Effective Technical Solutions Research Articles

INFLUENCE OF DIFFERENT FACTORS ON THE STABILITY BY ROLLING PROCESS IN THE WIRE BLOCK

One of the leading trends in the development of modern metallurgical manufacturing is the improvement of wire rod production using wire blocks. For existing continuous rolling mills, it is important to maximize the use of equipment capabilities both to improve the quality of products and to reduce the loss of metal and other resources for the adjustment and realize of technological modes at production. Effective technical solutions require scientific justification based on research results. To assess the boundary conditions of the stable rolling process, the average integral of the longitudinal forces at the plastically deformed metal is used. In physical terms, the vector of this force, which opposes the movement of the metal, cannot be directed along the motion of the sample, so the values of the force itself cannot be positive. The assessment of the longitudinal stability of the strip in the rolls (the possibility of a stable rolling process) is as follows: the process is implemented at negative values of the force value, zero value is the limit, at positive values the process is impossible. Analysis of the deformation process in the wire block of rolling mill 200 proved that the specific stresses in the stands should be insignificant because the resource of the forces that draw the metal into the rolls is limited. A more significant influence on the longitudinal stability of the process is the back tension. To ensure the stability of the process, especially in the first passes, the grip angle must be close in value to the coefficient of friction. With an increase in the coefficient of friction, the rolling of wire rod in the wire block becomes more stable. The results of the research show that in the case of external actions on the object, it is theoretically possible to find the limits of self-regulation for the rolling process in a wire block.Whenimplemented, thetechnique makes it possible to assess the limits of self-regulation not only by changes in the size of the workpiece, but by the amount of gauges wear in the rolls, in accordance with changes in friction conditions, temperature of the strip and other parameters.

Rapid Degradation of Carbamazepine in Wastewater Using Dielectric Barrier Discharge-Assisted Fe3⁺/Sodium Sulfite Oxidation

The discharge of medical and domestic wastewater has resulted in increasing levels of pharmaceutical pollutants in water bodies. We combined dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) technology with an Fe3⁺/sodium sulfite oxidation system to address the limitations associated with traditional water treatment technologies in removing carbamazepine, exploring the application efficacy and mechanisms of this approach in carbamazepine degradation. Under optimized experimental conditions, our system achieved a 97% degradation efficiency for carbamazepine within 4 min, significantly outperforming both DBD and sodium sulfite standalone systems. Using response surface methodology to optimize experimental parameters, the effects of sodium sulfite concentration, pH, and Fe3⁺ concentration on degradation efficiency were assessed. Under optimal conditions, the system’s degradation efficiency was 2.5 times higher than that of individual systems. Hydroxyl and sulfate radicals contributed 65% and 85%, respectively, to carbamazepine degradation, while superoxide radicals contributed only 30%. The study demonstrated that this system effectively breaks down the molecular structure of carbamazepine. Eight primary intermediate degradation products were identified, and, as degradation progressed, the concentrations of these intermediates gradually decreased, ultimately achieving a mineralization rate exceeding 85%. This study not only provides an effective technical solution for rapidly treating recalcitrant organic pollutants in water but also offers new insights for environmental protection and the sustainable use of water resources while providing theoretical and experimental data for future related research.

An weak surface defect inspection approach using efficient multi-scale attention and space-to-depth convolution network

In the field of precision manufacturing, machine vision technology is gradually replacing traditional manual inspection methods as a key technology to improve product quality. In precision manufacturing companies, weak defects on the product surface are unacceptable. However, existing defect detection methods rarely focus on the weak surface defect detection task. To address this challenge, we acquire and build a dataset called USB-DET, which contains weak defect samples. Then, we propose an innovative lightweight deep learning model, SDIA-net, which integrates SPD-Conv, Dysample technique, and attention mechanism-iRMA, to improve the recognition and localization of weak defects effectively. On the USB-DET dataset, SDIA-net achieves 55.1% mAP, which is 3.2% higher than the existing SOTA models. The computational efficiency is 205.1 FPS, which satisfies real-time demands. SDIA-net’s advantages make it well-suited for deployment in resource-limited precision manufacturing environments, providing an effective technical solution for product surface quality control with significant practical application value.

Automated matching and visualisation of magnetic flux leakage data in shale gas pipeline based on ICP and DBSCAN algorithm

ABSTRACT Magnetic flux leakage (MFL) is a non-destructive testing method for shale gas pipeline safety monitoring. Despite many pipelines have completed two or more rounds of internal inspection and have accumulated substantial data, effectively analyzing and utilizing this MFL data remains a significant challenge. To that end, this study proposes a novel combined model that integrates Iterative Closest Point (ICP) and DBSCAN (Density-Based Spatial Clustering of Applications with Noise) fusion to match multiple MFL data. The model outputs the matching result and visualisation images of MFL data acquired in different years. Furthermore, RMSE (root mean square error) and overlap rate have been used to evaluate the model. The results indicate that the average distance error of matched defects between two datasets decreased by 72.5%, and the overlap rate increased by 20%. Additionally, the DBSCAN Fusion shows better computational efficiency with an increase in defect quantity within the pipe segments. Finally, the impact of different datasets on the model’s matching accuracy is discussed in this study. The findings show that small-scale datasets or higher false detection rates lead to decreased accuracy. The proposed model fully leverages MFL data to achieve rapid matching of defects, offering a dependable and effective technical solution for safety monitoring and corrosion prediction in shale gas pipelines.

Non-contact measurement of conveyor belt speed based on fast point cloud registration of feature block

Abstract Non-contact, real-time measurement of conveyor belt speed is critical for energy-saving speed regulation and efficient development of coal mine conveyor systems. Existing speed measurement technologies for conveyor systems are often limited by the slippage and wear in contact measurement and complex environmental disturbance. This study introduces three-dimensional point cloud technology into coal flow information detection and innovatively presents a non-contact measurement method of conveyor belt speed based on fast point cloud registration of feature blocks. In the proposed method, a three-dimensional camera is used to capture point cloud data of the dynamically running conveyor belt, and the raw point cloud is preprocessed and segmented into blocks. Then, the C-MANV (curvature and mean angle of normal vectors) features of block point clouds are constructed based on the point cloud neighborhood curvature and the mean angle of neighborhood normal vectors. Finally, an improved block point cloud registration method based on C-MANV features is adopted to achieve the accurate measurement of the dynamic running speed of conveyor belt. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed method achieves an average relative error of less than 1.8% in high-speed conveyor belt operation with an average processing time of less than 35 ms, which fulfils the accuracy and real-time requirements for conveyor belt speed detection in coal mines. This study provides an effective technical solution for the speed monitoring of coal mine conveyor systems.

Multi-strategy particle swarm optimization with adaptive forgetting for base station layout

With the advent of 6G communication technology, user expectations for service quality have correspondingly risen. This is particularly evident in rural areas, where the challenge of ensuring signal coverage across diverse terrains is pressing. Consequently, the intelligent placement of base stations becomes a critical issue. To address this, our paper conducts a comprehensive analysis of terrain environments and village distributions in rural settings and develops a sophisticated objective function. We introduce a novel approach termed Multi-strategy Particle Swarm Optimization with Adaptive Forgetting (AFMPSO), designed to optimize the layout of base stations. This algorithm incorporates a forgetting mechanism and a center-of-mass traction strategy, which enable particles to update their positions responsively and maintain optimal individual information. Such features effectively prevent premature convergence and the risk of entrapment in local optima, thereby enhancing the efficacy of traditional particle swarm optimization techniques. In the IEEE Congress on Evolutionary Computation (CEC) 2022, AFMPSO was benchmarked against other particle swarm variants and the year’s winning algorithm. It demonstrated superior optimization capabilities. Further, our experiments utilizing both fixed and randomly configured village models revealed that AFMPSO achieved a signal coverage rate exceeding 90% in both setups, underscoring its substantial advantages and practical applicability in enhancing base station coverage. This research not only delivers an effective technical solution but also establishes a robust foundation for the future development of intelligent base station layouts.

Application of Immobilized Microorganism Gel Beads in Black-Odor Water with High Nitrogen and Phosphorus Removal Performance

Black-odor water, which is caused by the excessive accumulation of nitrogen and phosphorus in water, is a significant problem. Immobilized microorganisms are considered to be an effective technical solution, but there are still many key parameters to be determined, such as organic matter dissolution, insufficient stability, and insufficient phosphorus removal capacity, among other problems. In this study, the optimum raw material ratios of immobilized microorganism gel beads were determined by means of a response surface experiment. The optimal ratio of raw materials was 5% polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), 1% sodium alginate (SA), and 6% bacterial powder. In addition, the nitrogen and phosphorus removal performance of the materials was improved by loading inorganic compounds, such as 0.5 wt.% zeolite, 0.5 wt.% iron powder, and 0.2 wt.% activated carbon. Tolerance analysis determined that these gel beads could maintain a good performance in a series of harsh environments, such as during intense agitation, at high temperatures, and at low pH values, etc. The total nitrogen (TN), ammonia nitrogen (NH3-N), and phosphorus (TP) removal efficiencies were 88.9%, 90%, and 95%.

Research on Outlier Detection Methods for Dam Monitoring Data Based on Post-Data Classification

Safety monitoring of hydraulic structures is a critical task in the field of hydraulic engineering construction. This study developed a method for preprocessing and classifying monitoring data for the identification of gross errors in hydraulic structures. By utilizing linear regression and wavelet analysis techniques, it effectively differentiated various waveform characteristics in data sets, such as Sinusoidal Wave Cyclical, Triangular Wave Cyclical, Seasonal Cyclical, and Weakly Cyclical growth types. In the experiments for gross error identification, the 3σ algorithm, K-medoids algorithm, and Isolation Forest algorithm were applied to test the data. The results showed that the K-medoids algorithm excelled in processing Sinusoidal Wave Cyclical Data Sets; the 3σ algorithm adapted better to Triangular Wave Cyclical Data Sets; the Isolation Forest algorithm performed well in handling data sets with significant anomalies or atypical fluctuations and excelled in scenarios with strong seasonality and large data fluctuations; and for complex Weakly Cyclical Growth Data Sets, all three algorithms were less effective, indicating the potential need for more advanced analysis methods or a combination of multiple techniques. Testing on actual engineering data further confirmed the importance of using specific gross error identification techniques for special data types after data set pre-classification, providing a more effective technical solution for the safety monitoring of hydraulic structures.

The SAM-Krom biomonitoring study shows occupational exposure to hexavalent chromium and increased genotoxicity in Denmark.

Hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)) is a carcinogen. Exposure to Cr(VI) may occur in different industrial processes such as chrome plating and stainless steel welding. The aim of this study was to assess occupational exposure to Cr(VI) in Denmark. This cross-sectional study included 28 workers and 8 apprentices with potential Cr(VI) exposure and 24 within company controls, all recruited from six companies and one vocational school. Use of occupational safety and health (OSH) risk prevention measures were assessed through triangulation of interviews, a questionnaire and systematic observations. Inhalable Cr(VI) and Cr-total were assessed by personal air exposure measurements on Cr(VI) exposed participants and stationary measurements. Cr concentrations were measured in urine and in red blood cells (RBC) (the latter reflecting Cr(VI)). Genotoxicity was assessed by measurement of micronuclei in peripheral blood reticulocytes (MNRET). At announced visits, a consistent high degree of compliance to OSH risk prevention measures were seen in 'chromium bath plating' for both technical devices (e.g. ventilation, plastic balls, sheet coverings) and in the use of personal protective equipment (e.g. gloves, respirators), yet a lesser degree of compliance was observed in 'stainless steel welding'. The geometric mean of the air concentration of Cr(VI) was 0.26μg/m3 (95% confidence interval (CI): 0.12-0.57) for the Cr(VI)-exposed workers and 3.69μg/m3 (95% CI: 1.47-9.25) for the Cr(VI)-exposed apprentices. Subdivided by company type, the exposure levels were 0.13μg/m3 (95% CI: 0.04-0.41) for companies manufacturing and processing metal products, and 0.81μg/m3 (95% CI: 0.46-1.40) for bath plating companies. Workers with occupational exposure to Cr(VI) had significantly higher median levels of urinary Cr (2.42μg/L, 5th-95th percentile 0.28-58.39), Cr in RBC (0.89μg/L, 0.54-4.92) and MNRET (1.59 ‰, 0.78-10.92) compared to the within company controls (urinary: 0.40μg/L, 0.16-21.3, RBC: 0.60μg/L, 0.50-0.93,MNRET: 1.06 ‰, 0.71-2.06). When sub-dividing by company type, urinary Cr (4.61μg/L, 1.72-69.5), Cr in RBC (1.33μg/L, 0.95-4.98) and MNRET (1.89μg/L, 0.78-12.92) levels were increased for workers with potential Cr(VI) exposure in bath-plating companies, and when subdividing by work task, workers engaged in process operation had increased levels of urinary Cr (8.51μg/L, 1.71-69.5), Cr in RBC (1.33μg/L, 0.95-4.98) and MNRET (1.89μg/L, 0.82-12.92) levels. This biomonitoring study shows that bath platers were highly exposed to Cr(VI), as suggested by relatively high levels of urinary Cr, Cr in RBC and increased levels of micronuclei. The urinary Cr concentrations were high when compared to the French biological limit value of 2.5μg Cr/L, corresponding to the Danish occupational exposure limit of 1μg/m3. This, in turn, indirectly suggests that additional exposure routes than via air may contribute to the exposure. For welders, no statistically significant increases compared to within company controls were observed, however, the observed urinary Cr levels were similar to the levels observed in a European study (HBM4EU), and were higher than the levels observed for welders in Sweden (SafeChrom). In spite of a high degree of self-reported and observed compliance to OSH risk prevention measures during announced visits, the biomarkers of exposure reflecting recent exposure (urinary Cr) or exposure during the last four months (Cr in RBC) may point to variation in compliance to OSH risk prevention measures in general. Reduced occupational exposure to Cr(VI) may be achieved by applying the hierarchy of controls in eliminating or substituting Cr(VI), and the use of more effective technical solutions (e.g. automation).

TRACK CIRCUITS INTERFERENCE RESISTANCE INCREASE UNDER THE TRACTION CURRENT INFLUENCE

Purpose. The aim of the work is to increase the electromagnetic compatibility of track circuits with the traction power supply system of railways under the influence of reverse traction current disturbances. Conducting research and analysis of the causes of malfunctions of rail circuits on electrified sections of the railway, existing means and methods of increasing the interference resistance of track circuits and ensuring the electromagnetic compatibility of signaling, centralization and blocking devices with the traction power supply system, and the development of effective technical solutions for normalizing the operation and rail circuits in the conditions influence of traction current interference. Conducting a study of the electromagnetic characteristics of the DT-1-150 track choke-transformer in normal mode and under the influence of external factors on the magnetic system. Methods. During the research, methods of comparative analysis, theories of electric and magnetic circuits, methods of spectral analysis of signals, as well as mathematical, schematic and physical modeling were used. Findings. Situations in which the traction current significantly affects the operation of the rail wheel equipment have been analyzed in the work. The effect of the traction current constant component on the normal operation mode of the track circuits is considered. The coefficients value of the choke-transformer DT-1-150 with traction current asymmetry was determined. A comparative analysis of resistance to reverse traction current disturbances of track receivers of station rail wheels used at the docking station was conducted. The principle-structural scheme of the protective unit for blocking the leakage of direct traction current interference on the section of alternating current traction was developed. The scientific novelty. The scientific novelty of the work consists in identifying and justifying the causes of some specific failures of track circuit; in confirming the integral effect of choke-transformer steel core saturation, created by the constant component of the traction current in the railway power supply system. Practical significance. Based on the conducted research, the interference resistance of the 25 Hz track circuit with the DSSH-16 track relay and DT-06-500S was confirmed. A protective valve block was developed, which prevents the flow of the first periods of the largest amplitude transient current in the track circuit its protects and ensures, thereby, normal operation of track circuit.

Calculation of the heat stabilizer effective parameters depending on its location relative to the pile

Maintaining the soil in a frozen state in a cryolithozone is necessary for preventing the collapse of structures. The most effective technical solution for this is the use of two-phase passive heat stabilizers. Monitoring the state of permafrost soil allows to accept technical decisions that prevent soil thawing. Calculation the effective parameters of such decisions requires mathematical modeling of thermal and hydrodynamic processes. An approach is proposed to effectively compensate the heat flux from the pile on the ground, assuming the location of the heat stabilizer in the same well with the pile or at a slight distance from it. The aim of the work is to calculate the effective parameters of the heat stabilizer depending on its location relative to the pile. The developed mathematical model assumes the five tasks: 1) blowing the above-ground part of the heat stabilizer with air; 2) movement of liquid refrigerant to the bottom of the heat stabilizer; 3) cooling of the casing of the heat stabilizer with an two-phase flow of refrigerant; 4) heat exchange in the system refrigerant — the casing — frozen soil; 5) compensation of heat flow from the pile into the ground with heat flow from the ground into the heat stabilizer. The first problem is solved on the basis of an empirical criterion equation. The second and third tasks are solved using the laws of conservation of mass, momentum and energy. The fourth and fifth tasks involve solving the equation of thermal conductivity. As a result of calculations, the effective parameters of the heat stabilizer were obtained. The minimum lateral dimensions of the heat stabilizer casing have been established to compensate the heat flow from the pile into the ground. The time of freezing front reaching the pile from the heat stabilizer located at a distance of 0.5 m from one of its corners has been determined.

Sensitivity of reduction rate on the mechanical response of boron-doped Fe50Mn30Co10Cr10 high entropy alloy

Phase transformation induced plasticity (TRIP) effect is an effective technical solution to enhance the strength and ductility of alloys, represented by Fe50Mn30Co10Cr10 high entropy alloy (HEA). Introducing heterostructures into alloys is also an effective synergistic method for enhancing the strength and ductility of alloys. Combining element doping, heterostructures, and the TRIP effect of the alloy itself can enable the alloy to achieve both high strength and high ductility. In this work, the boron doped Fe50Mn30Co10Cr10 HEA were prepared by cold rolling with different reduction rates followed by recrystallization annealing processes. Different reduction rates result in different heterogeneous structures. The large rolling reduction weakens the advantage of heterogeneous structure for introducing large stress concentration, resulting in the low ductility of the alloy. The sample with small rolling reduction shows excellent strength and ductility, which comes from the synergistic effect of large-small grains matching and TRIP effect. In summary, the TRIP effect combined with the appropriate amount of reduction and low recrystallization temperature annealing induced heterostructure is an effective solution to overcome the strength ductility trade-off.

Variation-Difference Method of Calculation of Layered Rubber-Metal Vibration Isolators Used for Protection of Reinforced Concrete Buildings from Anthropogenic Vibration

In the modern construction complex of the city of Moscow for the protection of buildings and structures from man-made vibration arising from the movement of trains of rail transportation (subway trains, railroad lines and trams). To protect buildings and structures from anthropogenic vibration arising from the movement of rail transport trains (subway trains, railroad lines and streetcars), Moscow uses layered rubber-metal vibration isolators [1]. Most often, to determine their static and dynamic characteristics, the finite element method (FEM) is used, which makes it possible to determine all components of the stress-strain state and frequencies of free oscillations in the loaded state practically for any structural forms of isolators. However, for the most popular software packages that implement FEM, the problem of optimizing the structural shape of the vibration isolator still requires significant time expenditures for multiple changes of the finite element mesh, repeated setting of boundary conditions and implementation of a series of calculations. Only some of the software packages implementing the FEM solve optimization problems of the shape of the product being calculated, most often it is related to foreign software products with universal functionality. Variation-difference method (VDM) is the closest to the finite element method (FEM) in terms of its computational capabilities. It is possible to create program modules that repeatedly and automatically solve three-dimensional problems of elasticity theory taking into account the changed geometry of the vibration isolator: the dimensions of the product, the location of perforations within the rubber layers, as well as the thickness of the rubber layer and other parameters important for obtaining an effective technical solution for vibration isolation of buildings. Further, the article describes the method of implementation of the variational-difference method (VDM) as applied to the solution of the problem of determining the components of the stress-strain state inside a three-dimensional layered vibration isolator with perforations of different sizes having different locations relative to the contour of the vibration isolator, i.e., the solution of the problem of optimizing the three-dimensional shape of the vibration isolator is given.

Experimental studies of the width of the swath of tops of root crops

The search for effective technical solutions and scientific directions for substantiating the rational parameters of the working bodies of thick-cutting devices, which ensure an increase in the production of strategically important for the leading processing industries of Ukraine's economy (energy - biofuel; food - sugar, coffee; pharmaceutical - inulin) of technical crops or root crops is relevant and a significant direction of research, both for science and practice. The article presents the results of testing the adequacy of the developed analytical model, which functionally describes the process of unloading the cut root crop pulp onto the surface of the harvested field by the transport element (screw conveyor) of the pulp cutting module depending on the parameters of the screw conveyor. On the basis of the processing of the experimental data array, the regression equation of the change in the width of the formed swath of cut chaff was obtained depending on the input parameters: the speed of the chaff harvesting module, the chaff yield and the rotation frequency of the screw conveyor. It was established that within the range of variation of the input factors, the speed of movement of the module from 1.6 to 2.4 m/s, the yield of root crops from 120 to 180 t/ha and the rotation frequency of the screw conveyor from 40 to 100 rpm, the width of the formed roll of chopped the width of the swath is in the range from 0.5 to 1.4 m. The difference between the experimental and theoretical values of the width of the formed swath is within 5...10%. The obtained results of scientific research are a further step in the improvement of the methodology of optimizing the rational parameters of the working bodies of root-harvesting machines.

АНАЛИЗ НАПОЛНИТЕЛЕЙ МНОГОФУНКЦИОНАЛЬНЫХ ПОКРЫТИЙ АВИАЦИОННОЙ И РАКЕТНО-КОСМИЧЕСКОЙ ТЕХНИКИ (ОБЗОР)

In Aerospace Engineering, the main purpose of multifunctional coatings is thermal protection, protection against ionizing, electromagnetic and radio emission, reflection of laser influence, aimed at influencing the control system, electrical equipment and product devices. The secondary functions of multifunctional coating in rocket technology include increasing the strength and stiffness of individual external parts of the product, as well as protection against corrosion and erosion. During operation, aircraft, in addition to force influences, are continuously exposed to an extensive complex of external physical influences of a heterogeneous type: ionizing and radio emissions, large differences in thermal disturbances, harmful effects of electrodynamic and gravitational fields, geomagnetic and ionospheric factors. Therefore, the creation of an external multifunctional coating for the protection of rocket and space objects, which has a huge range of possibilities for reflection and absorption from external negative factors, is an urgent task in modern aerospace engineering. This paper presents an analysis of multifunctional coatings for rocket and space technology with various types of fillers, namely commonly used metals, rare-earth elements and their oxides, microglass spheres and carbon microstructures. The paper also presents an analysis of the composition of filler compositions of modern aerospace protective coatings for multifunctional purposes, analyzes foreign effective technical solutions for the external protection of aircraft. The results of the study will be useful in the development of new compositions of external protection of aircraft from external negative factors.

The experiences of health sciences students with hybrid learning in health sciences education—A qualitative study

BackgroundGiven the importance of health professionals in society, investing in their education and developing educators' competence to provide high-quality education to health sciences students is important. Health sciences education is evolving and hybrid learning is becoming increasingly common. However, there is a lack of knowledge on how hybrid education influences the competence development of health sciences students. In this study, hybrid learning means synchronised simultaneous learning in a group of students, where face-to-face and online teaching occurs via the hybrid learning environment. ObjectivesThe aim of this study was to describe the experiences of health sciences students with hybrid learning in health sciences education. DesignThis is a qualitative descriptive study. ParticipantsA total of 19 health sciences students, who participated in hybrid learning, both face-to-face and online, were interviewed. MethodsThe data were collected using semi-structured focus group interviews during winter 2022. Data were analysed inductively using content analysis. ResultsThe experiences of health sciences students revealed that successful hybrid learning requires educators to have pedagogical, technical, ethical and interaction competences, effective technical solutions, and shared interactivity. Students indicated that hybrid learning enables meaningful learning as well as supports their competence development and well-being. Students need support for hybrid learning, for which organisational support is considered important. In addition, students desire that hybrid learning be developed as a student-centred and varied learning method. ConclusionsThe results of this research can be used in the development of health sciences education, in ensuring the development of competence among health sciences students, and in supporting the digital pedagogical competence of health sciences educators.

Design and Experimental Testing of an Overhead Rail Automatic Variable-Distance Targeted Spray System for Solar Greenhouses

Crop cultivation in solar greenhouses is affected by issues such as low levels of automation in spraying machinery, inefficient spraying, and a lack of suitable spraying equipment for vertically cultivated crops, all of which are in urgent need of resolution. To address these problems, this paper proposes a suspended-rail automatic variable-distance targeted spray system. The rated working speed of the spray system is 0.3 m/s, and the rated working pressure is 0.3 MPa. This system achieves precise spraying of crops at varying heights by dynamically adjusting the position of the spray nozzle. To ensure accuracy in spraying, the system employs a laser ranging sensor for real-time measurement of crop positions and spraying distances. Combined with a parameter processing scheme, the system generates control signals to adjust the operation of the electric push rod and electromagnetic valve, thereby dynamically adjusting the spraying distance and timing. Using vertically cultivated potted peppers as experimental subjects, this study compares the performance of fixed- and variable-distance spraying modes. The results indicate that, compared to the fixed-distance mode, the automatic variable-distance mode increases pesticide adherence by 16.65% and reduces pesticide usage by 29.58%. The proposed suspended-rail automatic variable-distance targeted spray system offers an effective technical solution for the precise spraying of vertically cultivated crops in solar greenhouses and thus contributes to improved pesticide utilization efficiency, reduced pesticide residue, and lower environmental pollution.

The strategy for comprehensive recovery and utilization of the graphite anode materials from the end-of-life lithium-ion batteries: Urgent status and policies

Spent graphite anode (SGA), a hazardous solid waste discharges from end-of-life lithium-ion batteries, indicating the most significant disadvantages are continuous emission and hard to handle. No effective technical solution for harmless resource utilization of SGA is currently available due to its complex composition. In general, SGA can only be disposed of by stacking or high-temperature incineration, leading to a massive waste of resources and severe environmental pollution. There is a serious shortage of graphite resources, and their prices have continued to increase due to the explosive growth of new energy vehicles. Graphite resources have become an indispensable material for developing strategic emerging industries in the 21st century. Therefore, reasonably utilizing high-quality graphite and reusing valuable resources in the SGA can transform them into usable items. Green recycling will be an urgent and critical task to achieve a sustainable and environmentally friendly future. In reaching the carbon neutrality goal, discovering the regeneration of the SGA can maximize the comprehensive utilization of hazardous solid waste to replace natural mineral resources and the synergistic effect on carbon reduction; it has significant social and economic benefits.

Cassette Loading Units for Hanging Devices of Breeding Seeders

The cassette loading device of breeding seeders is designed for sequential movement of cassettes with seed material to the sowing apparatus of the seeder. (Research purpose) The research purpose is reviewing of breeding seeders with a cassette loading unit for sowing machines and analyzing the technical solutions used in the devices. (Materials and methods) Conducted a review of cassette seeders for sowing various crops in breeding and primary seed production in order to find effective technical solutions. We compared different design solutions of cassette loading devices and chose the most rational design elements. (Results and discussion) The direction of improvement towards the robotization of a cassette device for loading breeding seeders was revealed, which increases the productivity of this auxiliary operation and reduces the use of manual labor. A classification of cassette loading devices used on breeding seeders was proposed. Formulated the technical task of developing a new device design. (Conclusions) We analyzed domestic and foreign technical solutions of cassette loading devices for sowing machines of breeding seeders, determined their technical and technological features. It was established that the improvement of the cassette device for loading breeding seeders, which increases the productivity of this auxiliary operation and reduces the use of manual labor, should be implemented in the direction of robotization of the process of operation of the cassette loading device. It was stated that in order to create a robotic cassette loading device, it is necessary to develop a manipulator controlled by a programmable electronic controller and a control system that ensures: moving cassettes along a guide (carrier) plate and feeding them to the holes for unloading seed material into the loading cylinders of sowing machines; sequential feeding of cassette blocks to a cassette table (in the working area); synchronization of the seeding machines with the operation of the loading device.

Автоматизация и цифровизация ультразвуковых технологических процессов

Having analyzed the literature sources, it is revealed that digital production includes not only full automation of production processes, but also the creation of a multi-level infrastructure for their control on the basis of information technologies. Technical solutions based on this approach will significantly intensify production processes. The possibilities of automation and digitalization of ultrasonic technological processes are viewed through the creation of a hardware and software com-plex that includes technological and measuring equipment, as well as software to select the most effective technical solu-tions. Some general principles of creating ultrasonic technologies are substantiated, their stages of development include setting the task, analysis of the processing object, selection of the processing scheme and equipment, process control and quality monitoring. Methodological approaches to the implementation of production processes with a multi-level process control infrastructure based on information technologies are proposed. Examples of developed software products are given, with the help of which search engine optimization methods are used to select equipment and rational processing modes. It shows not only the possibility of using automated technology, but also the creation of a self-learning technological system based on it. The development and creation of equipment for the implementation of the proposed technical solutions has in its basis general principles of using numerical control software. The proposed algorithm can be used for a wide range of ultra-sonic technologies: cleaning, surface plastic deformation, coating, cutting, etc. In addition, the combination of the choice of technical and information solutions makes quick switch from one type of processing to another possible. Recommendations on the implementation of the proposed technical and information solutions are given.