Effective Intervention Programs Research Articles

Research advances on the mechanism of immune regulation of interferon in Aspergillus infection

Pulmonary aspergillosis is a serious pulmonary fungal infectious disease. It is difficult to manage and has limited treatment options. Existing anti-aspergillus medications have high rates of treatment failure and increased drug resistance, making it difficult to meet the clinical requirements. Therefore, the development of new, effective treatment programs is critical. According to research, interferons play an important role in the body's immune response to bacterial and viral infectious diseases. Inadequate interferon expression or dysfunction can put the body at risk for certain infectious diseases. Interferon has been used in clinical trials to prevent or treat infectious diseases. In recent years, researchers have focused on the immunological role of interferon in Aspergillus infections and its potential for clinical application. This review summarized the most recent advances in the immunoregulatory mechanisms of interferon and its clinical application in Aspergillus infections.

Characteristics and Treatment of Cyberviolence Trauma in Children and Adolescents.

Cyberviolence is a new form of violence encompassing any online activity that results in harm to the psychological, emotional, financial, or physical well-being of an individual or group. These adverse activities often lead to serious offline and long-lasting negative impact, especially on children and adolescents whose development has not matured sufficiently. Therefore, it is more important for mental health professionals to be well informed about the rapidly evolving forms of cyberviolence and its risks and to respond appropriately. This article provides an overview of the concept and unique features of cyberviolence trauma in minors in South Korea while also examining ongoing efforts to explore and implement effective treatment programs. Cyberbullying and digital sexual abuse, the most common forms of cyberviolence experienced by minors in South Korea, are explored in detail. Additionally, this review proposes directions for future research and the efforts that clinicians should focus on.

Analysis of Social Factors on Immunization Refusal in Jungkat Village

Analysis of Social Factors on Immunization Refusal in Jungkat Village

Exploring the economic toxicity experiences and coping styles of patients with colorectal cancer fistula in Jiangsu province, China: a qualitative study

ObjectivesIn recent years, economic toxicity has significantly affected the physical and mental health as well as the quality of life of patients with colorectal cancer. However, this issue has not...

Effects of nursing intervention based on gratitude extension-construction theory on gratitude level, recurrence fear and post-traumatic growth of patients with breast cancer after surgery.

e23162 Background: To explore the effects of nursing intervention based on gratitude extension-construction theory on gratitude level, recurrence fear and post-traumatic growth of patients after breast cancer surgery. Methods: 104 patients with breast cancer treated in a large general hospital from August 2023 to January 2024 were selected as the study objects, and randomly divided into control group and intervention group with 52 cases in each group. The control group received routine nursing intervention, and the intervention group was treated with nursing intervention based on gratitude extension and construction theory on the basis of routine nursing intervention. The intervention plan included organizing patients to give motivational lectures before discharge, watching gratitude videos, and teaching patients to carry out positive memory, gratitude meditation and gratitude expression every day through bedside talk. After discharge, patients were instructed to conduct interest cultivation, gratitude expression, gratitude visit, gratitude diary and gratitude sharing through phone or wechat follow-up. After 12 weeks, the results were evaluated by general information questionnaire, gratitude level questionnaire, Cancer Recurrence Fear Scale, and post-traumatic Growth Rating Scale. Results: After intervention, the gratitude level of the intervention group was significantly higher than that of the control group (P < 0.001), the total score and all dimension scores of fear of cancer recurrence were significantly lower than those of control group (P < 0.05), post-traumatic growth score and all dimensions were higher than those of control group (P < 0.001). Conclusions: This study established a set of scientific, practical and effective intervention program suitable for patients with breast cancer after surgery to improve the level of gratitude, alleviate the fear of cancer recurrence, and promote post-traumatic growth, and verified that the intervention program can effectively improve the level of gratitude of patients, especially in the aspect of gratitude around people and matters. It can also alleviate the fear of cancer recurrence, overall worry, health worry, female worry, role worry, death worry, etc. Post-traumatic growth has been significantly improved, especially in terms of personal strength and interpersonal relationship improvement. Under the general trend that breast cancer has become the largest cancer in the world, it is one of the effective ways to improve the psychological state of breast cancer patients, and it is worth promoting in breast cancer patients.

Exploring factors of adherence to weight loss interventions in population with overweight/obesity: an umbrella review.

Adherence is key for achieving the optimal benefits from a weight loss intervention. Despite the number of studies on factors that promote adherence, their findings suggest inconsistent and fragmented evidence. The aim of this study was to review the existing factors of adherence to weight loss interventions and to find factors that facilitate the design of effective intervention programs. Six databases were searched for this umbrella review; after the screening process, 21 studies were included. A total of 47 factors were identified in six groups as relevant for adherence: (i) sociodemographic (n= 7), (ii) physical activity (n= 2), (iii) dietary (n= 8), (iv) behavioral (n= 4), (v) pharmacological (n= 3), and (vi) multi-intervention (n= 23). In addition, a map of adherence factors was created. The main findings are that with respect to demographic factors, the development of personalized intervention strategies based on the characteristics of specific populations is encouraged. Moreover, self-monitoring has been shown to be effective in behavioral, dietary, and multi-interventions, while technology has shown potential in dietary, behavioral, and multi-interventions. In addition, multi-interventions are adherence-promoting strategies, although more evidence is required on adherence to pharmacological interventions. Overall, the factor map can be controlled and modified by researchers and practitioners to improve adherence to weight loss interventions.

Mind it! A mindfulness-based group psychotherapy for substance use disorders in adolescent inpatients.

Cannabis use disorder (CUD) is the most frequent reason for psychiatric inpatient substance use disorder (SUD) treatment among 15-19-year-olds in Germany. Despite effective treatment programs, relapse rates remain high. Thus, existing multi-component programs (TAU) need to be enhanced with SUD-specific elements. Mindfulness-based interventions (MBI) seem promising as they can positively influence SUD-related behaviors (e. g. craving). Given limited research in adolescents, this randomized controlled trial investigated the extent to which MBI-based group therapy (Mind it!) as an add-on treatment to TAU led to fewer cannabis use days after 6months in 84 adolescent inpatients with CUD. Additionally, craving, severity of CUD, and changes in mindfulness were monitored (pre-, post-, and follow-up (FU) assessments). The results revealed a significant reduction in cannabis use days in both groups at 6-month FU (d = -0.72 and = -0.75). Although minor additional benefits of Mind it! were evident post-treatment, specifically reduction of craving and SUD severity, by the 6-month mark, TAU exhibited a more substantial decrease in SUD severity (d = 0.78), and reward craving (d = 0.28) compared to Mind it!. Regarding self-regulation skills (mindfulness), Mind it! demonstrated superiority over TAU after 6-month FU (d = 0.27). Therapists judged the MBI as feasible. (Serious) adverse events were unrelated to Mind it!. There was a systematic dropout among Mind it! participants. Primarily, the results emphasize the effectiveness of TAU in reducing cannabis use. MBI also seem feasible for youth, but results remain inconsistent and unstable over time. Importantly, enhanced adherence to reduce dropouts is needed.Trial registration: German Clinical Trials Register, DRKS00014041. Registered on 17 April 2018.

Comparison of social skills and problem behaviours of children with different developmental disabilities

Objectives Difficulties in social skills, such as a lack of understanding of emotions and thoughts, deficiencies in problem-solving, and struggles in establishing peer correlations, can negatively impact both the social and academic dimensions of one’s life, resulting in the emergence of problematic behaviors. Studies have consistently shown a correlation between the social skills and problem behaviors of children with developmental disabilities. Therefore, it may be essential to compare the social skills and problem behaviors across various developmental disabilities and understand the correlation between them to design effective intervention programs. Methods In this study, the social skills and problem behaviors of 172 children and 18 teachers in inclusive classrooms, special education classrooms, and special education schools were analyzed. The Social Skills Rating System-Teacher Form assessed children’s social skills and problem behavior profiles with different developmental disabilities. Results The findings revealed that children with autism spectrum disorder exhibited the most significant social skill deficits and the most intense problem behaviors. Following autism spectrum disorder, those with intellectual disabilities, learning difficulties, and language and speech difficulties experienced elevated levels of social skill deficits. In terms of problem behaviors, after autism spectrum disorder, those with intellectual disabilities, language and speech difficulties, and learning difficulties exhibited the most intense problem behaviors. Gender differences were observed, with girls demonstrating higher social skills and lower problem behaviors than boys. Children with developmental disabilities receiving inclusive education showed higher social skills than those educated in special education schools. Additionally, a strong negative correlation between the social skills and problem behaviors of children with developmental disabilities was identified. Conclusions Our results show that social skills and problem behaviors of children with developmental disabilities vary according to the type of disability, age, gender, and educational settings. In addition, our results show that improving the social skills of children with developmental disabilities can effectively prevent and reduce problem behaviors.

Content Specificity of Interpretation Bias Related to Social and Emotional Loneliness in Emerging Adulthood

Background:According to cognitive theories, loneliness is associated with biased cognitive processes. However, studies investigating interpretation bias (IB) related to feelings of loneliness are scarce. The current study aimed to investigate (a) whether emotional loneliness (perceived absence of intimacy) and social loneliness (perceived absence of satisfying connections) are associated with a negative IB while controlling for related psychosocial symptoms, and (b) whether these two types of loneliness show content-specific IB.Methods:Sample 1 included an unselected university sample (N= 138, 81.9% female,M= 20.8 years,SD= 4.4), and Sample 2 utilized a preselected university sample with elevated anxiety/depression levels (N= 315, 69.5% female,M= 23.8 years,SD= 4.3). Participants completed questionnaires on emotional and social loneliness, social isolation, social anxiety, depression, hostility, and an ambiguous scenarios task measuring IB.Results:The results showed that emotional and social loneliness were uniquely associated with a negative IB related to the unavailability of social network. Social loneliness was additionally positively related to an IB for rejection and negatively to an IB for hostility in Sample 2. These results provide evidence for a content-specific negative IB in both types of loneliness.Conclusions:Future studies are needed to replicate these findings as it could aid in developing an effective treatment program for loneliness targeting underlying cognitions in young adults.

Compliance status of tobacco control laws in the university setting of Bangladesh: an analytical study followed a mixed-method approach

BackgroundImplementation of National Tobacco Control Laws (NTCLs) in university settings was found to be worse in Bangladesh.ObjectivesThis study aimed to depict the compliance status of tobacco control laws (TCLs) and...

Teachers’ Knowledge and Experiences after the Implementation of an Eating Disorder Prevention Program in the Physical Education Classroom

Since psychological and social factors are especially prominent among the multiple causes of eating disorders, we argue that school, a meeting place among equals and thus a locus for the transmission of values and attitudes, can play an important role in preventing these disorders. This article’s main objective is to verify whether the physical education (PE) class can become an arena for transferring and learning that prevent eating disorders, analyzing teachers’ perceptions of the program development “Psychology for Nutrition and Physical Activity in the Prevention of Eating Disorders” (P-NAF) and specifically: (1) analyzing what teachers know and believe about preventing eating disorders; (2) analyzing the relationship between PE sessions and the acquisition of skills for the prevention of eating disorders; and (3) verifying whether the strategies proposed in the program P-NAF help teachers develop skills for the prevention of eating disorders. We conducted semi-structured interviews with physical education teachers (six women and six men) from five educational institutions in southern Spain. We organized their responses into four blocks: (1) self-esteem, (2) social skills, (3) satisfaction with body image, and (4) nutrition. The results show that physical education teachers are poorly trained in eating disorders, in their detection, as well as their treatment. In particular, there is little communication between health professionals and teachers to provide the information needed to develop effective intervention programs. However, after participating in the Psychology for Nutrition and Physical Activity program, the teachers improved both their knowledge and educational tools when it comes to transmitting that knowledge. We conclude that this program is effective in its objectives and that it should be presented more widely to physical education teachers who work directly with young people.

Combining raloxifene and mechanical loading improves bone composition and mechanical properties in a murine model of chronic kidney disease (CKD)

IntroductionPatients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) are at an alarming risk of fracture compared to age and sex-matched non-CKD individuals. Clinical and preclinical data highlight two key factors in CKD-induced skeletal fragility: cortical porosity and reduced matrix-level properties including bone hydration. Thus, strategies are needed to address these concerns to improve mechanical properties and ultimately lower fracture risk in CKD. We sought to evaluate the singular and combined effects of mechanical and pharmacological interventions on modulating porosity, bone hydration, and mechanical properties in CKD. MethodsSixteen-week-old male C57BL/6J mice underwent a 10-week CKD induction period via a 0.2 % adenine-laced casein-based diet (n = 48) or remained as non-CKD littermate controls (Con, n = 48). Following disease induction (26 weeks of age), n = 7 CKD and n = 7 Con were sacrificed (baseline cohort) to confirm a steady-state CKD state was achieved prior to the initiation of treatment. At 27 weeks of age, all remaining mice underwent right tibial loading to a maximum tensile strain of 2050 μƐ 3× a week for five weeks with the contralateral limb as a non-loaded control. Half of the mice (equal number CKD and Con) received subcutaneous injections of 0.5 mg/kg raloxifene (RAL) 5× a week, and the other half remained untreated (UN). Mice were sacrificed at 31 weeks of age. Serum biochemistries were performed, and bi-lateral tibiae were assessed for microarchitecture, whole bone and tissue level mechanical properties, and composition including bone hydration. ResultsRegardless of intervention, BUN and PTH were higher in CKD animals throughout the study. In CKD, the combined effects of loading and RAL were quantified as lower cortical porosity and improved mechanical, material, and compositional properties, including higher matrix-bound water. Loading was generally responsible for positive impacts in cortical geometry and structural mechanical properties, while RAL treatment improved some trabecular outcomes and material-level mechanical properties and was responsible for improvements in several compositional parameters. While control animals responded positively to loading, their bones were less impacted by the RAL treatment, showing no deformation, toughness, or bound water improvements which were all evident in CKD. Serum PTH levels were negatively correlated with matrix-bound water. DiscussionAn effective treatment program to improve fracture risk in CKD ideally focuses on the cortical bone and considers both cortical porosity and matrix properties. Loading-induced bone formation and mechanical improvements were observed across groups, and in the CKD cohort, this included lower cortical porosity. This study highlights that RAL treatment superimposed on active bone formation may be ideal for reducing skeletal complications in CKD by forming new bone with enhanced matrix properties.

The Role and Potential Mechanisms of Rehabilitation Exercise Improving Cardiac Remodeling.

Rehabilitation exercise is a crucial non-pharmacological intervention for the secondary prevention and treatment of cardiovascular diseases, effectively ameliorating cardiac remodeling in patients. Exercise training can mitigate cardiomyocyte apoptosis, reduce extracellular matrix deposition and fibrosis, promote angiogenesis, and regulate inflammatory response to improve cardiac remodeling. This article presents a comprehensive review of recent research progress, summarizing the pivotal role and underlying mechanism of rehabilitation exercise in improving cardiac remodeling and providing valuable insights for devising effective rehabilitation treatment programs. Graphical Abstract.

Perceived Stress among Jazan Medical Students: A Preliminary Study for Effective Intervention Program

Perceived Stress among Jazan Medical Students: A Preliminary Study for Effective Intervention Program

Acute myocardial infarction complicated by cardiogenic shock in Ukraine: multicentre registry analysis 2021-2022.

Data on the results and management strategies in patients with acute myocardial infarction complicated by cardiogenic shock (AMI-CS) in the Low and Lower-Middle Income Countries (LLMICs) are limited. This lack of understanding of the situation partially hinders the development of effective cardiogenic shock treatment programs in this part of the world. The Ukrainian Multicentre Cardiogenic Shock Registry was analyzed, covering patient data from 2021 to 2022 in 6 major Ukrainian reperfusion centres from different parts of the country. Analysis was focusing on outcomes, therapeutic modalities and mortality predictors in AMI-CS patients. We analyzed data from 221 consecutive patients with CS from 6 hospitals across Ukraine. The causes of CS were ST-elevated myocardial infarction (85.1%), non-ST-elevated myocardial infarction (5.9%), decompensated chronic heart failure (7.7%) and arrhythmia (1.3%), with a total in-hospital mortality rate for CS of 57.1%. The prevalence of CS was 6.3% of all AMI with reperfusion rate of 90.5% for AMI-CS. In 23.5% of cases, CS developed in the hospital after admission. Mechanical circulatory support (MCS) utilization was 19.9% using intra-aortic balloon pump alone. Left main stem occlusion, reperfusion deterioration, Charlson Comorbidity Index >4, and cardiac arrest were found to be independent predictors for hospital mortality in AMI-СS. Despite the wide adoption of primary percutaneous coronary intervention as the main reperfusion strategy for AMI, СS remains a significant problem in LLMICs, associated with high in-hospital mortality. There is an unmet need for the development and implementation of a nationwide protocol for CS management and the creation of reference CS centers based on the country-wide reperfusion network, equipped with modern technologies for MCS.

Efforts to stimulate PWMD patients through psychotherapy based on media craft activities

People with mental disorders often face health challenges and are at risk of social isolation, highlighting the importance of appropriate treatment to enhance their quality of life. The objective of this initiative is to improve the quality of life and foster independence among patients with mental disorders (ODGJ) through psychotherapy in the form of handicraft activities. The program is conducted collaboratively by the community service team and the Omben Sampang Community Health Center team. It involves providing hands-on training and direct guidance to ODGJ patients in creating tote bag paintings and shibori batik. As a result of this activity, ODGJ patients exhibit positive developments in both their quality of life and their ability to engage in daily activities independently. These outcomes serve as a foundation for the development of effective treatment programs for individuals with mental disorders.

Peer Influence and Factors Associated with Personal Network Size of Underage Drinkers Recruited Through Respondent-driven Sampling in Dibrugarh District of Assam, India

Personal networks significantly contributed to initiating risky behaviours among emerging youth. The study aimed to assess the personal network characteristics and factors associated with the personal network size of underage alcohol users. 200 underage drinkers were recruited through respondent-driven sampling in Dibrugarh, Assam using five seeds. Transition probability matrices and homophily indices were used to describe underage drinkers’ network characteristics and network patterns. The weighted logistic regression model was performed to observe the association. Personal network size differed significantly with respect to demographic profile and alcohol consumption patterns of the respondents. A higher proportion of participants used cannabis (77.0%), drank for more than 3 years (40.7%) and liked to drink with peers (51.1%). The affiliation pattern of educational status shows a trend of homophily and interaction between new and older underage drinkers. Students (OR 3.17, 95% CI 1.32, 7.62) who like to drink with peers (OR 3.45, 95% CI 1.24, 9.62) were found significantly associated with larger personal network size in weighted multiple binary logistic regression. The findings will be helpful to understand the network pattern of underage drinkers. The study highlighted the need for effective prevention and intervention programmes for this population and suggested further research in this area.

Working memory training improves episodic memory in older people: transfer based on controlled retrieval processes.

The results of working memory (WM) training to improve episodic memory in older people are inconsistent. This inconsistency could be due to the fact that the episodic memory tests used do not share the same cognitive resources as the trained WM task. The aim of this study was to assess whether performance on an episodic memory test will improve only when this test requires controlled processes of retrieval of information from secondary memory or recollection, similar to the processes exercised during WM training. Fifty-five people over 60 years of age participated in the study: 27 were randomly assigned to the experimental group (EG) and the rest to the control group (CG). The EG was trained in complex span tasks. Before and after training, both groups were tested on episodic memory tests (a verbal and a visuospatial recognition test) and WM span tasks (reading, digit and spatial location). ANOVAs revealed a greater improvement of recollection estimates in the EG than in the CG for both verbal recognition (p = 0.023) and visuospatial recognition (p = 0.014). Our results provide support for a cognitive mechanism whose shared presence favored transfer from training on a WM task to a test of episodic memory. Consistent with our predictions, training on complex span tasks improved performance on recognition tests only when recall required a controlled search process in secondary memory, or recollection. We therefore stress the importance of identifying other cognitive resources that are susceptible to transfer from a training task to other untrained tasks. A better understanding of the phenomenon of transfer is crucial for the design of increasingly effective intervention programs for older people.

A Retrospective Case-Control Study Evaluating Effects of Beck's Cognitive Therapy on Anxiety in Patients after Breast Reconstruction.

To explore the effects of Beck's cognitive therapy on the anxiety of patients after breast reconstruction. This study retrospectively analyzed clinical data of 150 patients with breast cancer undergoing breast reconstruction from June 2020 to June 2021 in our hospital, excluded 5 patients who did not meet the inclusion criteria, divided the remaining cases into an experimental group (EG, n = 70, perioperative routine management + Beck's cognitive therapy intervention) and a reference group (RG, n = 75, perioperative routine management) in accordance with different perioperative intervention programs, and compared the emotions of anxiety and depression, sense of social disability, and prognosis quality in both groups. At 2 months after surgery (T2) and 3 months after surgery (T3), EG had overtly lower Hamilton Anxiety Scale (HAMA) and Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) scores than RG (P < .05), with no difference in HAMA and BDI scores at 3 days before surgery (T0) and 1 month after surgery (T1) (P > .05). At the T0 stage, both groups were diagnosed as having a social disability, with no overt difference (P > .05). At T1 stage, The Social Disability Screening Schedule (SDSS) scores in both groups increased remarkably and fell back at the T2 and T3 stages. At T1-T2 stages, SDSS scores of EG were significantly different from those of RG (P < .05), with no significant difference at T3 stage (P > .05). The excellent rate of prognosis in EG was 78.57% (55/70), higher than 77.33% (58/75) in RG, with no statistical difference in both groups (P < .05). The implementation of Beck's cognitive therapy in patients with breast reconstruction effectively improves adverse emotions in patients, which is of great significance for promoting postoperative rehabilitation and is an effective intervention program in the perioperative period.

The Effects of Attachment Styles on Resilience and Emotion Regulation

Since the inception of Bowlby's Attachment Theory, a sizable body of research has explored the impact of attachment styles on psychological resilience and emotion regulation. This paper attempts to integrate the literature on the impacts of attachment on resilience and emotion regulation from the perspective and domain of social-personality orientation using a literature analysis to present an overview of current research. The results reveal that different attachment styles could impact both resilience and emotion regulation. To be specific, secure attachment helps individuals develop resilience. Attachment type can influence individuals’ selection of emotion regulation strategies. The study's limitations are then presented. The sample of individuals can be enriched in the future to develop more effective intervention programs. Finally, interventions that can be applied to infants is proposed. Overall, this study integrates evidence from different empirical studies on attachment relationships and provides perspectives for further understanding the influencing mechanisms of attachment styles.