Establishment Of Effective Mechanism Research Articles

Interactive learning spaces: the challenges and prospects of internationalizing medical education / Espacios de aprendizaje interactivo: dificultades y perspectivas de la internacionalización de la educación médica

The research aims to develop the structure of a streaming platform for conducting webinars for medical students studying at universities in China and abroad. The paper’s authors developed the plan and structure of the ChinaInterMed website with video materials and conducted a survey involving 17 rectors of universities in Beijing. Because of the survey, the authors determined that there were topics on international health systems in the curricula of the medical faculties of all 17 universities under study, courses in English in 10 universities (70.6%), topics on tropical diseases in 16 universities (94.1%) and seminars and practical classes with patients from different cultures in eight universities (47.1%). The results of the study will facilitate the use and integration of ICT in educational institutions, teaching medical students from an international point of view, raising general awareness of international communication, promoting equality in education, creating an effective institutional mechanism for internationalization, increasing the global competence of students, developing seminars, symposiums and workshops, and bringing international aspects to teaching and research work.

The Influence of Regional Socioeconomic Features On the Distribution of Financial Resources For Higher Education

The article is devoted to solving the problem of “budgetary financial adequacy of higher education” in China through a fairer, uniform, and sufficient distribution of financial costs for higher education among the provinces of this country, considering significant differences in the natural, economic, and social conditions of development in various regions. Currently, in China, the calculation of standard financial costs for the education sector is carried out according to the legal requirements of the Budget Department of the Ministry of Finance, taking into account the number of people studying at the corresponding level of education, the cost norm for this level of education, and the deviation coefficient. Instead, this article proposes a more comprehensive and rational approach that considers regional differences in the cost of living and the financial burden on higher education institutions, increasing the government’s responsibility for supporting a balanced distribution of financial resources for higher education. To take into account regional differences, it is proposed to use a system of indices for the difference in the costs of regional development, which includes three main categories of indicators: natural factors (the complexity of the terrain and the share of the area planted with forests), economic factors (the index of prices for raw materials, GDP per capita, freight traffic, and the total duration of operation of urban public transport), and social factors (population density in municipal areas, number of graduates of general education colleges and universities). To determine the fair size of budgetary expenditures on higher education, it is proposed to make adjustments to the index of differentiation of regional development expenditures, which combines these indicators using the geometric regression average benchmark method (without including a constant term). A higher value of this index means that the region needs more resources to achieve the same level of development as another region, so the standard budget expenditures for higher education should be higher for it. For all provinces in China, the coefficient of financial adequacy of higher education was calculated as the ratio between the standard financial costs of higher education (calculated according to the proposals outlined in this article) and the actual costs incurred. It is proposed that this coefficient be used as a basis for optimizing their distribution. The article emphasises the need to form a strategy for financing higher education in China, which should be based on a dynamic permanent adjustment of the amount of allocated financial resources depending on changes in the regional social and economic conditions of development of each province, an effective institutional mechanism that would allow adapting this strategy to endogenous and endogenous changes in China’s economy, optimisation of horizontal transfer payments and partnership assistance programs, and incentive mechanisms for local governments to invest in higher education.

Роль екологічного аудиту в концепції розвитку збалансованого природокористування: правові аспекти

The article is devoted to the study of the legal aspects of the implementation and effectiveness of the environmental audit in the concept of the development of sustainable nature management as an important mechanism of environmental security. Rapid technological development has led to the globalization of all social processes without exception. It was this factor that influenced the ecological crisis, because the dominant way of using nature turned out to be incompatible with the biosphere, the cyclic cycle of resources, energy and information that ensure the stability of the global ecosystem. This provoked ecological regression and real global omnicide. Solving the environmental problem, in our opinion, boils down to the introduction of effective legal, institutional and specialized mechanisms for ensuring environmental safety, which, in their entirety, will have a positive effect on all components of the ecosystem and help to effectively implement the concept of the development of balanced nature management. And it is the environmental audit that is the effective mechanism that is designed to solve a significant part of the problems on the way to the restoration of the natural environment, by implementing the idea of balanced nature management. The relevance of this issue is that the effectiveness of an environmental audit directly depends on the legal aspects of its implementation, because dynamic changes in social development, the instability of economic factors, the emergence of new social factors, especially in the conditions of martial law, require a quick response and the introduction of the necessary regulators at the legislative level. Having analyzed the composition of environmental legal relations and national legislation, we found gaps in national legislation that require attention from the legislator and, accordingly, harmonization with EU law. Legal approaches to the interpretation of environmental audits in the context of stimulating the rational implementation of balanced environmental management by local self-government bodies were studied.

Інституційне середовище посилення стійкості водогосподарської сфери в умовах зовнішніх ризиків і загроз

The article considers the importance of the functional influence of the institutional environment on strengthening the sustainability of the water management sector and the overall increase in its efficiency in the context of the growing destructive impact of external risks and threats. The key aspects related to the formation of effective institutional mechanisms aimed at ensuring sustainable development of water resources and reducing the vulnerability of the water sector to external influences are identified. The importance of creating an effective regulatory framework that would comprehensively contribute to ensuring the sustainability of the water management sector in the long term is analyzed, taking into account the variety of external risks, such as climate change, environmental pollution, as well as the destructive impact of military operations. The issues of implementation of institutional innovations in the system of regulation of the water management sector in Ukraine are considered, in particular, such as the introduction of the latest technologies for water resources management, development of a system of interaction with non-governmental public and environmental institutions in the decision-making process, as well as promoting their participation in the formation of water resources management policy. The necessity of increasing attention to the institutional aspects of water resources management is substantiated, this will contribute to the conservation and sustainable use of water resources in the face of growing external risks and threats. It is proved that effective management of water resources requires an integrated approach, which should take into account not only technical aspects, but also socioeconomic and institutional factors. It is determined that the presence of stable institutional structures contributes to the creation of appropriate conditions for the development of the water management sector, as well as its functional adaptation to changes in the external environment. Institutional models of water resources management have been studied, based on which key principles and approaches that can be used to generally increase the sustainability of the water management sector in the context of external risks and threats have been identified.

INSTITUTIONAL ASPECTS AND RISKS IN THE DIGITAL ECONOMY: WAYS TO REDUCE UNCERTAINTY FOR ECONOMIC AGENTS

In the rapidly evolving landscape of the modern world, the inexorable shift towards a digital revolution is reshaping traditional economic models across the globe, including the Republic of Uzbekistan. This article delves into the impediments posed by institutional constraints in the digital economy, elucidating how legal frameworks governing digital interactions and inefficient institutional arrangements can impede the development and optimization of digital business models. Notably, the absence of clear regulations on electronic payments, cybersecurity, and data protection can introduce unpredictability, jeopardizing security and trust within the digital environment. The abundance of data and information, coupled with unequal distribution among market participants, may lead to suboptimal decision-making, inefficient resource utilization, and disparities in access to digital opportunities. The article aims to analyze and propose strategies to overcome institutional limitations and information asymmetry, emphasizing the need for effective institutional structures and mechanisms. In conclusion, this article provides a comprehensive examination of the challenges and opportunities in optimizing the digital economy in Uzbekistan. By proposing strategies to address institutional constraints and information asymmetry, it offers a roadmap for fostering a thriving digital ecosystem that benefits all stakeholders in the Republic of Uzbekistan.

An Analytical Study on Managerial Competencies and Business Performance of Farmer Producer Organizations (FPOs): A Value Chain Perspective from India

Farmer producer organizations (FPOs) act as an effective institutional mechanism in addressing the constraints of small holders in India. But only a very few FPOs are prospering in their life stages, demanding a need for competent managerial team to understand the business dynamics and improve the organization performance. Hence, the present study attempted to understand the relation between business competencies and financial performance of FPOs operating in the state of Andhra Pradesh, India mediated through business approach. A proportionate representative sample of 4 FPOs and 11 FPOs registered under cooperatives act and companies act, respectively, were selected randomly. Primary data from 50 % of managerial team of FPOs ( n = 94) and secondary data from audited financial reports from 2019–2020 to 2021–2022 were obtained. The major findings of the study showed that business competencies and financial performance of market-centric approached FPOs are significantly higher over production-centric FPOs. A strong and significant correlation existed between competencies and performances. Variables namely education, business exposure, leadership role in community-based organizations and digital media exposure showed moderate correlation with various competency spheres. Due to relatively higher level of these factors in the respondents of market-centric approached FPOs over their counterparts, they possessed comparatively higher business competencies and as such identified business opportunities on the upstream value chain (market-centric) and accordingly showed better financial performance over the FPOs that identified opportunities on the downstream value chain (production-centric). Thus, a strong relationship existed between business approach, business competencies and financial performance.

Internationalization of medical education in China: An investigation of medical graduates’ global competence and its influencing factors

Aim Global competence has become an important competence for medical graduates in the globalized world. However, research on it is scarce. This study was built upon the scholarship published in the field to measure medical graduates’ global competence. Materials and methods A questionnaire was administered to China’s medical graduates sampled from four institutions of medical education. Descriptive statistics were made to analyze the level of medical graduates GC. Influencing factors were investigated using multiple linear regression. Multiple levels of regression analysis were used to identify the influence of different independent variables on the dependent variable. Results The sample had a relatively good level of global competence in general, but lacked skills in cross-cultural communication and international academic communication. “Internationalization Concept and System” and “International Development of Teachers” in the school dimension and “Taking International Courses”, “International Publication” and “Participation in International Conference” in the dimension of individual international involvement had a significant positive impact on the cultivation of global competence. Conclusions The universities should aim for the construction of an effective institutional mechanism for internationalization to help improve students’ global competence.

Compliance of modern laws of Ukraine with international legal values: slogan or reality

The article analyzes international legal sources: the UN Charter, Declarations on the principles of international law, friendly relations and cooperation between states in accordance with the UN Charter, the Statute of the Council of Europe, the Lisbon Agreement in the context of the reality of the system of universally recognized values recorded in them, as well as sources the rights of Ukraine: the Declaration on State Sovereignty of Ukraine, the Constitution of Ukraine, codes and other laws of Ukraine regarding the state (which is stable) of the implementation of universally recognized values into the laws of Ukraine; the problems of their implementation in modern conditions are identified and possible ways of their solution are proposed The purpose of the article is to reveal the realities of the system of universally recognized values fixed in international legal documents and the state of their implementation in the laws of Ukraine; to propose ways of transforming such a system of values in order to ensure their effectiveness in the laws of Ukraine and compliance with modern requirements. There are significant violations of the principles of international law, which embody universally recognized values; inadequate response of the international community to such violations; replacement of legal means by other means («political will», agreements, negotiations, «expression of concern», etc.). This turns the prescriptions of international documents into declarative provisions (declaration of ideas, opinions, statements), and the system of international legal values into a «catalogue of wishes» or slogans, since there is no system of legal means and a mechanism for their implementation. The system of universally recognized values enshrined in the sources of international law was based on the idea of coexistence and cooperation of states and was really effective until the end of the 20th century. In connection with modern changes, it is important to form a new conceptual vision of international organizations, their role, significance, form and place in the new world order; creation of an effective institutional and functional mechanism for solving global problems; revision and updating of the system of generally recognized values regarding the interaction of member states within international organizations, as well as their external interaction. The existing system of universally recognized values should be transformed into a system of legal ideas, which are fixed in the basic principles of international law, and their violation should be interpreted as illegal actions. The mechanism for ensuring them should consist exclusively of effective legal means that cause direct (and not conditional) legal responsibility for their violation. All this will make it possible to form new international and legal forms of interaction between the participating states, which will be able to effectively respond to globalization changes and provide appropriate conditions for the further development of humanity. Key words: international law, principles of international law, universally recognized values, laws of Ukraine.

Westphalian Sovereignty and the Free-Rider Conundrum in the Atmospheric Commons: Examining Global Governance Regimes for Addressing Climate Change Adaptation

While key actors at the international level have made strides in attempts to address climate change through collective action, their efforts are often limited by the Westphalian construct of the modern state which prioritizes territorial sovereignty over global governance. Thus, even though it is commonly known that the atmosphere transcends sovereign territory, creating effective institutional and policy mechanisms for collective state action to govern it remains a major challenge. Indeed, despite the crafting of various international climate change governing frameworks after the Rio Earth Conference of 1992, greenhouse gas emissions have continued to increase, with the negative impacts of climate change already being experienced in various parts of the world. In this paper, we review published literature, secondary data and international policies to gauge the performance of the Kyoto Protocol and the Paris Agreement of 2015 in regulating national and global greenhouse gas emissions. Our assessment established that enforcing commitments made by various nation states at the international level is very difficult, mainly because the pursuit of national economic growth is accorded precedence over the imperative for reducing greenhouse gas emissions. This inevitably results in governance failures. It is also clear that the socioeconomic development imperatives of less developed economies are particularly compromised as they have the highest incentive to cooperate with global governance due to their vulnerability to climate change impacts, and yet they have the least capacity to emit greenhouse gasses because of the nature of their economies.

Деволюция как фактор политической субъектности британских регионов после Брекзита: кейсы Шотландии и Уэльса

Brexit, as a profound political and institutional shock for the United Kingdom and the whole European Union as an integration organization, has significantly changed the context of the functioning of British ethno-regional autonomies. The UK’s exit from the European Union has transformed the parameters of the political actorness of British regions in the context of an ongoing devolution. The devolutionary framework, characterized by asymmetrical relations between the center and the regions, as well as the unthorough nature of the reforms carried out, created barriers to the development of the political actorness of the regions in a situation of redistribution of powers after the elimination of the supranational level of governance after Brexit. Britain’s exit from the EU led to an attempt to recentralize domestic policy by the Conservative government of Boris Johnson, following which he acted in line with the previously pursued devolutionary policy. The authors of the article set out to identify the impact of Brexit on the political actorness of the British regions of the United Kingdom – Scotland and Wales – using theoretical tools of historical institutionalism. The study concluded that the increased demand for expanding the political actorness of British regions after Brexit does not lead to an increase in the powers and preferences of regional administrations, based on the existing devolutionary framework that limits the ability of regions to fight for their status, powers and preferences within the existing political system. The system determines the limits of the strategy of regional government actors in the absence of a clear configuration of multi-level politics in the United Kingdom and the lack of institutional mechanisms to increase the actorness of the regions. It was revealed that the central authorities use an exclusionary policy of ‘soft recentralization’ after Brexit in relations with the regions. Scotland and Wales, in turn, implement strategies of ‘managable confrontation’ and ‘forced cooperation’ in relation to the center based on the lack of effective institutional mechanisms for increasing their own status within the national political system.

Policy of the transitıon from agricultural to high-tech export in conditions of permanent military threat: Israeli experience for Ukraine

The Russian-Ukrainian war causes the loss of a significant part of Ukraine's production and raw and food export potential, which creates the risk of economic insecurity in the long run. At the same time, the new challenges create favourable conditions and opportunities for restructuring the national economy in the direction of developing high-tech areas and increasing the science-intensiveness of traditional industries. Today, the question is to choose the most effective institutional and economic mechanism for such a transformation, as exemplified by the State of Israel. The article is devoted to the research of the Israeli practice of transition to high-tech production and the formation of an innovative export-oriented economy. The author aims to clarify the conditions, factors, mechanisms, and tools for the successful economic transformation of Israel in terms of the possibility of implementing the acquired historical experience in Ukrainian realities. The methodology is based on a systematic approach, which considers the economic transformation of Israel as a set of processes and systems of closely interrelated elements (historical conditions, institutional factors, public policy, available resources, economic potential, etc.). It is necessary to apply the historical-evolutionary approach to identify the features and trends of the country's transition from traditional spheres of production and export to high-tech. In this context, comparative-historical analyse is used. The precondition for the transition of the State of Israel to high-tech production and exports was the development of powerful science-intensive complexes of its own agricultural and defence production through targeted public and private investment, subsidies and loans to producers, stimulating education and research, a unique system of public-private partnership (so-called "gold triangle"). It is determined that the use of defence technologies in production of the double-purpose products (in space, aviation, cybersecurity spheres), the flow of intellectual capital, and the formed research base became the basis for the development of pharmaceuticals, electronics, microelectronics, computer hardware, and software, etc. The key role in the Israeli transition to high-tech production and exports was played by state support policy implemented by grant funding instruments for education and R&D, venture capital incentive programs, tax and credit benefits for small and medium businesses, an extensive system of institutional assistance, and effective legal regulation of the business environment for the protection of intellectual property rights, granting special privileges, simplifying the procedure of repatriation of profits, ensuring high-quality products, etc. The policy of "arms diplomacy", trade liberalization, tax, credit, and institutional support of exporters, the conclusion of a system of agreements on international trade, and economic and scientific-technical cooperation contributed to the formation of the competitive advantages of Israel in the markets of high-tech products

Політика переходу від аграрного до високотехнологічного експорту в умовах постійних воєнних загроз: досвід держави Ізраїль для України

The Russian-Ukrainian war causes the loss of a significant part of Ukraine's production and raw and food export potential, which creates the risk of economic insecurity in the long run. At the same time, the new challenges create favourable conditions and opportunities for restructuring the national economy in the direction of developing high-tech areas and increasing the science-intensiveness of traditional industries. Today, the question is to choose the most effective institutional and economic mechanism for such a transformation, as exemplified by the State of Israel. The article is devoted to the research of the Israeli practice of transition to high-tech production and the formation of an innovative export-oriented economy. The author aims to clarify the conditions, factors, mechanisms, and tools for the successful economic transformation of Israel in terms of the possibility of implementing the acquired historical experience in Ukrainian realities. The methodology is based on a systematic approach, which considers the economic transformation of Israel as a set of processes and systems of closely interrelated elements (historical conditions, institutional factors, public policy, available resources, economic potential, etc.). It is necessary to apply the historical-evolutionary approach to identify the features and trends of the country's transition from traditional spheres of production and export to high-tech. In this context, comparative-historical analyse is used. The precondition for the transition of the State of Israel to high-tech production and exports was the development of powerful science-intensive complexes of its own agricultural and defence production through targeted public and private investment, subsidies and loans to producers, stimulating education and research, a unique system of public-private partnership (so-called "gold triangle"). It is determined that the use of defence technologies in production of the double-purpose products (in space, aviation, cybersecurity spheres), the flow of intellectual capital, and the formed research base became the basis for the development of pharmaceuticals, electronics, microelectronics, computer hardware, and software, etc. The key role in the Israeli transition to high-tech production and exports was played by state support policy implemented by grant funding instruments for education and R&D, venture capital incentive programs, tax and credit benefits for small and medium businesses, an extensive system of institutional assistance, and effective legal regulation of the business environment for the protection of intellectual property rights, granting special privileges, simplifying the procedure of repatriation of profits, ensuring high-quality products, etc. The policy of "arms diplomacy", trade liberalization, tax, credit, and institutional support of exporters, the conclusion of a system of agreements on international trade, and economic and scientific-technical cooperation contributed to the formation of the competitive advantages of Israel in the markets of high-tech products.

Environmental sustainability of national economic systems in modern conditions

Introduction. In current conditions, the most urgent research question for every national economic system is strengthening environmental sustainability. Accordingly, as experience shows, in the conditions of Russia's war against Ukraine, the situation with the formation of ecological sustainability of those territories where fierce fighting takes place was most acutely affected. The world community is concerned about the case at the Zaporizhzhia nuclear power plant and international organizations' constant shelling and lack of control. Despite the impact of the war on the ecological stability of national economic systems, several problems that also significantly affect it remain unresolved. That is why studying the environmental sustainability of the national financial system under current conditions is quite relevant. The purpose of the article is to research the environmental sustainability of the national economic system under current conditions. The results. The conducted studies showed that among the main areas of increasing environmental sustainability are: the implementation of norms of international humanitarian law on the territory of Ukraine in terms of ecological safety, the creation of regional low-waste systems, use of substances and energy that have already been used; use of innovative equipment and technologies that will reduce the amount of pollution; organization of ecological and organic production; use of energy efficiency and energy saving tools. Conclusions. It is substantiated that to strengthen the ecological sustainability of national economic systems, strategic priorities have been determined that must be implemented in relevant strategies at all levels of public administration, in particular in the field of rational use of water resources; improvement of atmospheric air condition; increasing energy efficiency is important to continue the gradual thermal modernization of the housing stock and objects of administrative and social infrastructure; intensification of cooperation between condominiums and management bodies of OTC in the direction of creating funds and transparent use of funds for the implementation of thermal modernization projects; reconstruction and construction of new boiler houses and other heat and power systems in the direction of transition to the use of alternative energy sources; waste management. The importance of the development of effective institutional, administrative, financial, and organizational mechanisms aimed at the formation of synergistic models of strengthening the ecological sustainability of national economic systems in accordance with the conditions of operation was emphasized. Keywords: environmental sustainability, environment, environmental management, national economic system, war.

Institutional imbalances in the territorial development management model

Introduction. It is extremely important to improve the management of territorial development and to determine the priorities of state regional policy and to harmonize national, regional and local interests. At the present stage, the institutional support for the development of territories is characterized by the slowness of state measures to implement reforms, the inconsistency of regional and local development and «point» bills. Therefore, today there is an urgent need to explore the essence of institutional imbalances and their impact on the management of territorial development.Purpose of the research. Research of defining features of the development of territories, the characteristics of the evolutionary transformations of the state regional policy of Ukraine and the definition of institutional imbalances in the modern management model and their impact on the development of territories.Research methods. To achieve this goal, the following research methods were used: system analysis, systematization, generalization - to identify signs of development of territories; chronological - to study the peculiarities of the evolutionary transformations of the state regional policy of Ukraine; institutional analysis - to determine the impact of institutional imbalances on the development of territories.Results. The signs of the development of territories are highlighted, namely: the impact of the development of territories on the national economy as a whole; rational use of various territorial resources through effective institutional mechanisms and management tools; development is always associated with the spatial organization of the territory; the real development of territories is based on partnership relations between public authorities, business representatives and the public. The features of evolutionary transformations and the current state and specificity of the state regional policy of Ukraine are investigated: from smoothing disproportions in regional development and solving point chronic problems to socio-economic cohesion and unity of the country and sustainable growth in the quality of human life, regardless of where he was born, where he lives now and where he will live in the future. It has been proved that decentralization is primarily due to the declared state regional policy, which determines the scale and pace of reforms, and that the relationship between decentralization and the development of territories is ambiguous, since in the context of the new state regional policy, the problems of institutional support for managing the development of territories lead to a number of contradictions and imbalances. , namely: the formation of a hierarchical system of regional and local authorities has not been completed; low involvement of state authorities and local self-government bodies at the district and regional level in the processes of organizing cooperation between territorial communities; lack of a full-fledged system for monitoring the impact of reforms on the development of territories; inadequate participation in the territorial development management model of the Regional Development Agencies; the development of territories requires not only their effective functioning, but also ensuring economic security. It has been determined that the development of territories requires both the effectiveness of measures of state regional policy and the development of local authorities, since the decentralization reform itself will be perceived as an expansion of the powers of local authorities, and therefore the ability of local residents to develop, finance and implement local policy.Perspectives. In the conditions of realization of the new state regional policy the prospects of further scientific researches are directions of improvement of institutional maintenance of management of development of territories.

Local Government and Community Participation; Prospect of the Unit Committee Model in Ghana´s Decentralization Program

The unit committee model representing the basic structure of Ghana’s decentralization and local government program plays a crucial role in grassroots mobilization and community participation in the decision-making and implementation process. This paper reviews the prospects of the unit committee models as a unique feature of Ghana´s decentralization and local government policy for promoting participation at the local level. Data for the study was obtained through semi-structured interviews, non-participant observation, focused group discussions, documents, and material culture analysis. The study was conducted within the Nsawam-Adoagyiri and Suhum Municipalities in the Eastern Region of Ghana. The study revealed that local expectation from the unit committee members is inconsistent with their formal role as the basic structure of the decentralization and local government policy in Ghana. Unrealistic public expectations coupled with inadequate financial resources have resulted in total disregard for the functioning of the unit committee system. This makes the unit committee model seems to exist only by name since its impact is not so much felt at the local level making the position of the members who are elected and partly appointed a mere formality. This study recommends effective public education and institutional mechanisms to enhance the functioning of the unit committee model for members to effectively commit to their role to achieve the purpose for which the system was instituted.

МІЖНАРОДНИЙ ДОСВІД РЕАЛІЗАЦІЇ ПОЛІТИКИ ПРАВОВОЇ РІВНОСТІ ЧОЛОВІКІВ І ЖІНОК ТА ЇЇ НАСЛІДКИ

The article considers the international experience of gender policy implementation. According to the direction of the scientific article, gender policy is considered as a certain administrative mechanism that regulates public relations of a managerial nature, which arise in order to publicly ensure the rights and freedoms of male and female gender models. The consequences of the implementation of effective institutional mechanisms of gender policy of the world community are covered. The main emphasis of the author was on the subjects of implementation and regulations, which are the foundation of the gender policy system. During the study of world experience, the most effective models of implementation of the mechanism for addressing the gender issue were identified. As an example we took countries like Iceland, the Republic of Rwanda and the Republic of Kazakhstan. Each of these countries differs in the society’s construction and methods of achieving the gender equality. It can be stated that the implementation of an effective gender policy is currently an important area of activity of every democratic country. During the research we have identified that gender policy is the mechanism by which the government determines the priority actions and tasks in the fight against persistent gender discrimination. The gender differences should not negatively affect the living conditions of men and women, causing discrimination. The rights of men and women, as well as equality between them, need constant protection, defend and strengthening. For this purpose, the world has a well-established practice to form a specific legal framework and create a national mechanism for gender issues’ regulation in order to implement domestic gender policy.

ТРАНСАКЦІЙНІ ВИТРАТИ ПРОМИСЛОВОГО СЕКТОРУ ТА ЇХ ВПЛИВ НА ПРОМИСЛОВУ МОДЕРНІЗАЦІЮ

Introduction. Preventing the industrial degradation and transition to a new quality of industrial development require the ensuring of effective institutional relations between industrial sector actors and other stakeholders, which today due to excessive bureaucratization of economic regulation compared to developed countries, corruption, judicial opacity systems, mismatches of market mechanisms exaggerated by excessive transaction costs reducing market flexibility and leading to the consolidation of inefficient business models of industrial enterprises. In this regard, in the study the estimations of the industrial sector transaction costs to determine their impact on industrial development are made and the recommendations for public policy to form effective institutional mechanisms for the industrial sector modernization are developed to stimulate progressive technological and innovative development of industrial production. Materials and methods. To estimate the transaction costs of the industrial sector of Ukraine the approach of J. Wallis and D. North, who estimated the transaction costs in the American economy for the period 1870-1970 by direct calculation of wages of transactional sector employees in GNP, was used. The basic premise of measuring transaction costs has been the assumption of limited rationality when individuals are unable to fully predict the behavior of their counterparties. Such costs are considered as costs of labor, land, capital, and entrepreneurial skills used for exchange. The amount of transaction costs of the industrial sector included intra-firm labor costs of “transactional” professions and external costs of transactional sectors services. For calculation of transaction costs, the data of the State Statistics Service of Ukraine for 2012, 2016 and 2018 years were used. Results and discussion. The results of the assessment of transaction costs in the industrial sector showed a twofold increase in their size and as a share in GDP in 2016 compared to 2012. In addition, the assessment of transaction costs by type of industrial activity in 2012, 2016 and 2018 showed their significant growth except for the raw materials sectors, as well as furniture production, other production and repair and installation of machinery and equipment. It is determined that these dynamics correlates with the rate of deindustrialization. In order to overcome the negative trends of transaction costs dynamics, recommendations to improve the institutional environment for technological modernization of industrial production, including market deregulation, promoting the development of network structures, including digital clusters, creating digital platforms for crosssectoral cooperation, boosting institutions for investments attraction and support were developed. Conclusions. Thus, the transaction costs can be considered as a measure of the quality of the industrial modernization institutional environment. The dynamics of their growth suggests a significant role in the deindustrialization of the national economy. To prevent these trends, it is important to facilitate market exchange to attract new technologies and promote industrial modernization. The study proposes mechanisms that can be included in the basis of state industrial policy aimed at industrial modernization of the national economy.

КАДРОВЫЙ РЕСУРС РАЗВИТИЯ ИНСТИТУЦИОНАЛЬНЫХ МОДЕЛЕЙ ПРОЕКТНОЙ ДЕЯТЕЛЬНОСТИ В ПУБЛИЧНОМ УПРАВЛЕНИИ

The author describes the institutional model of project management in the Russian Federation, which includes two interconnected sets of institutional mechanisms (strategic design and project management) at the national and regional levels. The empirical methods of the study were a traditional analysis of documents and an expert survey of representatives of regional and departmental project offices of the Krasnodar Territory), experts in project management. Two waves of expert interviews were conducted (2019 and 2021), within the framework of which 40 experts were interviewed. According to the results of the study, a set of resources (personnel, political-administrative, socio-economic, communication-network) for the development of the project management system in the state authorities of the Krasnodar Territory was determined, as well as problems in the formation of personnel resources were identified and described. In modern realities, the personnel resource for the development of the institutional model of project activity is key in the public sector of the Krasnodar Territory. In this regard, a set of competencies is defined that are necessary for the successful implementation of projects in state authorities; here are described technologies of development of project competences of state civil servants (educational, network, psychological, technologies of social elevators) implementing the project activity; practical recommendations for improving project management in the state authorities of the Krasnodar Territory have been developed, based on work with project teams. The set of problems and factors identified and formulated by the author that affect the effectiveness of the implementation of project management in the Krasnodar Territory, as well as reasonable resources and technologies for the development of project competencies of state civil servants, can be used in the design of effective institutional mechanisms for the further development of project activities in the public administration of the Krasnodar Territory.

Salary optimisation in Ukraine in the context of the economy Europeanisation

In the context of active legislative prospects of the labour legislation of Ukraine in the aspect of their European integration, there are issues of developing and implementing effective remuneration systems and optimising them, which should be aimed at solving the problems of developing the Ukrainian economy, ensuring a combination of economic and social interests and goals of individual employees and managers of enterprises. This requires the application of new approaches to the organisation of wages, considering the specifics of enterprises and the experience of domestic and foreign companies, as well as scientists in the field of wages. The establishment of effective mechanisms in the remuneration system, which should ensure social and economic justice in labour relations, plays a significant role in resolving the relevant issues. This is primarily the observance, protection and restoration of the subjective rights of employees to pay in case of violation. If most of the outlined general social and economic problems cannot be solved by one means or another, it is not only possible but also necessary to formulate priority purely legal tasks related to the optimisation of legal regulation of wages. The article reflects: 1) the international legal basis for the establishment of an appropriate level of wages, 2) foreign experience in the establishment of optimised wages and 3) scientific and applied approaches to optimising wages in the Ukrainian economy under the influence of European integration processes. During the writing of this article, for a comprehensive disclosure of the issues, to achieve an objective scientific result and formulate appropriate conclusions, the authors used general and special methods of cognition (dialectical, functional, Aristotelian, comparative legal, hermeneutic, method of comparison). The article concludes that the existence of many intra-industry tariff grids in Ukraine in practice only complicates law enforcement. If there really was a Unified Tariff Grid, which would consider all professions, their features and the specifics of working conditions, there would be no need for each sector of the economy to develop its own tariff grid. Currently, there is a situation when within the UTS itself there is a significant number of other internal tariff grids in various areas and industries. The UTS should be developed based on the Dictionary of Occupational Titles, as it is the unified act that contains a list of professions that exist in the economic life of Ukraine. Therefore, each of these professions must be assigned its own tariff coefficient and the corresponding category. Wage growth should depend on the employee's qualifications, level of education, and productivity

MODERN INSTITUTIONAL AND LEGAL MECHANISMS OF FISCAL FEDERALISM: A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS

The article analyzes the tools and mechanisms of the Russian budget system used in the context of the global economic crisis and pandemic. A synchronous comparative analysis applied to the mechanisms and institutions of state-territorial administration in foreign federations was used as a research method. Under normal circumstances, ensuring a high degree of vertical coordination of the budget process implies special attention to its constitutional, legal and administrative aspects. However, in extreme circumstances, the need for quick decisions and urgent measures exacerbates the problems of vertical coordination and can subsequently result in deterioration in the quality of public services provided. Based on the study of actual data and analytical studies, general and special problems of the budget process in the federal states are identified. The necessary institutional and legal changes are identified to address such socio-economic problems as reorganization of health care and overcoming social poverty. The ways of solving these problems in the framework of various models of the budget process federal management are considered. The relevance of a comparative analysis of budget federalism mechanisms is due to the fact that centralized methods of the budget process prevail in the Russian budget system today, with obvious asymmetry in the subjects' economic development. The economic crisis has increased the imbalance between the donor and recipient regions. That is why at present, improving the mechanisms for inter-budgetary alignment, the search for optimal institutions of administrative and economic management, taking into account the lessons of the crisis and the experience of foreign countries, attract the attention of researchers from different countries. By comparing traditional institutions and innovations, it is possible to draw conclusions about the specifics of the budget mechanism in the Russian Federation and the goals of its economic policy. When implementing anti-crisis measures, it is of great importance to establish an optimal balance between vertical and horizontal alignment of regional budgets as a strategy for further development of the federation. The analysis of the advantages and disadvantages of decentralized and centralized management makes it possible to identify the most effective institutional and legal mechanisms for influencing socio-economic relations. For present-day Russian economy, the task of increasing the role of regions in the budget policy of the state, taking into accounts their specifics and opportunities for stimulating the economic growth, remains urgent.