Additionally, children’s phubbing affected parents’ psychological wellbeing through the mediating roles of relationship satisfaction and loneliness in sequence (chain effect). As children’s phubbing increased parents’ feelings of loneliness, parents’ relationship satisfaction with their children dropped. The lowering of feelings of relationship satisfaction worsened parents’ psychological wellbeing. A moderated mediation analysis revealed that children’s phubbing decreased parents’ relationship satisfaction with their children, especially for parents who are low on self‐esteem. This study is one of the first that offers insights into how children’s phubbing and parents’ psychological wellbeing are related.

The More Children Back-feed, the More Parents Avoid：A Study on the Effect of Children’s Digital Back-feeding on Healthinformation Avoidance among the Elderly

The More Children Back-feed, the More Parents Avoid：A Study on the Effect of Children’s Digital Back-feeding on Healthinformation Avoidance among the Elderly

The Use of an Open-Ended Learning Approach on The Ability To Recognize The Concept of Numbers: Its Effectiveness for Children 4-5 Years Old

The formation of numerical concepts is a critical stage in early childhood development. Understandingnumbers lays the groundwork for future mathematical abilities and academic success. This study aimsto investigate the effect of an open-ended learning strategy on the capacity of 4-5-year-old childrento recognize number concepts. To reach the research goal, a quantitative approach was used, alongwith experimental methodologies. The study participants were children aged 4-5 years old, and datawas collected via total sampling. The experimental group was taught using an open-ended learningtechnique, while the control group followed a traditional structured teaching method. Pre-and post-testswere used to examine the children’s ability to recognize number concepts. Statistical analysis, includingt-tests, was used to compare the performance of the experimental and control groups. The results of thisstudy show that using an open-ended learning strategy improves the capacity of 4-5-year-old children torecognize number concepts. In comparison to traditional structured teaching method, the open-endedapproach stimulates active inquiry, independent thinking, and problem-solving, which improves children’scognitive development with regard to numerical concepts. This study suggests that open-ended learningtechniques are excellent educational strategies for developing number concept identification in youngchildren. This study’s findings have ramifications for early childhood educators and curriculum makers.This study stresses the necessity of implementing such tactics in educational settings by demonstratingthe benefits of an open-ended learning strategy in developing number concept awareness. Open-endedlearning techniques can improve children’s mathematics ability while also contributing to their generalcognitive development. Furthermore, these findings may motivate additional study and inquiry into theuse of open-ended learning approaches in various domains of early childhood education, increasing ourunderstanding of successful teaching strategies for young children.

Deep Learning Based Prediction of Myopia Control Effect in Children Treated With Overnight Orthokeratology.

To develop and validate a deep learning-based model for predicting 12-month axial length (AL) elongation using baseline factors and early corneal topographic changes in children treated with orthokeratology (Ortho-K) and to investigate the association between these factors and myopia control impact. A total of 115 patients with Ortho-K were enrolled. Influential baseline factors that have a statistically significant correlation with 12-month AL from medical records were selected using Pearson correlation coefficients. Simultaneously, the height, area, and volume of the defocus region were directly calculated from the corneal topography. Then, the prediction model was developed by combining multiple linear regression and deep neural network and evaluated in an independent group (83 patients for developing the algorithm and 32 patients for evaluation). Age ( r= -0.30, P <0.001), spherical equivalent refractive (SE; r =0.20, P =0.032), and sex ( r =0.19, P =0.032) were significantly correlated with the AL elongation while pupil diameter, flat k, steep k, horizontal corneal diameter (white to white), anterior chamber depth, and cell density were not ( P >0.1). The prediction model was developed using age, SE, and corneal topographic variation, and the validation of the model demonstrated its effectiveness in predicting AL elongation. The AL elongation was accurately predicted by the deep learning model, which effectively incorporated both baseline factors and corneal topographic variation.

아동의 그릿(Grit)이 학교적응에 미치는 영향에서 행복감과 집행기능곤란의 이중매개효과

This study was to investigate the dual mediating effects of happiness and executive functiondifficulty on the relationship between children's grit and school adjustment. The subjects of thisstudy were 1,397 children in 6th grade of elementary school. The data were drawn from the13th(T5) wave data(2020) of the Panel Study on Korean Children (PSKC). Data processing wasperformed using the IBM SPSS 26 program and Hayes (2013) Macro Process (Model 6) for thecorrelation and dual mediating effect among relevant variables. The results of study are asfollows. First, children's grit had a direct effect on school adaptation in a path model includingchildren's happiness and executive function difficulties. Second, happiness mediated the effectof children's grit on school adaptation. Third, executive function difficulties mediated the effectof children's grit on school adaptation. Fourth, the effect of children's grit on school adaptationwas double mediated in the order of happiness and executive function difficulties. Inconclusion, children's grit could positively influence children's school adjustment by sequentiallyaffecting the emotional factor of happiness and the cognitive behavioral control factor ofexecutive functioning difficulties. Limitations of the study and suggestions were discussed.