Values Of Effective Viscosity Research Articles

Analysis of the Processes of Paraffin Deposition of Oil from the Kumkol Group of Fields in Kazakhstan

The oil pipeline transportation of highly waxy oils when it is cold is accompanied by the deposition of paraffins in the inner surface of the pipeline. This study of the initial properties of the oil; the composition, structure, and nature of the components of normal alkanes in oil; and their influence on the aggregative stability of the resulting system makes it possible to find the best solutions to optimize the conditions of oil transportation with the lowest energy costs. This study shows that, according to the content of solid paraffin (14.0–16.2%), the oils of the Kumkol group of fields in Kazakhstan are highly waxy. They are characterized by high yield loss temperature values (+9–+12 °C), which also correlate with the values of the rheological parameters (τ0 1.389 Pa, 3.564 Pa). The influence of the temperature and shear rate on the shear stress and effective viscosity of the initial oils was studied. At temperatures below 20 °C, depending on the shear rate, there is an increase in the effective viscosity values (0.020 Pa∙s, 0.351 Pa∙s). The influence of the nature of solid hydrocarbons on the parameters of the paraffinization process and of the intensity of the paraffinization of the metal surfaces was studied. Our study shows that the main share of n-alkanes in the Kumkol and Akshabulak oils falls on paraffins of the C15–C44 group. The greater the temperature difference between the oil and the cold steel surface (≤40 °C), the lesser the amount of asphalt–resin–paraffin deposits (ARPDs) that fall out on the surface of the rod, although the content of long-chain paraffins prevails in these ARPDs. At the same time, the consistency of the released asphalt–resin–paraffin deposits (ARPDs) becomes denser, which makes their mechanical removal more difficult. Furthermore, the results of this study of the cooling rate shows that the rapid cooling of oils leads to the formation of a large number of crystallization centers, which leads to an increase in the values of the yield loss temperature and kinematic viscosity of the oils.

An experimental investigation and flow-system simulation about the influencing of silica–magnesium oxide nano-mixture on enhancing the rheological properties of Iraqi crude oil

This study aims to investigate the effects of introducing a 50/50 mixture of silica and magnesium oxide nanoparticles (SNP + MgONP) to the viscosity of Al-Ahdab crude oil (Iraq) at varied concentrations and temperatures. It is observed that the viscosity value drops from 38.49 to 7.8 cP. The highest degree of viscosity reduction is measured to be 56.91% at the maximum temperature of 50 °C and the greatest concentration of 0.4 wt% SM4. The Bingham model can be used to classify the behavior of the crude oil before the Nano-mixture is added. The liquid behavior grew closer to Newtonian behavior once the Nano-mixture was added. Along with a rise in plastic and effective viscosity values, the yield stress value decreases as the concentration of the Nano-mixture increases. The numerical data demonstrate that when the volume proportion of nanoparticles increases, the pressure distribution decreases. Furthermore, as the nanoparticle volume fraction increases, the drag decrease would also increase. SM4 obtains a maximum drag reduction of 53.17%. It is discovered that the sample SM4 has a maximum flow rate increase of 2.408%. Because they reduce the viscosity of crude oil, nanoparticles also reduce the friction factor ratio.

Assigning Viscosity Values in the Glass Softening Temperature Range

A new optical method for assigning glass viscosity values in the softening temperature range is presented. In this method, an irregular particle, a few millimeters in size, laying on an alumina plate, is heated up to temperature T, and then remains at this temperature. T should be within the softening temperature range of the glass. There are no external applied shear stresses, the only acting shear forces are those coming from the particle's own surface energy. At the fixed temperature T, the surface free energy of the sample decreases by viscous flow while its shape evolves from a polyhedron or irregular shape towards a spherical or rounded shape. This shape evolution is recorded using a photographic camera. From each image, the sample's roundness is determined, obtaining a characteristic time τ from the roundness against time. Simultaneously, using the available software, a value for the viscosity η was calculated, at temperature T, allowing for building sets of T, τ, η, namely three data values. Accordingly, if T, τ are considered as independent variables, a master function η = η (T, τ) can be built. Now, if we measure T, τ data on a glass of an unknown viscosity, the master function makes it possible to assign a η value. When incipient crystallization or liquid-liquid phase separations are present, effective viscosity values are obtained. This method requires a high temperature microscope, as well as tridimmensional samples with a few cubic millimeters of volume. Each isothermal τ determination can take from minutes to several hours. We tested the method with two glasses of known viscosity values: borosilicate glass (VG98) and alumimoborosilicate glass (SG7), both of which are used for radioactive waste immobilization and have assigned log(η) values between 6 and 7.3 with η in Pa s. The discrepancy between the log(η) values assigned here and those values fitted with a VFT function on the values measured for the SG7 and VG98 glasses were within ±14%.

Experimental substantiation of the composition of gelatin mass for obtaining capsules with essential oils

Introduction. Soft gelatin capsules are a promising dosage form comprising essential oils as active agents. Joint research of the staff of the Perm State Pharmaceutical Academy, the Research Institute of Nutrition of the Ministry of Energy and Industry of the Republic of Tajikistan have proposed the composition of gelatin mass for encapsulation by the rotary matrix method. The mechanical and physical-technological parameters required to preserve the strength and elasticity of the capsule shell during the production process and storage are determined.Aim. Study of the rheological properties of gelatin masses based on gelatin of different grades, as well as the migration of essential oils through capsule shells.Materials and methods. Pharmaceutical active substances "Lipovitol" and "Limoneol" obtained in the Republic of Tajikistan were used as active substances introduced into the composition of soft gelatin capsules. Sunflower oil was used as the solvent. Gelatin samples were used to obtain gelatin masses: 1 – Foodchem (China), 2 – Brodnickie Zaklady Zelatyny Sp. zo.o. (Poland), 3 - Italgelatine s.p.a. (Italy), 4 – Ewald-Gelatine GmbH (Germany), 5 – Weishardt International (France); glycerol; sunflower oil. Gelatin mass for manufacturing soft capsules was prepared in a closed reactor. Capsules were prepared on an automatic encapsulation line RJWJ – 115 Soft Gelatin Encapsulator Machine (China). The structural and mechanical properties of soft gelatin masses were determined on a rotary viscometer RV type "Reotest 2" (Germany). The dynamics of the process of migration of essential oils and its components were studied by changing their amount in a capsule by chromato-mass spectrometry method on a chromatograph Varian CP 3800 with a quadrupole mass spectrometer 4000 MS as a detector (USA).Results and discussion. When studying the rheological properties of model compositions, it was found that for all samples of gelatin masses there is a decrease in values of effective viscosity when the shear rate increases, which characterizes the tested samples as a structured dispersion system. Additional studies have shown that the gelatin masses have thixotropic properties. Samples of gelatin masses 3–5 had narrower hysteresis loops, while sample 5 the narrowest, restoration of the structure took place quite quickly. Capsules obtained from gelatin mass 3 and 4 samples had a strong seam and were well cut out of the tape. From the mass of sample 5, high strength ribbons were obtained, a high temperature was required to seal the capsules, in some capsules the seam was not glued on one side, as a result, the capsules were rigid and brittle. As a result of the study, the rheological optimum of the gelatin mass suitable for preparing capsules by a rotary matrix method was determined, which has boundaries in the ranges of shear rates of 0.556–243 s-1 and viscosity ranges of 11.46-5028.76 Pa ⋅ s and shear stress of 2788–2808 Pa developing at these rates. When studying the migration of active substances through the capsule shell, it was found that over three years of storage of capsules in a closed polymer can, the content of essential oil in Lipovitol capsules decreased by 4.88 %, in Limoneol capsules by 5 %, which indicates partial migration of oil through the gelatin shell. The content remained within the permissible deviations (±10 %). The content of essential essential oil components also remained within acceptable deviations throughout the shelf life.Conclusion. The optimal composition of the shell for producing soft capsules by a rotary matrix method is justified. It was found that the rheological optimum of gelatin mass is characterized by viscosity ranges of 11.46-5028.76 Pa ⋅ s and shear stress of 2788–2808 Pa. According to the results of the study of the migration of essential oils through the shell, has been established the shelf life of soft gelatin capsules in glass jars made of dark glass and a temperature of 15 to 25 °C – 3 years.

Softening of Temperate Ice by Interstitial Water

Ice at depth in ice-stream shear margins is thought to commonly be temperate, with interstitial meltwater that softens ice. Models that include this softening extrapolate results of a single experimental study in which ice effective viscosity decreased by a factor of ∼3 over water contents of ∼0.01–0.8%. Modeling indicates this softening by water localizes strain in shear margins and through shear heating increases meltwater at the bed, enhancing basal slip. To extend data to higher water contents, we shear lab-made ice in confined compression with a large ring-shear device. Ice rings with initial mean grain sizes of 2–4 mm are kept at the pressure-melting temperature and sheared at controlled rates with peak stresses of ∼0.06–0.20 MPa, spanning most of the estimated shear-stress range in West Antarctic shear margins. Final mean grain sizes are 8–13 mm. Water content is measured by inducing a freezing front at the ice-ring edges, tracking its movement inward with thermistors, and fitting the data with solutions of the relevant Stefan problem. Results indicate two creep regimes, below and above a water content of ∼0.6%. Comparison of effective viscosity values in secondary creep with those of tertiary creep from the earlier experimental study indicate that for water contents of 0.2–0.6%, viscosity in secondary creep is about twice as sensitive to water content than for ice sheared to tertiary creep. Above water contents of 0.6%, viscosity values in secondary creep are within 25% of those of tertiary creep, suggesting a stress-limiting mechanism at water contents greater than 0.6% that is insensitive to ice fabric development in tertiary creep. At water contents of ∼0.6–1.7%, effective viscosity is independent of water content, and ice is nearly linear-viscous. Minimization of intercrystalline stress heterogeneity by grain-scale melting and refreezing at rates that approach an upper bound as grain-boundary water films thicken might account for the two regimes.

Physicochemical parameters of grape pomace subject to grape processing technology applied

This article presents experimental data on physicochemical parameters (humidity, density, bulk density, effective viscosity) of grape pomace of various white and red grape varieties, subject to the processing technology applied. It was established that pomace humidity varies across a wide range of values, subject to the grape variety, grape processing technology and pressure equipment. A study of Chardonnay pomace was used to note the influence of pressure equipment and processing technology upon pomace humidity. The values of density and bulk density had a strong invert correlation with the humidity index. With increase of humidity, the values of density and bulk density lowered both for white and red pomace. It was shown that the value of effective viscosity of pomace of white grape varieties varied from 8.8 (Chardonnay) to 12.8 (Gewürztraminer) Pa·s; that of red grape varieties varied from 13.2 (Pinot Noir) to 15.8 (Saperavi, fermented pomace) Pa·s. Such variation may have been related to the varietal peculiarities of grapes, pomace humidity, and concentrations of high-molecular compounds. The highest total of phenolic compounds was observed in extracts of fermented Saperavi pomace. The total of pectic substances in grape pomace varied from 5.5 to 7.2% of dry weight for the white grape varieties, and from 4.4 to 5.9% for the red grapes. As for the concentrations of pectic substances, Riesling, Pinot Blanc and Sauvignon Blanc pomace were distinguished among the white grapes, and fermented Cabernet Sauvignon pomace – among the red grapes.

Cell viscoelasticity is linked to fluctuations in cell biomass distributions

The viscoelastic properties of mammalian cells can vary with biological state, such as during the epithelial-to-mesenchymal (EMT) transition in cancer, and therefore may serve as a useful physical biomarker. To characterize stiffness, conventional techniques use cell contact or invasive probes and as a result are low throughput, labor intensive, and limited by probe placement. Here, we show that measurements of biomass fluctuations in cells using quantitative phase imaging (QPI) provides a probe-free, contact-free method for quantifying changes in cell viscoelasticity. In particular, QPI measurements reveal a characteristic underdamped response of changes in cell biomass distributions versus time. The effective stiffness and viscosity values extracted from these oscillations in cell biomass distributions correlate with effective cell stiffness and viscosity measured by atomic force microscopy (AFM). This result is consistent for multiple cell lines with varying degrees of cytoskeleton disruption and during the EMT. Overall, our study demonstrates that QPI can reproducibly quantify cell viscoelasticity.

LIQUID ASPHALT BINDERS IN CYLINDRICAL TUBE IN TERMS OF THE OSTWALD-DE WAELE MODEL

The liquid asphalt binder in a cylindrical tube is described in terms of the Ostwald-de Waele model. The dependence of the liquid flow rate on the pressure drop; dependencies are obtained for radial distribution of the flow rate and viscosity. The medium structuring, which is most noticeable at low values of nonlinearity leads to the almost uniform profile of the core flow rate, which is typical to the plastic flow. The liquid pseudoplastic media with a law nonlinearity is characterized by the presence of a highly viscous core and a narrow region of the near-wall flow with low values of effective viscosity. With increasing in medium consistency, the average viscosity increases. This effect is most pronounced for flow motions at a small pressure drop. For low values of the pressure drop, the non-Newtonian properties of the medium lead to a significant hydraulic resistance due to the presence of the inner structure. With increasing pressure drop, hydraulic resistance decreases due to the medium destruction.

Direct numerical simulation of viscous incompressible flow with spherical particles in the flat channel

The paper deals with numerical simulation of 3D fluid flow with relatively large spherical particles in the flat channel. The simulation is performed using the previously developed SIMPLE based immersed boundary method. The collision model, describing particle-particle and particle-wall collisions, complements the numerical method. This model prevents particle overlapping and takes into account the complicated fluid flow in the space between the particles. The computed flow rates decrease significantly with increasing the particle concentration. It is shown that the value of the particle diameter has a small influence on the flow rate. The flow rate can be approximated using the value of effective viscosity computed by Maron – Peirce formula with the use of extremely high packing concentration. Particles are moving faster than the mixture, and the difference increases with increasing concentration.

In Ukrainian

The effect of the surface modification of fumed silica (SiO 2 ) with poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) on the rheological properties of its suspensions in vaseline oil has been studied in the current work. The composites with different polymer content (from 5 to 40 wt. %) were synthesized by using the method of liquid phase adsorption modification of silica with linear PDMS-1000 (molecular weight W m ≈ 7960, degree of polymerization d p = 105). It is shown that the structural and morphological characteristics of SiO 2 /PDMS composites are significantly different from those for the initial silica, and depend on the concentration of PDMS. In particular, the specific surface area of the composites, determined by the method of low-temperature desorption of argon, is inversely correlated with the content of polymer. The morphology of SiO 2 /PDMS composites and aggregation of primary particles of fumed silica strongly depends on the method of liquid phase adsorption modification: the initial fumed SiO 2 has a wider distribution of aggregates in size than that in polymer composites according to AFM data. Suspensions with a solid phase concentration (SiO 2 /PDMS) of 5 wt. % in a lyophilic dispersion medium (vaseline oil) demonstrate typical thixotropic behavior with a characteristic hysteresis loop on the rheogram, corresponding to increasing the destruction of the dispersion structure while stepwise shear rate increment and partial its restoration while subsequent stepwise shear rate decrement. Both the effective viscosity values corresponding to the maximum destruction of the suspension structure obtained at high shear rates and the effective viscosity values corresponding to partial restoration of the structure in the subsequent stepwise shear rate decrement mode decrease with increasing polymer content in the studied composites. However, it has been found that the initial values of the effective viscosity for the studied dispersions with a practically almost intact structure (at the lowest shear rates) are higher for dispersions of SiO 2 /PDMS composites with a low concentration of PDMS 10–20 wt. % compared with similar suspensions of the initial silica. A correlation between the effective viscosity and the specific surface area of composites is shown.

RHEOLOGICAL PROPERTIES AND STABILITY OF COAL-ORGANIC-WATER DISPERSED SYSTEMS BASED ON COAL OF DIFFERENT METAMORPHIC GRADES

As a result of studying the rheological properties of coal suspensions with a water-glycerol dispersion media, it was established that with an increase of the stage of coal metamorphism, that is, from the transition from lignite coal to anthracite, the suspensions are characterized by lower values ​​of effective viscosity with the same mass content of the dispersed phase.
 Dependence of granulometric composition of coal suspensions depending on concentration of glycerol in them was determined. Coal suspensions of varying degrees of metamorphism have been obtained using as a dispersion media glycerol, pyrolysis products of high molecular weight polymers and water in various ratios with a maximum content of coal of 60% by weight. and permissible viscosity (up to 1.5 Pa · s). It is important that water-glycerol suspensions of coal do not decompose within a week when stored in static conditions, even in the absence of stabilizing reagents. In this case, water-cooled suspensions under the same conditions are stable for no more than 24 hours. The structure of the sedimentation of coal suspensions also depends on the nature of the dispersion media. If in systems with glycerol content it is rather loose, then in the case of coal-water suspensions - a dense. In the case of hermetic storage, the viscosity of water-glycerol suspensions after stratification is easy to restore by simple mixing. Also, the advantage of preparing of coal disperse systems with the content of glycerol is much higher values ​​of it caloric content, compared with coal-water. It iwas shown that these fuel disperse systems have high stability and caloric content, which at high solids content and pyrolysis products is close to or exceeds the output coal. The resulting suspensions have a much higher caloric content than similar coal-water, and are characterized by low emissions of harmful gases during combustion.

Mathematical Modeling of Swirling Herschel–Bulkley Pseudoplastic Fluid Flow in a Cylindrical Channel

Results of investigations into the swirling flow of a pseudoplastic fluid with a Herschel–Bulkley yield stress in a cylindrical channel have been presented. It has been established that a growth in the rates of shear strains in flows with a swirl causes the values of effective viscosity to decrease. It has been shown that at one and the same Rossby number, the recirculation strength is the greater the smaller the values of the limiting shear stress, the consistency, and the nonlinearity index.

Особенности постколлизионной эволюции структур, сформировавшихся в обстановке внутриконтинентального надвига

The investigation of intracontinental collision structures is conducted based on the complex model of the thermal and mechanical evolution of overthrusting process for the rheologically layered lithosphere, which includes brittle upper crust, the lower crust and lithospheric upper mantle with different effective viscosity values. Finite element models with Lagrangian approach were used for the problem simulation. It was shown that thermal evolution of continental orogens essentially results from the geometry and topography due to thrusting and postcollision stage. This work concentrates on the thermal parameters influence on the evolution of collision zones aimed to the study of possibility of granite melt formation. Calculations for mean continental initial temperature distribution lead to the conclusion of possibility of granite melt formation for the case of “wet” granite solidus. The horizon of temperatures higher than “wet” granite solidus appears at the level of 30-40 km, moving upward to the depth 15-20 km at postcollision stage. The early postcollision evolution shows some heat flow increase due to the thickening of the upper crust with maximum heat generation rate. Further history leads to the stable heat flow values because additional loading redistribution resulting from the denudation of surface uplift and corresponding sedimentation is small due to the local erosion in our model. It was shown that surface heat losses after the termination of horizontal shortening depend to a greater extent on radiogenic heat generation rather than thermal conductivity value in the upper crust.

Study on the Coal-Water Fuel Pipeline Transportation Taking Into Account the Granulometric Composition Parameters

The highly loaded coal-water fuel pipe flow was verified. The move of the coal-water fuel with the 60% of coal loading practically has not been studied, especially for the coal originated from Ukraine. Through experimental research it was discovered that the water-coal fuel of such concentrations has a Bingham rheological characteristic. The verification was carried out by comparing the results of numerical calculations and experimental research. As a result of the numerical calculations of the flow, near the axis of the tube, a zone of approximately the same velocity is obtained, which qualitatively coincides with the results of experimental studies and with the results of the analytical description of the Bingham flow. As a result of the calculation the pressure drop value was defined, costs and velocity distribution over the cross section of the pipeline in the straight line and in curve. The velocity distribution profiles of the water-coal fuel flow are built. To compare the results of the calculation and to validate the rheological model choice velocity calculations were performed using the proposed model of Bingham and Newtonian fluids at the same effective viscosity values.

Analysis of Secondary Refining Slag Parameters with Focus on Inclusion Cleanliness

Secondary refining slag samples with different chemical compositions (45-54 % CaO, 7-13 % Al2O3, 20-29 % SiO2, 9-16 % MgO, 0-5 % CaF2) were investigated to verify the influence of their effective viscosity on inclusion cleanliness of DIN 38MnS6 in a steelmaking plant. The steel samples were collected during the production process for analysis of inclusions. Using the commercial software FactSage 6.4, thermodynamic calculations were performed to determine the effective viscosity, solid fraction, liquid fraction and MgO saturation point of these slags at 1560oC. The results showed that all the slags were saturated in MgO, revealing a better protection of the ladle refractory. The addition of 2 to 5 % of CaF2 reduced the effective viscosity values for the analyzed slags from 0.45 Pa∙s to 0.10 Pa∙s , in comparison to the slags without the addition of CaF2, with an effective viscosity of 0.40 Pa∙s, 0.27 Pa∙s and 0.22 Pa∙s, decreasing the level of non-metallic inclusions for some of the analysed heats. However, it was detected during the manufacturing process that high slag fluidity and re-oxidation events continue to be a challenge associated with reducing the level of non-metallic inclusions.

Solid-State Infiltration of 6061-T6 Aluminum Alloy Into Carbon Fibers Via Friction Stir Welding

Hybrid welding/joining of lightweight metals to carbon fiber reinforced polymers (CFRPs) typically relies on the adhesive bond created when the molten polymer matrix hardens in contact with the metallic surface. It is hypothesized that these bonds can be improved upon by fully displacing the polymer and infiltrating the carbon fibers with the metallic constituent to create load-bearing fibers that bridge the two materials. Friction stir welding (FSW) holds potential to melt and displace the polymer matrix, plasticize the metal constituent, and force the plasticized metal to flow around the fibers. Preliminary investigations were performed by FSW in AA 6061-T6 plates sandwiched against dry carbon fiber bundles. The FSW process plasticizes the aluminum while applying pressure, forcing the material to flow around the fibers. Cross-sectional images of the samples were used to measure the distance of infiltration of the aluminum into the carbon fiber bed. A fiber infiltration model previously developed to describe the infiltration of carbon fibers with epoxy resins during resin transfer molding was applied to this solid-state infiltration situation, thus modeling the plasticized aluminum as a fluid with an effective viscosity. Promising agreement was seen between the measured distances of infiltration and the predicted distances of infiltration when using effective viscosity values predicted by computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations of FSW found in literature. This work indicates that the well-established epoxy infiltration model can form the basis of a model to describe solid-state infiltration of carbon fibers with a plasticized metal.

Research of rheological properties of mayonnaise sauce with grape skin powder

Studies of physico-chemical quality indicators of mayonnaise sauce with grapes skin powder and varying contents of a complex thickener are presented in this article. The optimum values of the concentrations of complex thickener are determined. The emulsion stability values of the mayonnaise sauce with grapes skin powder will be in the range of 97.0–100.0 %. It meets the requirements of the mayonnaise and mayonnaise sauces regulatory documentation. In this case, the effective viscosity values provide optimal organoleptic characteristics of the product. The technological solution of the possibility of the complex thickener concentration varying for produce a low-fat product with a given consistency and the necessary emulsion stability quality indicators is substantiated. The formulation of a mayonnaise sauce of enhanced biological value with a Black Pearl grapes skin powder (5.0 % by weight) and with a non-starch nature complex thickener (0.4–1.2 % by weight) is proposed. The add ed ingredients of plant raw materials can influence on the rheological properties of the mayonnaise emulsion. Dietary fibers of the grapes skin have a tendency to swell and retain moisture. The components of the complex thickener (hydrocolloids) have the ability to form adsorption-solvate stratums on the surface of dispersed phase droplets. The proposed technological solution will allow producing mayonnaise sauces with a given consistency and the necessary physicochemical parameters.

Experimental Determination of the Effective Viscosity of Plasticized Aluminum Alloy 6061-T6 during Friction Stir Welding

Friction stir forming (FSF) refers the process variant of friction stir welding (FSW) where a joint is achieved through the creation of mechanical interlocking between two constituents by plasticizing one material through the use of the FSW process and in turn forcing said material to flow into the second material. In order to increase the understanding of material flow within this process, a method of quantifying the plasticity of flowing material during the FSF process is needed. A method is proposed in which a capillary hole is drilled into a backing plate used for FSW, and material is extruded through the capillary during processing. The flow of material is characterized and related back to an effective viscosity using the models that form the basis of a capillary rheometer. Initial testing shows promising agreements with CFD simulations of the FSW process (effective viscosity values within the range of 105 to 5×106 Pa-s). Furthermore, a promising initial agreement is shown when using effective viscosity values determined from the capillary method in a previously derived model that describes the infiltration for carbon fiber with plasticized aluminum produced by the FSW/FSF process.

ТРАФАРЕТНИЙ ДРУК ПАСТ НА ОСНОВІ НАНОПОРОШКУ ВаТiО3

Дана стаття присвячена особливостям трафаретного друку паст на основі нанопорошку BaTiO3. Встановлено, що товщина одержаних відтисків визначається вмістом нанопорошку, при цьому збільшення концентрації твердої фази з 10 до 22,56 мас. % призводило до стовщення відтисків з 1,56 до 3,18 мкм. Оптимальними реологічними властивостями були встановлені: ступінь тиксотропності паст на рівні від 6 – 0,9 МПа·с, ефективна в’язкість 30 – 60 Па·с за швидкості зсуву ϒ`= 0,1 с-1 та 1 – 4 Па·с за швидкості здійснення процесу трафаретного друку. Оптимальний тиск ракелю становить 0,0897 МПа.

Efficiency of application of electroactivated aqueous solution in the production of bread low acidity

In diseases of the gastrointestinal tract, it is recommended to refrain from food oxidation. Therefore, the inclusion in the diet of bakery products with low acidity is important in the diet for such patients. One way to reduce the acidity of bread is the use of electric aqueous solution (EAS). Studied the effect of EAS with different values of рН (7.42; 9.34; 11.12) on the properties of dough and quality of bread from wheat flour first grade. The dough is kneaded straight dough method. In the fermentation process investigated the change in effective viscosity and titratable acidity. After fermentation the dough is molded, the test workpiece is subjected to proofing and baking. In ready from deliah determined the acidity, moisture content, porosity and specific volume. It is established that all samples of the test there was a decrease of effective viscosity in the fermentation process due to the occurrence of physico-chemical processes. The maximum value of effective viscosity is characterized by the semi-finished product, obtained using EAS рН of which 11.12 (3474 PA⋅s). It is revealed that the least value of ultimate рН (1.7 deg) also had a sample on EAS with a рН = 11.12. The use of catholyte fraction of HRES with the given value of рН allowed to decrease the acidity in the finished product (45.5%) compared with the control in the pilot study value was 1.2 degrees, while in the control to 2.2. The research concluded that the use of electroactivated aqueous solution suitable for the production of bakery products of low acidity.