Effective Utilization Of Bandwidth Research Articles

A Blockchain-Enabled Trust Management Framework for Energy-Efficient and Secure Routing in Mobile Ad-Hoc Networks

This study principally addresses the challenges associated with streaming videos in wireless Mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs), primarily constrained by wireless channels and node mobility. This study proposes a novel routing protocol incorporating a feedback mechanism and cross-layer architecture, supported by three key enhancements. First, it incorporates a route recovery strategy for detecting link failures and re-establishing connections based on predefined Quality of Service (QoS) metrics. Second, a novel algorithm estimates the available bandwidth, enabling dynamic adaptation of bitrate at the application layer concerning the source video. This novel rate-adaptive approach utilizes a scalable layered structure of the video coding, thereby removing layers that the network cannot efficiently support due to bandwidth limitations. Third, a gateway discovery procedure enhances the connectivity among MANETs and other infrastructure networks. This method employs available bandwidth as a parameter while selecting appropriate gateways and dynamically adjusts operational parameters like proactive area size and advertisement message frequency. The performances of the proposed Enhanced OLSR (E-OLSR) protocol are compared with the state-of-the-art routing procedures such as Adhoc on-demand distance vector (AODV), destination sequenced distance vector (DSDV), and optimized link state routing (OLSR), in terms of metrics like packet delivery ratio (PDR), end-to-end (E2E) delay, throughput, as well as energy consumption. The simulation results demonstrated notable improvements, including reduced packet delay, fewer dropped packets, and decreased link failures, indicating effective utilization of available bandwidth. The overall performance of the proposed E-OLSR protocol exceeds other traditional protocols and its security is enhanced through the integration of Blockchain Technology.

Stochastic Resource Algorithm for Effective Utilization of Bandwidth for IoT Sensor Networks in Arecanut Agriculture Applications

Cognitive radio technology is growing positive solution for the effective utilization of the bandwidth for IoT device networks. The fixed spectrum allocation scheme leads to insufficient spectrum utilization, to overcome this problem, the stochastic resource allocation algorithm is proposed in the present work. This method of internet spectrum allocation considerably increases the performance of IoT sensor network by utilizing the internet spectrum by non-cognitive inactive IoT sensors (white space/spectrum holes) by continuous spectrum sensing. In this paper we have discussed the effective resource allocation for interweave and underlay conditions and also at variable interference constraints (short time and longtime spectrum sensing) of IoT network. The arecanut plantation for agriculture scenario is considered in the present paper and the sensor environment simulation is performed using MATLAB.

THE EFFECTIVE UTILIZATION OF INTERNET BANDWIDTH IN ORGANIZATIONAL DEMAND SERVICES AND APPLICATIONS

This research evaluates the sustainable utilization of Internet bandwidth usage and proposes a framework for organizational Internet Bandwidth demand service. The study highlighted the lack of an understanding of how much internet bandwidth is required for business and individual use and to what extent individual users must be familiar with it. This is crucial because it will enable a smooth data transmission flow back and forward in an organizational network. That is why this study seeks to (1) measure the relationship between organizational learning and effective utilization of internet bandwidth; (2) assess the relationship between organizational learning and organizational performance, and (3) investigate the mediating impact of effective utilization of internet bandwidth in influencing the relationship between organizational learning and organizational performance. We adopted the quantitative research methodology, and a reasonable sample population (n=318) was selected from those Malaysian business firms that use Internet bandwidth. Structural equation modeling (SEM) was utilized to test the relationship among study variables. The finding indicates that; organizational learning is of critical importance in the effective utilization of Internet bandwidth. However, effective bandwidth utilization does not mediate the relationship between organizational learning and performance. This result is interpreted that learning how to use Internet bandwidth improves individual usage and better decision-making in choosing an organization's Internet bandwidth-demand services and applications. Still, it does not significantly increase operational and financial performance.

Relaying Data With Joint Optimization of Energy and Delay in Cluster-Based UAV-Assisted VANETs

Vehicular networks are known for their dynamic topology, high mobility, and frequent disconnections. Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) have been recently used as instant communication relays to bridge the communication gaps between terrestrial vehicles to improve connectivity in vehicular networks and overcome the aforementioned problems. Despite the existing work in the literature where each vehicle connects directly to UAVs, this work studies how clustering and different densities of vehicles affect delay and energy efficiency in a UAV-based vehicular network integrated with 5G technology. Consequently, this work addresses the problem of UAV enabling vehicular ad-hoc networks (VANETs) in a highway scenario, where UAVs serve as an effective complement to forward data packets between vehicles in the absence of sufficient fixed infrastructures in an emergency situation. The main objective of this work is to minimize the delay while maximizing the energy efficiency by minimizing the power consumption and maximizing the total data rate under realistic conditions, while nonorthogonal multiple access (NOMA) is also adopted as an alternative answer for the effective utilization of limited bandwidth. The free-flowing traffic follows a Poisson stochastic process where each vehicle is assigned a random speed selected from a truncated Gaussian distribution. To this end, a novel modification of fast global <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$K$ </tex-math></inline-formula> -means is adopted to partition vehicles, allowing communication between clusters by vehicle-to-vehicle links, while data packets between clusters are relayed through UAVs. By computing the convex approximation of the objective function and the constraints, the original problem with the mixed-integer, nonconvex, and nonlinear form is solved by the proposed iterative inner penalty function algorithm. Finally, extensive simulations are conducted to validate the superiority of the proposed method in terms of various metrics. The results indicate that the relaying task in the proposed UAV-assisted VANET based on 5G technology is perfectly suited to enhance the network connectivity.

A Heuristic-Based Task Scheduling Policy for QoS Improvement in Cloud

Cloud computing is a big step in the parallel and distributed computing that offers pervasive access to the entire stack of computing resources located in the data center via the Internet in a virtualized manner. QoS is an important research direction in the cloud and is a collection of constraints that meets the service level agreement (SLA) between the users and service providers. These constraints are waiting time, completion time, response time, makespan, resource utilization, effective utilization of bandwidth, and load balancing. This work presents a distribution plan for transferring task loads to different virtual machines (VMs) with an efficient load balancing mechanism that is best suited in heterogeneous environments and improve the QoS parameter of users and cloud vendors simultaneously. In this paper, the expected uniform load of tasks that can be mapped to a particular VMs is calculated and after that, the optimal average completion time (OACT) of expected uniform tasks load to each VM is calculated.

Guaranteeing Slice Performance Isolation With SDN

One of the main concepts recently introduced in communication networks, such as 5G, is network slicing. A slice, as defined by the Third Generation Partnership program (3GPP) for example, is a logical network consisting of network functions and related resources to meet certain requirements. Software Defined Networking (SDN) is the candidate technology for implementing network slicing. However, guaranteeing different and independent QoS to several network slices sharing a single physical infrastructure is not straightforward. In this letter we propose an SDN solution for network slicing in packet-based networks. Deployed slices guarantee effective utilization of the available bandwidth and isolation in terms of both connectivity and performance (i.e., bandwidth and latency). The proposed solution is based on the OpenFlow standard and is validated on an emulated testbed utilizing the ONOS controller.

Estimation of attenuation due to rain within Ka and Ku bands in Oyo State of Nigeria

Rain-induced attenuation of microwaves poses a serious challenge to signal availability beyond 10 GHz frequencies. The challenges are even more pronounced in the subtropical and tropical regions with high intensities of rain which is more accompanied with thunderstorms. Nigeria has an equatorial and tropical climate, which is identified by controlling rainfall. Rain is the significant attenuation factor of various communication signal above 10 GHz frequencies. Therefore, for effective utilization of the microwave bandwidth during rainfall, it is required to form the correlation between this attenuation effect and the bandwidth at various rainfall rate and frequencies at a particular interest location. Therefore , using propagation modelling, the point rainfall and rain effects for frequencies was concurrently considered between 11 and 40 GHz (i.e. Ku, and Ka) for satellite communication service on earth-space path at Ibadan in Oyo state , Nigeria by using rainfall data for the period of five (5) years (January 2014 to December 2019).Keywords- Rain Attenuation, Rain Rate, Bandwidth, Propagation Modelling

AN EFFICIENT FPGA OVERLAY FOR COLOR TRANSFORMATION FUNCTION USING HIGH LEVEL SYNTHESIS

Image Processing is a significantly desirable in commercial, industrial, and medical applications. Processor based architectures are inappropriate for real time applications as Image processing algorithms are quite intensive in terms of computations. To reduce latency and limitation in performance due to limited amount of memory and fixed clock frequency for synthesis in processor-based architecture, FPGA can be used in smart devices for implementing real time image processing applications. To increase speed of real time image processing custom overlays (Hardware Library of programmable logic circuit) can be designed to run on FPGA fabric. The IP core generated by the HLS (High Level Synthesis) can be implemented on a reconfigurable platform which allows effective utilization of channel bandwidth and storage. In this paper we have presented FPGA overlay design for color transformation function using Xilinx’s python productivity board PYNQ-Z2 to get benefit in performance over a traditional processor. Performance comparison of custom overlay on FPGA and Processor based platform shows FPGA execution yields minimum computation time.

Spectral efficient pulse shape design for UWB communication with reduced ringing effect and performance evaluation for IEEE 802.15.4a channel

Ultra-Wideband (UWB) faces some regulations due to the interference issues with the co-existing narrowband communication systems, due to which the effective utilization of bandwidth is not possible that causes lower data rate of transmission. We propose a pulse shaping method which can curtail the interference with the co-existing band of communication and have an ability to depress the ringing oscillation. The modified pulse shape has an ability to control over the transmitted power spectral density and offers improved antenna power resolution. To obtain the specific results, the seventh derivative of Gaussian pulse is used as a basic pulse. This pulse is spectrally modified by windowing with Gaussian window to achieve the desired performance. The analysis is not only limited to spectral management but also inculcate the performance estimation of the resultant pulse in multi-user scenario for indoor multipath channel IEEE 802.15.4a. We have also analysed the modified pulse to prove its ability in the location accuracy improvement for high-end application of UWB communication.

Improvement of bit error rate performance of MC-CDMA system by using adaptive digital modulation schemes

In Wireless Communication, the transmission channel suffers due to multipath propagation and channel dispersion due to Inter Symbol Interference (ISI), thereby degrades the system performance greatly. Future communication requires high data rate and effective utilization of bandwidth. Hence, there is a need to improve the Bit Error Rate (BER). The proposed work is Adaptive Modulation (AM), combined with Multi Carrier Code Division Multiple Access (MC-CDMA) based transmission system. It is a promising way to increase the data rate and it uses bandwidth in a efficient manner. The Adaptive Modulation based MC-CDMA systems applied to a wide-area environment, can achieve high data rate up to 100Mbps. In this paper M-ary PSK, M-ary QAM and M-ary CPM modulation techniques are used. The Adap-tive modulation based MC-CDMA systems perform well for around 10 number of users. As a whole, the adaptive MC-CDMA system is found to give the optimum BER performance of given digital modulation schemes for fourth generation environment.

Dynamic Backbone based Broadcast Technique for Efficient Bandwidth Utilization in Vehicular Ad-hoc Networks

Objectives: To propose a Dynamic Backbone based Broadcast Technique for sending the safety alert. By using this Technique, the effective utilization of Bandwidth is achieved. Methods/Analysis: A competitive score is calculated based on the Distance and Direction of vehicles. Vehicle’s having more score is elected to relay the safety alert. Findings: Number of Redundant Transmission is reduced and the Bandwidth is efficiently utilized in Vehicular Ad hoc NETworks (VANETs). Conclusion/Application: This paper proposes a Dynamic Backbone based BroadCAST technique (DBCAST) which chooses a Backbone node with the help of a Competitive score. Because, this technique uses Backbone selection which is carried out till the end of the transmission range, it reduces the Bandwidth utilised when comparing with the relaying technique.

IBCAST: An Intelligent Broadcasting Technique for Efficient Bandwidth Utilization in Vehicular Ad-hoc Networks

Objectives: To propose a new Data Dissemination Technique that intelligently works for finding the Best forwarding node. By using this forwarding Technique, the effective utilization of Bandwidth is achieved. Methods/Analysis: The Link Expiration Time and the Distance Rate is calculated between two vehicles within a Transmission Range. Node having the minimum Link Expiration Time is chosen as the next forwarder. Findings: Number of Redundant Transmission is reduced and the Bandwidth is efficiently utilized in Vehicular Ad hoc NETworks (VANETs). Conclusion/Application: This paper proposes an Intelligent Broadcasting Technique which involves selecting best Forwarder node. Thus it reduces the number of redundant transmission and utilizes the Bandwidth efficiently.

Effective Utilization of Bandwidth for Mobile Ad Hoc Network

Background: A Mobile Ad hoc Network is self-configuring and infrastructure less system or network for mobile devices. Unavailability of infrastructure is common in the situations like Military war fields, disaster relief, sensor networks and Wireless mesh network. The prime objective of this paper is to understand the behavior of different TCP implementations on various mobility models of MANET for selecting the best TCP. Methods: Adequate simulations and its analysis are must before practically implementing and commissioning any system. The simulations are carried out using network simulator and Bonn motion as simulation tools, which are very much effective tools in this kind of scenario creation. Different mobility patterns common in MANET were generated using the mentioned tools. Parameters chosen are majorly comparable with real networks of MANET. Findings: Each node in a MANET is permitted to move autonomously in any direction sand this way changes its connections to different nodes most of the time. In these kinds of networks, congestion occurs in any intermediate node when data packets travel from source to destination and they incur high packet loss and long delay, which causes the performance degradation of a network. Congestion control is an issue that is taken care at transport layer. So the efforts are made to analyze the performance of most reliable protocol of transport layer: Transmission Control Protocol (TCP). The congestion control algorithm was thoroughly studied for finding the scope of improvement for TCP in MANET. The experimental results show that TCP Westwood NR gives high performance in case of throughput and congestion window utilization with low latency because of its ability to calculate the available bandwidth in most of the scenarios. So it is the most suitable transport layer protocol for effective utilization of channel bandwidth in wireless/MANET scenario. Application/Improvements: TCP is inseparable part of File Transfer Protocol, Web browsing, remote login, e-mail and video conferencing. It uses Internet Protocol so it can seamlessly applicable over satellite networks. Westwood NR of TCP can be enhanced with its congestion control and filter implantation to achieve high performance in MANET.

In-band simultaneous transmission of baseband and broadcast signals in wavelength reused bidirectional passive optical network

Reflective semiconductor optical amplifier (RSOA) based bidirectional wavelength division multiplexing passive optical network (WDM-PON) is proposed and analyzed for broadcasting services along with conventional baseband signal. The downstream baseband signal is spectrally shaped for in-band transmission of broadcast signal, which ensures effective utilization of transmission bandwidth. The modulated downstream optical signal is further reused for upstream data modulation and transmitted over the same fiber with suppressed re-modulation and rayleigh backscattering noises. The proposed WDM-PON is successfully demonstrated for 10Gb/s downstream baseband signal, 100Mb/s 16-QAM (quadrature amplitude modulation) in-band broadcast signal and wavelength reused 1.25Gb/s upstream signal. Error free operation for both the baseband signals as well as low value of error vector magnitude (EVM) for broadcast data are simultaneously achieved in acceptable receiver sensitivity.

A Novel Honeycomb Routing Approach for Bandwidth Utilization in MANET

Manet is an independent and distributed system of mobile nodes that are connected by means of the wireless link. Exploiting resources in a systematic manner without wastage would increase the throughput of the network. Bandwidth is one of the vital resources in the network traffic. Bandwidth generally refers to the data rate at which a network path or link transfers a packet. It is one of the guarantee features for measuring the network performance. Moreover, the bandwidth of the MANET is insufficient than that of the wired network. In the meantime, bandwidth exhaustive wireless applications are emerging that influences the bandwidth demand on the wireless network. Even if advancements have been made in the high speed wireless channel, bandwidth is yet a challenging concern because of the limitations of the wireless channel. Hence, an effective utilization of bandwidth is necessary for improving the network performance. Thus, a novel Honeycomb Routing (HCR) algorithm from the two-dimensional Honeycomb structure, has been proposed in this paper in order to effectively utilize the bandwidth of the network through the Adhoc on-demand distance vector (AODV) routing protocol with the admission control algorithm in MANET. This approach provides a high bandwidth which is obtained by sharing the links and the successful flow of data packets by using the wait and bound technique in the admission control algorithm. Simulations are carried out to analyze the performance of the proposed approach.

A Study State Analysis of Mu Mimo Using Adaptive Algorithm

In conventional cellular systems, each base station (BS) transmits signals intended for a single user in a particular resource allocation. As bandwidth is a scarce resource, effective utilization of the available bandwidth in the system is essential in modern wireless systems especially for applications such as video streaming and voice over internet protocol (VoIP) which demands high data rate. Fortunately since the user's feedback the channel state information to the network, there is an opportunity for the BS to schedule more than one user's data in a single resource allocation by designing pre-coders which beam form the data to the intended user. This technique which is called multi-user multiple-input and multiple-output (MU-MIMO) is adopted to investigate an orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM)-based downlink transmission scheme. We develop a analogous fast iterative truncation algorithm (FITRA) and display statistical results to exhibit tremendous PAR-reduction capabilities. The significantly condensed linearity necessities ultimately empower the routine of low-cost RF components for the large-scale MU-MIMO-OFDM downlink. We show that there is a strong preference for obtaining high-quality feedback, and that obtaining near-perfect channel information from as many receivers as possible provides a significantly larger sum rate than collecting a few feedback bits from a large number of users.

Performance Analysis of Multi Spectral Band Image Compression using Discrete Wavelet Transform

Problem statement: Efficient and effective utilization of transmission bandwidth and storage capacity have been a core area of research for remote sensing images. Hence image compression is required for multi-band satellite imagery. In addition, image quality is also an important factor after compression and reconstruction. Approach: In this investigation, the discrete wavelet transform is used to compress the Landsat5 agriculture and forestry image using various wavelets and the spectral signature graph is drawn. Results: The compressed image performance is analyzed using Compression Ratio (CR), Peak Signal to Noise Ratio (PSNR). The compressed image using dmey wavelet is selected based on its Digital Number Minimum (DNmin) and Digital Number Maximum (DNmax). Then it is classified using maximum likelihood classification and the accuracy is determined using error matrix, kappa statistics and over all accuracy. Conclusion: Hence the proposed compression technique is well suited to compress the agriculture and forestry multi-band image.

Comparative study of Arithmetic and Huffman Compression Techniques for Enhancing Security and Effective Bandwidth Utilization in the Context of ECC for Text

In this paper, we proposed a model for text encryption using elliptic curve cryptography (ECC) for secure transmission of text and by incorporating the Arithmetic/Huffman data compression technique for effective utilization of channel bandwidth and enhancing the security. In this model, every character of text message is transformed into the elliptic curve points (Xm,Ym), these elliptic curve points are converted into cipher text .The resulting size of cipher text becomes four times of the original text. For minimizing the channel bandwidth requirements, the encrypted text is compressed using the Arithmetic and Huffman compression technique in the following two ways by considering i)x-y coordinates of encrypted text and ii) x-co-ordinates of the encrypted text. The results of the above two cases are compared in terms of overall bandwidth required and saved for Arithmetic and Huffman compression.

Analysis and Enhancement of BWR Mechanism in MAC 802.16 for WIMAX Networks

WiMAX [Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access] is the latest contender as a last mile solution for providing broadband wireless Internet access and is an IEEE 802.16 standard. In IEEE 802.16 MAC protocol, Bandwidth Request (BWR) is the mechanism by which the Subscriber Station (SS) communicates its need for uplink bandwidth allocation to the Base Station (BS). The performance of the system is affected by the collisions of BWR packets in uplink transmission, that have the direct impact on the size of the contention period in uplink sub frame, uplink access delay and uplink throughput. This paper mainly deals with Performance Analysis and Improvement of Uplink Throughput in MAC 802.16 by the Application of a New Mechanism of Circularity. The implementation incorporates a generic simulation of the contention resolution mechanism at the BS. An analysis of the total uplink access delay and also uplink throughput is performed. A new paradigm of circularity is employed by selectively dropping appropriate control packets in order to obviate the bandwidth request collisions, which yields the minimum access delay and thereby effective utilization of available bandwidth towards the uplink throughput. This new paradigm improves contention resolution among the bandwidth request packets and thereby reduces the delay and increases the throughput regardless of the density and topological spread of subscriber stations handled by the BS in the network.

An efficient cluster-based multi-channel management protocol for wireless Ad Hoc networks

In Ad Hoc networking, cluster-based communication protocol can reduce large amount of flooding packets in route establishment process. However, the 802.11 medium access control (MAC) protocol is not dedicated to cluster-based network architecture. Applying 802.11 MAC protocol to cluster-based network introduces problems of inefficient channel utilization in announcement traffic indication message (ATIM) and data sub-windows for gateway nodes, heavy channel contention in some channels, large power consumption of mobile hosts, and poor utilization of multi-channel resources. In this paper, we propose a MAC layer multi-channel management protocol which takes power saving issues into consideration in a cluster-based network topology. The proposed protocol aims at effective utilization of multi-channel bandwidth for data communications among mobile hosts. Features of the proposed protocol includes: (1) preserving the property of fair channel contention in original 802.11 protocol, (2) constructing a proper contention condition for mobile hosts, (3) reducing power consumption for idle mobile hosts, (4) reducing probability of collision and unnecessary power consumption due to heavy contention, and (5) decreasing the transmission delay of gateway node through proper management of inter-cluster traffic. Experimental results reveal that the proposed protocol has good performance in network throughputs, average transmission delay time and energy consumption.