Effective Parenting Strategies Research Articles

Conceptual Model of Effective Parenting Strategies for Mother with Children Who Experience Developmental Disorders

Aim Prior studies on Japanese parents raising children with developmental disorders have predominantly emphasized negative psychological aspects like parenting conflicts and challenges. Purpose of this study was to construct a conceptual model to aid mothers in parenting children with developmental disorders by identifying effective parenting strategies. Methods In this qualitative study, participants were mothers who engaged in a home program through individual outpatient occupational therapy. Therapy sessions occurred biweekly, totaling 12 sessions, each lasting 40 min. Data collection involved semi-structured interviews, and the data were analyzed through the Modified Grounded Theory Approach. Results Analysis of mothers’ narratives revealed heightened physical burden, psychological distress, severe stress, and social isolation. Our findings highlight those mothers who engaged in the home program navigated the intricate parenting landscape through problem-solving, including managing negative emotions, their demanding schedules, and societal norms. Conclusion This study offers insights into the perceptions, experiences, and behaviors of families in supporting the development of parenting strategies within the family. Occupational therapy should prioritize evaluating a mother’s parenting context and her interactions with her environment. Furthermore, it is crucial to provide support for her to independently formulate suitable parenting strategies that resonate with the specific circumstances of her family.

Parenting strategies: applying basic psychological needs to children at risk of Internet Gaming Disorder in Indonesia

Every parent desires their child to engage in both play and learning. Often, parents find themselves attributing any challenges to perceived shortcomings in their parenting and struggle to leverage digital media effectively. This research endeavors to examine the fundamental psychological needs - autonomy, competence, and relationship - in relation to parenting strategies for children vulnerable to Internet Gaming Disorder. Employing an analytical cross-sectional design, the study focused on parents with children aged 8 to 12 years in Gresik City, East Java, Indonesia. A purposive sample of 125 participants was selected. The research employed the satisfaction and frustration of the Basic Psychological Needs (BPN) questionnaire along with a parenting strategy scale. Descriptive statistical tests and multiple linear regression were utilized to analyze the BPN and parenting strategies. Simultaneously, BPN significantly influenced parental strategies (p=0.026, which is ≤0.05). In terms of effective contributions, autonomy, competence, and relationship collectively accounted for 7.3%, with individual effects of 1.82%, 5.56%, and 0.04%, respectively. Parents whose BPN were fulfilled exhibited effective parenting strategies, reducing the risk of Internet Gaming Disorder. Consequently, there is a crucial role for nurses and healthcare professionals in educating parents about preventing Internet Gaming Disorder in children.

Parent-adolescent discrepancies in educational expectations, relationship quality, and study engagement: a multi-informant study using response surface analysis.

Whether parental educational expectations for adolescents serve as a source of motivation or stress depends on the extent to which adolescents hold expectations for themselves. Previous research on the discrepancies between parental and adolescent educational expectations and their impact on learning engagement has been limited by traditional statistical tests, and lacking an examination of the internal mediating mechanism of parent-child relational quality from both parental and adolescent perspectives. This cross-sectional study, utilizing a multi-informant design, examined the association between discrepancies in parents' and adolescents' reports of expectations, and adolescents' study engagement, as well as the mediating role of parent-child relational qualities perceived by both parties. The sample for this study consisted of 455 adolescents and their parents from 10 classes in a junior high school in Wuhan, Hubei Province, China. The adolescents had an average age of 12.8 years, and 51.6% of them were boys. Both parents and adolescents reported on their expectations and perceived relational quality, while adolescents also filled out questionnaires assessing their learning engagement. Data were analyzed using polynomial regressions with response surface analysis. The results revealed that when adolescents reported high expectations, regardless of whether their parents reported high or low expectations, adolescents reported satisfied relationships and high learning engagement. In contrast, parents reported satisfied relationships when both parties reported high expectations, or when parents reported higher expectations than adolescents. Lastly, the association between discrepancies in expectations and learning engagement was significantly mediated by adolescent-reported relationships but not parent-reported ones. These findings highlight the importance of considering multiple perspectives when studying the association between expectations and adolescent study engagement. This research advances our comprehension of the dynamics between parent-adolescent educational expectation discrepancies and adolescent learning engagement, offering insights for more nuanced and effective parenting strategies tailored to foster optimal educational outcomes.

Misconceptions about corporal punishment in Islam

AbstractEarly Islamic scriptures mention the use of corporal punishment parenting strategies to rectify behaviour in children. However, many Islamic scholars strongly warn against employing corporal punishment as a discipline strategy. This discussion paper aimed to examine the misconceptions surrounding the use of corporal punishment as a parenting strategy in religious teachings and explores the sociocultural norms that act as a barrier to effective Islamic parenting practices. This discussion asserts that parenting practices engaging corporal punishment discipline strategies are not an inherent part of Islamic doctrine and both historic and contemporary Islamic scholars endorse alternative, peaceful parenting strategies in line with Islamic values. Dissemination of a holistic understanding of religious teachings regarding parenting strategies within the Muslim population is needed. It discusses the recommendations for educational opportunities to encourage and promote effective parenting strategies, which aim to avoid the use of corporal punishment in Muslim communities and nations.

The Family Game to support parents with intellectual disability in managing challenging behaviours: A replication.

Although many parents with intellectual disability (ID) demonstrate good parenting practices, some parents experience difficulties in managing challenging behaviours. One potential solution to this issue involves using The Family Game, a program designed to teach parents with ID how to manage challenging behaviours in their child. The purpose of our study was to conduct an independent replication of an investigation that had been performed by the developer of the program. We used a multiple baseline design to examine the effects of The Family Game on the behaviour of two parents with ID who had a 3-year-old child. Similarly to the original study, our results indicate that The Family Game improved the use of effective parenting strategies during role play, but that these gains failed to generalise to real-life settings. The study further supports the necessity of adding novel strategies to the game to better promote generalisation.

Environmental predictors of children’s executive functioning development

ABSTRACT Executive functioning (EF) abilities develop through childhood, but this development can be impacted by various psychosocial environmental influences. Using longitudinal data from the Health Outcome and Measures of the Environment (HOME) Study, a prospective pregnancy and birth cohort study, we examined if psychosocial environmental factors were significant predictors of EF development. Study participants comprised 271 children and their primary caregivers (98.5% mothers) followed from birth to age 12. We identified four distinct EF developmental trajectory groups comprising a consistently impaired group (13.3%), a descending impairment group (27.7%), an ascending impairment group (9.95%), and a consistently not impaired group (49.1%). Higher levels of maternal ADHD and relational frustration appear to be risk factors for increased EF difficulty over time, while higher family income may serve as a protective factor delaying predisposed EF impairment. Important intervention targets might include teaching positive and effective parenting strategies to mothers whose children are at risk for EF dysfunction.

Using a Design Thinking Approach to Develop a Social Media-Based Parenting Program for Parents of Children With Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: Mixed Methods Study.

Background: Parenting programs have proven effective in improving the behavior of children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). However, barriers such as job and transportation constraints hinder parents from attending face-to-face therapy appointments. The COVID-19 pandemic has further exacerbated these challenges. Objective: This study aimed to develop and test the feasibility of a social media-based parenting program for parents of children with ADHD, considering both the pre-existing challenges faced by parents and the additional barriers imposed by the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: This study used a 5-stage design thinking process, encompassing empathizing with parents, defining their needs, ideating innovative solutions, prototyping the program, and testing the program with parents. Qualitative interviews were conducted with 18 parents of children with ADHD to understand their unique needs and values. Brainstorming techniques were used to generate creative ideas, leading to the creation of a prototype that was tested with 32 parents. Participants' engagement with the program was measured, and posttraining feedback was collected to assess the program's effectiveness. Results: Parents of children with ADHD encounter specific challenges, including managing impulsive behavior and difficulties in emotion regulation. The social media-based parenting program was delivered through the LINE app (Line Corporation) and consisted of 7 modules addressing topics related to ADHD management and effective parenting strategies. The program exhibited a high completion rate, with 84% (27/32) of participants successfully finishing it. Program provider-participant interaction peaked during the first week and gradually decreased over time. Qualitative feedback indicated that the program was feasible, accessible, and well received by participants. The LINE app was found to be convenient and helpful, and participants preferred content delivery once or twice per week, expressing acceptance for various content formats. Conclusions: This study emphasizes the significance of adopting a human-centered design thinking approach to develop parenting programs that cater to the unique needs and values of parents. By leveraging social media platforms, such as LINE, a parenting program can overcome the challenges posed by the COVID-19 pandemic and other constraints faced by parents. LINE offers a viable and feasible option for supporting parents of children with ADHD, with the potential for customization and widespread dissemination beyond the pandemic context.

Exploring bidirectional relationships: Child sleep duration, child behavior problems, and parenting stress in families of children with autism spectrum disorder

BackgroundYouth with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) are at-risk for sleep and behavior problems, and their parents are at-risk for high stress. Child sleep duration, behavior problems, and parenting stress are interrelated; however, directionality of these associations is unclear and research including youth with ASD is lacking. Using a day-to-day, within-person design, this study explores the directionality of these relationships in families of children with ASD. MethodTwenty-six children (ages 3–5, 73.1 % male, 65.4 % Hispanic/Latino) with ASD and their mothers participated in a 14-day study. Child sleep duration (parent-report and actigraphy), behavior problems, and parenting stress were measured daily. Constructs were decomposed into their within- and between-person components and analyzed with random intercept cross-lagged panel models. ResultsWhile between-person relationships were directionally expected in that shorter sleep, more behavior problems, and greater parenting stress were associated, within-person relationships were complicated. Better-than-average child behavior was associated with less next-day parenting stress, yet more parenting stress than average was associated with better next-day child behavior. As expected, longer-than-average child sleep was associated with less next-day parenting stress, while greater child behavior problems were associated with less sleep that night. ConclusionsUnderstanding the directionality of associations between child and parent factors allows for the optimization of interventions to improve the quality of life for families of children with ASD. Interventions that target child behavior and/or help parents manage stress while maintaining effective parenting strategies for sleep and behavior may be useful.

The Effect of Children's Safety on Parenting Strategy

This paper hypothesizes that disadvantaged parents use more and harsher discipline in part as a rational response to parenting in more dangerous and less forgiving environments. I model parent-child interactions in which altruistic parents modify the behavior of short-sighted children by investing in children's self-control and by punishing misbehavior. In the model, parents choose to devote more resources to punishment when children's misbehavior has more serious long-term consequences. I present empirical evidence in support of this hypothesis by examining the relationship between school safety and parental discipline, finding that parents use harsher discipline when their children attend more dangerous and disorderly schools, even after accounting for neighborhood fixed-effects and a rich set of parent-level controls. Because parents are not directly exposed to their child's school environment, school safety is most likely to influence parents by shaping their concerns about their children's safety, rather than by affecting their stress, mental reserves, or knowledge about effective parenting strategies.

Efeitos do apego e do processamento sensorial no desenvolvimento da criança. Uma revisão sistemática

Abstract This review focuses on the intersection of two fundamental factors in child development: sensory processing and attachment. The rapid and profound transformations that occur in the brain during childhood influence emotional regulation, self-esteem, and the ability to establish healthy relationships. Following PRISMA guidelines, a systematic review was carried out to explore the relationship between sensory processing and attachment in boys and girls aged 0 to 14 years. The Web of Science, Scopus, Pubmed, and PsycINFO databases were searched using keywords related to attachment theory and sensory processing. Studies were selected from those available through May 2022. Of an initial 87 articles, 17 met the inclusion criteria and provided a variety of perspectives on the relationship between sensory processing and attachment in early childhood. A significant connection was identified between sensory processing disorder and attachment, highlighting the importance of vision in social development and communication, as well as effective parenting strategies, healthy attachment styles, and appropriate sensory processing. The idea that healthy attachment during childhood promotes the development of sensory processing is supported. The usefulness of sensory integration to improve relationships and guide future research and practices in occupational therapy is evident.

67.1 Mindful Parenting

Mindful parenting (MP) can be defined as the process of intentional, kind, moment-to-moment awareness of one’s experience, including parenting (Kabat-Zinn, 1997). MP can increase the parents’ capacity for parenting calmly with more consistency, and in accordance with their goals and values, while fostering a warm and nurturing parent-child relationship, that can result in less parenting stress, more effective parenting strategies, and increased well-being in their children (Duncan, 2009). Since the COVID-19 pandemic, a rise in parent and child stress has led to increased risk for, and prevalence of, parent and child psychopathology (Patrick et al, 2020).

Exploring the relations between participation in youth sport and parenting strategies used in adulthood

ABSTRACT Past researchers found that youth sports participation was associated with improvements in youth mental health, academic achievement, emotional regulation, and behavior. This study focuses on whether those who participated in team sports as youth might exhibit more effective parenting styles and strategies than those who did not. Data were collected through an online survey of 525 Pennsylvania residents with a child between the ages of 3 and 17. Data were collected in October 2020. Youth who participated in recreational or competitive team sports were more positively involved with their children than others. Recreational sports participants used more positive discipline strategies than others; this trend was not observed for competitive athletes. Competitive team sport participation was associated with more inconsistent discipline and poorer supervision of children, a trend not found among recreational athletes. Further study is needed to assess change in youth competencies over time and by degree of participation.

A Support Program For Mothers As Caregivers Of Children With Disabilities In Indonesia

As primary caregivers of children with disabilities, mothers in Javanese society play a significant role in nurturing a child's independence. However, the families often blame mothers when giving birth to children with disabilities. Preliminary data showed that mothers with children with disabilities tend to have a high sense of guilt upon their children's conditions and lack knowledge of supporting child growth. The mothers also have lack support from their spouses and families. These situations make mothers experience mental and physical exhaustion, chronic stress, irritability, and lack of confidence, which leads to ineffective parenting strategies. The program's purpose is to equip caregivers with knowledge of stress management and effective parenting strategies for children with disabilities.

Ценностные установки матерей в современных моделях родительства

Objective. Comparative analysis of mothers’ value attitudes in different models modern parenting (“natural”, “intensive”). Background. Modern parents face new social challenges: the competition of family values, parenthood and career building; difficulties in adapting to a rapidly changing world; uncertainty cultural patterns of raising children in the family, which lead to the search for new strategies and practices of family education. Study design. In the work, value attitudes were determined and compared mothers of preschool children in two models: “natural” and “intensive” parenting. Statistical processing of the obtained data was carried out using the Pearson’s χ2 criterion, the Mann-Whitney U-criterion. Participants. The study involved 50 mothers preschoolers aged 30 to 40 years, married, with higher education. The research base. Internet platforms: thematic forums, social networks and groups (“Mother and child”, “Natural development”, “Intensive education”, “Conscious parenting”). Measurements. The author’s questionnaire aimed at identifying the model of parenthood (I.V. Ber-seneva, N.N. Avdeeva); 2) The methodology of M. Rokich’s “Value orientations”. 3) The author’s ques-tionnaire “Conditions of upbringing and development of the child”. Results. For mothers inclined to the “intensive” parenting model, priority value orientations: financially secure life; the ability to think sensibly and logically, make deliberate, rational decisions; the opportunity to improve your level of education, intellectual development, culture; self-control; accuracy; discipline. For mothers who adhere to the “natural” parenting model — life experience, courage in defending their opinions, sensitivity, independence in judgments and actions, tolerance, self-realization in household management. Сonclusions. The specificity of the relationship between the value orientations of mothers and the model of parenthood is revealed. It is shown that there are both similarities and differences hierarchies of value orientations among mothers who adhere to the “intensive” and “natural” models of parenthood. The revealed patterns are consistent with studies of parenting models in foreign psychology and reflect the strategies of parents’ search for effective parenting strategies in a rapidly changing world.

51.4 ONLINE MINDFUL PARENTING AND CASE EXAMPLE

Mindful parenting (MP) can be defined as the process of intentional, kind, moment-to-moment awareness of one’s experience, including parenting. MP can increase the parents’ capacity for parenting calmly with more consistency, and in accordance with their goals and values, while fostering a warm and nurturing parent-child relationship that can result in less parenting stress, more effective parenting strategies, and increased well-being in their children. Since the COVID-19 pandemic, a rise in parent and child stress has led to increased risk for, and prevalence of, parent and child psychopathology. Telehealth offers a unique and effective way to reach families in need and to deliver parenting interventions to reduce parenting stress and improve parent-child functioning. Telehealth MP interventions remain effective in decreasing parenting stress and improving the parent and child’s well-being. This presentation will provide an overview of core MP skills and the evidence for MP interventions delivered via telehealth. Modifications for telehealth with its benefits and challenges will be discussed.

Development and validation of the parenting and child tooth brushing assessment questionnaire.

We report the development and validation of a comprehensive Parenting and Child Tooth brushing Assessment (PACTA) questionnaire. This cross-sectional study was conducted with community-recruited Australian parents (N=450) of children aged 2-8years. Parents completed an online survey including the newly developed PACTA (comprising four scales assessing children's tooth brushing behaviours, parenting strategies, attitudes and knowledge) and established scales assessing parenting behaviours, attitudes and self-efficacy. Exploratory factor analyses revealed two-factor structures for scales assessing child behaviour ('noncompliance' and 'avoidance behaviour'), parenting strategies ('effective strategies' and 'ineffective strategies') and attitudes ('emotional reactions' and 'lack of concern'), whereas the knowledge scale was unidimensional. Internal consistencies were satisfactory (>0.7) for all except the knowledge scale. There was good evidence of convergent and predictive validity. All subscales predicted children's parent-reported tooth brushing frequency; children were more likely to brush at least twice per day when parents reported fewer tooth brushing behavioural problems, using effective parenting strategies, and having better attitudes and knowledge. Poorer scores on the 'lack of concern' subscale of the attitudes scale were the strongest unique predictor of twice-daily brushing (OR, 95% CI: 1.51, 1.36-1.67). PACTA demonstrates satisfactory validity and reliability. Further research assessing sensitivity to change following intervention is warranted.

The Impact of Parenting Patterns in Disciplining Students at Primary School Batanghari Regency

This research examines the impact of parenting patterns on student discipline at SDN 110 Tenam, Batanghari Regency. The significance of this research lies in discussing the importance of the role of parents in shaping student behavior and academic achievement. A mixed methods approach was used, combining surveys to collect quantitative data on parenting styles and disciplinary issues, and interviews to gain qualitative insight into parental attitudes and disciplinary strategies. The results showed a correlation between authoritative parenting and positive student discipline outcomes, while authoritarian and permissive parenting styles were associated with higher levels of student discipline problems. In addition, qualitative analysis revealed differences in parents' perceptions and approaches to disciplining children. The novelty of this research lies in its focus on a specific school context and its integration of quantitative and qualitative methodologies. The implications of these findings underscore the importance of encouraging authoritative parenting practices to foster a conducive learning environment and improve student behavior. This research contributes to the broader discourse regarding effective parenting strategies and their impact on student discipline, advocating for collaborative efforts between parents, educators, and policymakers to support holistic student development.

Gender differences in effects of father/mother parenting on mathematics achievement growth: a bioecological model of human development

This study aims to investigate gender differences in effective parenting strategies for adolescent mathematics achievement growth, taking into account socioeconomic status (SES), based on a bioecological model. Latent growth curve modeling examines longitudinal data (n = 4163) from the Taiwan Education Panel Survey. The analysis reveals that girls’ performance fits to a quadratic development model; boys’ performance better fits to a linear model. At early adolescence, mothers’ monitoring is the only common effective parenting strategy for both genders. At later adolescence, fathers need to monitor boys but to play a peripheral role (e.g., school participation and rescued discussion)for girls; mothers play direct roles (e.g., listening and persuasion) for boys, but a rational or light-minded role (e.g., discussion and letting-conflict-go) for girls. SES matters mostly in early adolescence. The findings generally support the bioecological model in terms of differential model fit and effective parenting strategies between genders.

Change in foster parent knowledge, skills and confidence associated with support from a peer “trauma coach”

Background: Foster parents are in an ideal position to build resilience and manage trauma symptoms in the children they care for. Learning about trauma and using effective parenting strategies can mitigate the devastating impact of trauma on the youth. Peer support incorporating psychoeducation and skill building for the caregiver has been demonstrated to promote more accurate interpretation of children’s behavior in some settings. Objective: To identify changes in knowledge, skills and efficacy of foster caregivers who received trauma coach services. Design/Methods: The study was conducted …

Young Adults’ Attitudes About Corporal Punishment: Implications for Mental Health Counseling

Corporal punishment, defined as the application of physical pain (e.g., spanking, slapping, or grabbing) to decrease a child’s undesirable behavior, is associated with negative mental health outcomes. Clients may present to mental health counselors with concerns that stem from their experience of corporal punishment. Mental health counselors work to prevent deleterious consequences of corporal punishment through the provision of psychoeducation on effective parenting strategies. Given that young adults are the largest group of prospective parents in the United States, the present investigators examined attitudes about the utility of corporal punishment as a disciplinary strategy among young adults who do not have children. Results revealed differences in the rates of endorsement of corporal punishment as a disciplinary strategy by gender and ethnicity. Higher rates were found among young adults who identified as male and those who identified as White relative to those who identified as female and those who identified as Latinx, respectively. These findings have a number of implications for challenging stereotypes (e.g., that Latinx clients endorse corporal punishment at higher rates than clients who identify as White) and enhancing mental health counselors’ prevention efforts (e.g., targeting attitudes about corporal punishment among those likely to become parents).