Effect Of DM Research Articles

Study of the Effect of Diabetes Mellitus I on Bone Mineral Density of Upper and Lower Limbs by Dual-Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry

Background: Bone mineral density (BMD) has been assessed using Dual-Energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA). This procedure is considered to be of vital importance in assessing the general condition of individuals concerning their skeletal mineralization. BMD is measured according to the results of the DEXA examination of the vertebral column and pelvis. Although diabetes mellitus (D.M.)is known to affect BMD, the information regarding this relationship is not currently particularly clear. Objective: This study concentrates on the point that the assessment of BMD for the vertebral column is insuffi-cient to give a realistic and correct picture of the mineralization of the remaining part of the skeleton. Besides, this study elicited a generalized view of the mineralization of the different body parts between genders and between the left and right sides of the body. The effect of DM I on BMD was evaluated well in this research. Method: This study involved 165 patients complaining of bone pain (85 male and 80 female), about half of whom suffered from diabetes, involving both genders. Further, 90 healthy volunteers had been studied and were considered to constitute the control group. All individuals (255) in this study were exposed to the study of their BMD via DEXA for all parts of the body. Results: The DEXA exam revealed highly statistically significant differences between the sides of the body in the same subject. In addition, there were significant differences in BMD between females and males and highly statistically significant differences between the control and patient groups with DM I. Finally, this study offered strong evidence that the BMD of the vertebral column and pelvis did not give an accurate picture of mineralization in the different parts of the body for a given subject. In conclusion, the DEXA scan for the whole body and each part separately shows promising results as alternative parameters of the DEXA scan for the spine or hip only for accurate diagnosis. Our results indicate that the BMD of the left and right sides for women was less than for men in all cases (average, osteoporosis, and DMI with osteoporosis) for the same sides and between their upper and lower limbs. Patients with DMI revealed significant reductions in BMD in comparison with other subjects who were not diabetic, even if they had osteoporosis. Keywords: DEXA scan, Osteoporosis, DMI, BMD

THE RATIO OF P53-PROAPOPTOTIC AND BCL-2 ANTIAPOPTOTIC ACTIVITY IN THE HIPPOCAMPUS OF RATS WITH BRAIN ISCHEMIA-REPERFUSION AND EXPERIMENTAL DIABETES.

The dynamics of the balance of indices of pro- and p53- Bcl-2 anti-apoptotic processes in the hippocampus of rats with experimental diabetes mellitus (DM) complicated by incomplete global cerebral ischemia-reperfusion was investigated. It is shown that p53 proapoptotic processes in animals without diabetes after 20 minutes of ischemia/l hour reperfusion in all fields of the hippocampus are activated in the background of increasing Bcl-2 antiapoptotic processes in the fields CAl, CA2, CA4 and depression of it - in the CA3 field. In the early postischemic period in rats with DM activity of the p53-proapoptotic processes in fields CAl, CA3, CA4 significantly exceeds that in non-diabetic rats (area of p53- IRM increases on 110, 60 and 27 %), and was significantly lower than that detected in CA2 field. On the 12th day of post-ischemic period, activation of apoptosis in field CAl occurs in the background of inert antiapoptotic processes, in animals without diabetes, as well as in diabetic rats, but the indicators characterizing of apoptotic activity in rats with diabetes were higher (specific contents of p53 protein and area ofp53 -IRM increases on 38 and 43 %). During this period, in the CA2 region of the non-diabetic animals, some depression of the antiapoptotic processes with a slight predominance of proapoptotic processes was detected. In the field of CA3 region of rats without diabetes, the retention of activity of proapoptotic processes and the deepening in the dynamics of depression of antiapoptotic processes were showed. In rats with DM, the oppression of both mechanisms with a significant depression of antiapoptotic processes was observed. On the 12th day of experiment in the field CA4, the most balanced relationship were detected between the studied of the processes due to their parallel and unidirectional changes both in the rats without diabetes as well as with DM. The results point on the modifying effect ofDM on susceptibility ofhippocampal fields to ischemic-reperfusion injury.

Cost effective all-optical fractional OFDM receiver using an arrayed waveguide grating

Abstract We experimentally demonstrate the feasibility of implementing a cost effective all-optical fractional orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (AO-FrOFDM) receiver using an arrayed waveguide grating (AWG). The all-optical fractional Fourier transform at the receiver is implemented by modifying the second slab coupler from a conventional all-optical discrete Fourier transform AWG. The open eye diagrams obtained from the experimental results indicate that 12 × 10 Gbit/s DBPSK AO-FrOFDM signals were successfully demultiplexed.

점유 대역폭 차이를 이용한 무선랜 신호 구별 방법

Recently, a lot of research effort has been directed toward spectrum sensing and identification of OFDM signals as the OFDM technique has been adopted for transmission in many wireless communications standards. Among them, two popular WLAN standards, IEEE 802.11a and IEEE 802.11n, have a very similar OFDM symbol structure in terms of the lengths of CP(cyclic prefix) and effective OFDM symbol and so it is not straightforward to distinguish them with existing spectrum sensing methods based on the difference in the parameters. In this paper, we present a spectrum sensing strategy for identifying them by exploiting the fact that they employ different bandwidths and examine its performance.

Adaptive nonlinear Volterra equalizer for mitigation of chirp-induced distortions in cost effective IMDD OFDM systems

We report experimental validations of an adaptive 2nd order Volterra equalization scheme for cost effective IMDD OFDM systems. This equalization scheme was applied to both uplink and downlink transmission. Downlink settings were optimized for maximum bitrate where we achieved 34 Gb/s over 10 km of SSMF using an EML with 10 GHz bandwidth. For the uplink, maximum reach was optimized achieving 14 Gb/s using a low-cost DML with 2.5 GHz bandwidth.

Single-Channel Directly Detected Optical-OFDM Towards Higher Spectral Efficiency and Simplicity in 100 Gb/s Ethernet and Beyond

The recently proposed IEEE P802.3ba 100 Gb/s Ethernet (100 GbE) standard has adopted 100 Gb/s transmission over 10 and 40 km of single-mode fiber (SMF) using four-channel (4 × 25 Gb/s) wavelength-division-multiplexed (WDM) systems, which is neither cost-effective nor spectrally efficient compared with a single-channel system exploiting the combination of higher-order modulations and optical orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (O-OFDM). This paper demonstrates that a spectrally efficient (4 bits/s/Hz) single-channel 100 Gb/s system can be designed based on 64-quadrature amplitude modulation (64-QAM) and directly detected O-OFDM (DDO–OFDM) with an effective OFDM signal bandwidth of 24 GHz. Such a system can not only offer error-free (at bit error ratio of 10−3 without forward error correction) transmissions over the targeted maximum distance of 40 km of SMF but also achieves a power margin of 16 dB without any inline amplifier or dispersion compensation. This confirms that the proposed system has the potential to offer 100 Gb/s Ethernet for both point-to-point short communication links and 1:32 split passive optical networks (PONs). The bit rate of the system is then increased to 1 Tb/s employing WDM, and it is found to have equal potential for point-to-point short communication links and 1:16 split PON. Finally the reach limits of both of the proposed systems are quantified.