Effective Use Of Biomass Research Articles

FEATURES OF THE AUTOTHERMAL MODE OF BIOMASS PYROLYSIS

The relevance of the proposed work is determined by the need for decarbonization of the energy sector of Ukraine and the transition to the production of renewable ecological fuel from agricultural waste. The main method for producing such fuel is pyrolysis. The effective use of biomass in the existing fuel equipment is limited by a number of its specific properties, such as high humidity, low bulk density, high slagging ability of ash, tar deposition in boiler flues, chemical underburning, etc. use as fuel even on existing fuel equipment is pyrolysis, which allows obtaining energetically valuable solid, liquid and gaseous energy products. This paper examines the methods of increasing the economic attractiveness of biomass pyrolysis technologies due to the use of internal exothermic reaction energy. A comparison of different types of pyrolysis in terms of its duration, temperature, and products is given. The conditions under which the process of pyrolysis of biomass becomes auto-thermal have been determined.

Disruption of p-coumaroyl-CoA:monolignol transferases in rice drastically alters lignin composition.

Grasses are abundant feedstocks that can supply lignocellulosic biomass for production of cell-wall-derived chemicals. In grass cell walls, lignin is acylated with p-coumarate. These p-coumarate decorations arise from the incorporation of monolignol p-coumarate conjugates during lignification. A previous biochemical study identified a rice (Oryza sativa) BAHD acyltransferase (AT) with p-coumaroyl-CoA:monolignol transferase (PMT) activity in vitro. In this study, we determined that that enzyme, which we name OsPMT1 (also known as OsAT4), and the closely related OsPMT2 (OsAT3) harbor similar catalytic activity toward monolignols. We generated rice mutants deficient in either or both OsPMT1 and OsPMT2 by CRISPR/Cas9-mediated mutagenesis and subjected the mutants' cell walls to analysis using chemical and nuclear magnetic resonance methods. Our results demonstrated that OsPMT1 and OsPMT2 both function in lignin p-coumaroylation in the major vegetative tissues of rice. Notably, lignin-bound p-coumarate units were undetectable in the ospmt1 ospmt2-2 double-knockout mutant. Further, in-depth structural analysis of purified lignins from the ospmt1 ospmt2-2 mutant compared with control lignins from wild-type rice revealed stark changes in polymer structures, including alterations in syringyl/guaiacyl aromatic unit ratios and inter-monomeric linkage patterns, and increased molecular weights. Our results provide insights into lignin polymerization in grasses that will be useful for the optimization of bioengineering approaches for the effective use of biomass in biorefineries.

Solar pyrolysis of waste biomass: Part 2 kinetic modeling and methodology of the determination of the kinetic parameters for solar pyrolysis of sewage sludge

Biomass pyrolysis is a fundamental thermal conversion method that has both industrial and economic potential. A deep knowledge of the pyrolysis character can give dramatically rise to the general development of thermal conversion methods for the effective use of biomass fuel in the incoming future. In this work, kinetic parameters estimation methods and methodology for sewage sludge pyrolysis has been presented. Special emphasis was put into combined use of the latest isoconversional methodology and model-fitting kinetics. The kinetic parameters estimation was based on a series of experiments using thermogravimetric analysis carried out for heating rates 20, 30 and 40 K/min. Complimentary use of model-based and isoconversional approach along with statistical analysis of both methods results has been presented. The proposed methodology, based on Friedman isoconversional kinetic parameters, Eα 31.4–244.9 kJ/mol and Aα 1.17–14.4 log(1/s), as initial guess values for optimization resulted in 10 independent reactions kinetic model, evaluating sewage sludge pyrolysis with R2 > 0.999 with activation energies E∈<30.34; 259.7> kJ/mol, pre-exponential factors A∈<1.17; 22.49> log(1/s) and reaction orders n∈<1.17; 3>. Isoconversional methodology resulted in excellent conversion rate and mass loss fit while the order-based kinetic model simultaneously gave insight into theoretical 10 elementary sludge decomposition rates.

Production of Biocoal by the Pyrolysis of Biomass

Effective use of biomass has recently received special attention. Pyrolysis is of great interest among the biomass conversion processes. The pyrolysis technology allows the production of biocoal (biochar), which can replace fossil energy fuels. Biocoal can also be converted into liquid fuel for direct use in vehicles and for the replacement of petroleum products (gasoline, aviation kerosene, and diesel fuel). In recent years, biocoal has been increasingly used in the agricultural industry as a high-quality complex fertilizer with unique properties.

Prospective for power generation of solid fuel from hydrothermal treatment of biomass and waste in Malaysia

There is growing interest for utilization of biomass and waste for the significant environmental benefits, energy security and long-term fuel sustainability. Malaysia has enormous biomass resources that is currently under-utilized for electricity generation. The variation in the chemical composition, moisture and alkali contents across different biomass feedstocks requires pre-treatment to avoid problem during thermochemical conversion processes. On the other hand, the problem associated with municipal solid waste limit the application for useful fuel due to heterogeneous in nature and high moisture content. This paper reviews the prospective waste to energy technologies in Malaysia using hydrothermal treatment for production of solid fuel from biomass and municipal solid waste. The selection of thermochemical conversion technologies will be based on the fieldwork, characterization and laboratory experiments, environmental and economic evaluations. The overall objectives are to enhance the physical and chemical properties of the biomass and waste and to increase the thermal efficiency of power plant as part of nation renewable energy mix to reduce dependency to fossil fuels particularly coal. The effective use of biomass and waste can supply the required fuel for future electricity generation.

The Chemical Conversion of Biomass-Derived Saccharides: an Overview

Chemicals commodities and consumable, accounting for billions of ton of carbon per year, are produced in an industry based on non-renewable fossil feedstocks. Oil reserves are enough for feeding chemical industry for another century, and therefore, it is essential finding alternative sources of carbon for a progressive replacement of the industrial feedstock. In this context lignocellulosic, a renewable source of carbon composed mainly by polymers of sugars, appears as the most promising candidate. Herein, it will be discussed the status, challenges and prospective future of biomass as industrial feedstock in a raising biorefinery, aiming to clarify the real problems in the actual biomass processing. It will be shown that lignocellulosic biomass is able to replace oil in the production of several chemicals and also delivery new compounds with important applications. However, for a cost effective use of biomass, the development and improvement of solvent and catalytic systems play a leading role. The sustainability of biomass feedstock is also discussed from the economical, social and environmental points of view.

Magnetic Properties of Low Grade Manganese Carbonate Ore

Rapid reduction roasting of low grade manganese carbonate ore by coal and biomass fuels from Hunan, China was investigated. Magnetic separation behaviors and magnetic properties of raw manganese ore and roasted manganese ores were analyzed. After reduction by coal and biomass fuels, the manganese ores demonstrate a new Mn-Fe oxide phase, showing obvious mixed magnetic behaviors of ferromagnet and paramagnet, and the magnetic susceptibilities of roasting ores rapidly increase to almost two orders of magnitude in comparison of the raw ores. The results show that magnetizing roasting technology could enhanced the magnetic properties of the manganese ores about two orders of magnitude higher than raw manganese ore at low roasting temperature. Thereby, we deduce that the weak magnetic separation combined with high magnetic separation could be adequate for roasted manganese ore to satisfy the requirement of electrolytic manganese industry. Application of biomass in manganese ore roasting process is promising to the effective use of biomass and for decreasing the consumption of fossil fuels in the manganese industry.

Rapid and direct magnetization of goethite ore roasted by biomass fuel

Biomass is a renewable and carbon neutral solid fuel. Utilization of biomass in iron ore roasting process as heating agent and reducing agent contributes to energy conservation and emission reduction, and can partially replace for coal and coke. The biomass instead of coke was mixed together with iron ore powder from the north of Hainan province into ball roasting process to investigate the effects of mixture composition, reduction temperature, reaction time, the thermal reduction and magnetic properties of the mixture. The results show that the reduction temperature, reaction time and dosage of the biomass are correlated to the quality of the reduction and the magnetism of the iron ore, within the experimental conditions. The mechanism of the biomass reducing the weakly magnetic goethite into stronger magnetic iron oxide has been discussed. The results show that the goethite ores is dramatically reduced and magnetized by about 20 wt.% biomass at low roasting temperature. Application of biomass energy in iron ores roasting process is prospective to the effective use of biomass and for decreasing the consumption of fossil fuels in the steelmaking process.

Substitution of Biomass for Coal and Coke in Ironmaking Process

Biomass is renewable and carbon neutral. Biochar, derived from the carbonization of biomass, is a kind of solid fuel with excellent properties. Utilization of biomass in ironmaking process as heating agent and reducing agent contributes to energy conservation and emission reduction, and can partially replace for coal and coke. Research status of the utilization of biomass in ironmaking process is discussed. Application prospects of biomass energy in ironmaking process are analyzed, and a novel bioenergy auxiliary ironmaking system is suggested, which is meaningful for the effective use of biomass and for decreasing the consumption of fossil fuels, namely metallurgical coal and coke.

An assessment of inter-firm networks in a wood biomass industrial cluster: lessons for integrated policymaking

Effective use of biomass is emerging in various agro-industries, offering new avenues for sustainable regional development. A case analysis is done on a wood industrial cluster in Maniwa, Japan to analyze the drivers and barriers for community-based actions in improving environmental performance of small businesses operating in the cluster. Wood processing businesses in Maniwa generate wastes such as wood trimmings and shavings. Community-based actions of various businesses in the supply chain realized the commercial value in such waste products and explored options of wood such as biomass fuel, extraction of ethanol, wood-based concrete and organic strawberry farming. Various technologies enabled the process to be carried out, and knowledge/information was brought in by local research institutes. Taking leadership and participation by business in community-based social networks increased the availability of market information and lowered its cost. It also led them to reach collective decisions and implement actions together. Evidences from a strength, weakness, opportunities and potential analysis of the Maniwa wood cluster revealed that stimulating community-based actions, providing enabling technologies, creation of social capital and policy integration are the pillars for transforming local industrial clusters into eco-friendly industrial clusters. Technical facts, policy experiences and findings suggest that grouping of biomass-based industries and developing joint actions for sound material flow represent a promising strategy to promote sustainable production and consumption while providing a new model for environment friendly regional development.

Sustainable technologies for innovative materials

The chemical industry is in the process of reinventing itself to ensure its sustainability. In a global economy, the challenges are huge for balancing environmental, economic and societal aspirations that either maintain or enhance the quality of life in an affordable manner. Although today no single path exists towards sustainable materials, there are a number of emerging technologies that have the potential to contribute to the drivers of twenty-first century society. Exploring the small world of atoms and molecules has provided nanotechnology and biotechnology. Nanobiotechnology has revealed a number of opportunities and insights with the potential of rejuvenating the chemical industry. It provides 'chemistry' with a 'new face' and purpose. The more effective use of biomass and the application of molecular self-organisation principles illustrate the new directions science and technology is moving into, and contributing to a sustainable society.

Renewable energy from palm oil – innovation on effective utilization of waste

Protecting the environment has been the priority of many sectors in our endeavor to ensure sustainable development. Implementation of green energy development based on the use of biomass is in the right path in adopting a holistic approach in the promotion of renewable energy. Malaysia has very substantial potential for biomass energy utilization given its equatorial climate that is ideal for dense tropical forest growth and agricultural vegetation. Biomass power potentials from wood processing and palm oil were estimated at 280 TJ and 250 TJ, respectively. By the year 2010, the biomass energy potential is expected to increase to 820 TJ. The paper describes the effective use of biomass as the first of the renewable energy sources to be developed for large-scale applications, especially in the palm oil industry and the methodology for energy harness by innovative utilization of waste from palm oil cultivation and processing.

バイオマスを活用した坑廃水からの砒素の除去

バイオマスを活用した坑廃水からの砒素の除去

Analysis of cooking energy in developing countries

Cooking is the major energy end use in most developing countries. A general model to calculate energy‐use cost for cooking with 15 combinations of fuel and end use device based on prevailing market conditions is proposed by this paper. The model has been implemented to develop an independent computer software which ranks the combinations on the basis of least cost. The model reflects cooking energy consumption patterns in urban Nepal, where it was tested. The results suggest that biomass energy used in efficient stoves is the most attractive option for cooking in Nepal. Hence, a policy for effective use of biomass is necessary.