Effective Educational Measures Research Articles

Comparative Analysis of the Crimes Committed Under the Provoked Temporary Insanity Legislation of Georgia and Germany

The Crime committed under the provoked temporary insanity is one of the most difficult issues of Criminal Law, it does not belong solely to the field of Law, but with it in close interaction are, psychology, psychiatry, public ethics, morality, politics and many other fields, therefore, it requires an interdisciplinary and dimensional approach, i.e. consideration in the context of the Dimension Theory. The work discusses the Criminal Law approaches of both Georgia, Germany and Common Law countries to the provoked temporary insanity crimes and, with by means of the comparative research method, the interconnection between them is analyzed. Based on the mentioned studies, such recommendations are offered that will make the attitude of Criminal Legislation and, in general, of the Criminal Law, towards the different types of the provoked temporary insanity crimes reasonably liberal and relevant to modernity. Number of essential problems were identified when studying the judicial practice and theory on the research topic; for example, regarding the differentiation of necessary self-defense and the provoked temporary insanity crimes. In addition to legal standards, moral standards are also relevant, showing signs of gender discrimination and are irrelevant from a legal point of view. For the development of the country and to establish our place in the European family, the psychological and moral readiness of the society to form an anti-discriminatory and non-violent ideology is necessary. Legislative and judicial authorities play the leading role in developing all the aforementioned. In addition, if we support this with scientific research, effective educational measures, the public awareness will also be significantly raised.

Strengthening sustainable consumption behavior in high school students: Evaluation of an experiential training intervention targeting psychological determinants

Designing effective educational measures constitutes a key area of action for achieving global sustainability goals. Therefore, the present study examined a training addressing sustainable consumption practices in plastic reduction, fashion and food. An interactive training was held in a German comprehensive high school with grade 11 students, addressing psychological drivers of sustainable consumption behavior, namely, awareness and knowledge, emotional, rational and value-based factors. The training was evaluated in a pretest(t1)/posttest(t2)/follow-up(t3) design. Final self-report data was obtained from 77 pupils in t1 and t2 and 56 pupils for all three points of measurement. Results of a repeated measures MANOVA indicate significantly higher levels of all outcome variables directly after the training. Significant long-term effects emerge on the knowledge of sustainable consumption alternatives, anticipated feelings of guilt, perceived norms in the individual’s social environment, perceived control over one’s own behavior, as well as sustainable consumption behavior in everyday life. Taken together, results suggest the training to be an effective instrument for furthering actual sustainable consumption practices of young pupils. Its implementation during school hours with regular-sized classes offers a low expenditure educational approach for sustainable consumption.

Esporotricose felina: Sinais clínicos e prevenção em animais e humanos

Sporotrichosis is a mycosis caused by the fungus Sporothrix sp, which is found in plants, trees, and soil, associated with decomposing plant remains. The disease can affect various species, especially felines which, in turn, are the main transmitters of sporotrichosis to humans. Infection by Sporothrix sp. occurs through contact between injured skin and surfaces contaminated with the fungus, or scratching or biting by diseased animals. In addition to the skin manifestation, sporotrichosis can also occur in extracutaneous form, affecting multiple organs such as the lungs, lymph nodes, liver, spleen and kidneys. There is no preventive vaccine for the disease and it is treated with synthetic fungistatic agents with a broad spectrum of antifungal activity. Sporotrichosis is considered one of the most relevant mycoses in veterinary medicine and an underdiagnosed zoonosis, mainly due to the lack of control and prevention initiatives, which consequently leads to a lack of public awareness. In the states of Pernambuco, Rio de Janeiro and in some cities in states of São Paulo, Minas Gerais Bahia, Rio Grande do Norte and Paraíba have compulsory notification of cases. Since December 1, 2020, the notification of sporotrichosis in dogs and cats has become mandatory in the city of São Paulo. The purpose of this review is to emphasize that sporotrichosis is an emerging zoonosis that is underdiagnosed in Brazil. Information and publicity campaigns are needed to reinforce the importance of treatment and the potential for a cure, as well as effective educational measures related to public health programs for the control of human and animal sporotrichosis. Responsible pet ownership campaigns, which emphasize the importance of neutering and restricting street access, are of paramount importance for the epidemiological control of the disease. Veterinarians have a fundamental role to play in guiding the guardian, emphasizing that the lack of treatment, in addition to causing great suffering to the affected animal, can contribute to the spread of the disease, including to humans.

Effective Educational Measures for Kindergarten School Readiness

School readiness not only affects children's school adaptation, but also leads to social and economic stratification to a certain extent. School readiness is not only the individual preparation of young children, but also the preparation of the entire education ecosystem, that is, kindergarten, primary school, family and community should be prepared for school entrance. Many foreign countries have taken interventions to prepare children for school, but high-quality preschool education is the most effective measure. It includes: first, providing courses suitable for early childhood development. The curriculum suitable for children's development has the following characteristics: point to the key experience of children's development, accumulate key experience in practical operation, and promote the continuous development of children's key experience. Second, provide high-quality teacher-child interaction. The teacher-child interaction that helps to improve the level of children's school readiness is shown as: establishing a friendly teacher-child interaction relationship, providing emotional support to children who are assessed to have problematic behaviors in participating activities, interacting with children with low family socio-economic status, and creating a language communication environment. Third, recruit more high-level teachers. Fourth, provide adequate and appropriate hardware configuration. Fifthly, scientific childcare guidance should be given to parents.

The Prevalence of Obesity in Iranian Children: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis

Background: The prevalence of childhood obesity has been on an increasing trend in the world during the past decades, with studies in Iran showing different and inconsistent prevalence rates. Objectives: This study was done to determine the prevalence of obesity in children through a meta-analysis approach. Methods: This study was done to determine the prevalence of obesity in children through a meta-analysis approach from January 2000 to January 2021. Articles related to the subject were obtained by searching Scopus, ScienceDirect, SID, Magiran, Barakat Knowledge Network System, Medline (PubMed), and Google Scholar databases. The heterogeneity of the studies was evaluated using the I2 index and the data were analyzed by Comprehensive Meta-analysis software. Results: In a study on 2,637,912 individuals aged 2-15 years, the overall prevalence of obesity in Iranian children was 11.4% (95% CI: 9.4-13.7%) based on a meta-analysis. Also, in order to investigate the effects of potential factors (sample size and year of study) on the heterogeneity of obesity prevalence in Iranian children, meta-regression was used. It was reported that the prevalence of obesity in Iranian children decreased and increased with increasing sample size and increasing years of the study, respectively, and both were significantly different from each other (P<0.05). Conclusions: Considering the high prevalence of obesity in Iranian children, it is necessary for health policymakers to take effective educational measures.

Anti-vaccination movements in the world and in Brazil.

ABSTRACTOver the years, vaccinations have provided significant advances in public health, because they substantially reduce the morbimortality of vaccine-preventable diseases. Nevertheless, many people are still hesitant to be vaccinated. Brazil is a region of many anti-vaccine movements, and several outbreaks of vaccine-preventable diseases, such as yellow fever and measles, have occurred in the country during the last few years. To avoid new outbreaks, immunization coverage must be high; however, this is a great challenge to achieve due to the countless anti-vaccine movements. The World Health Organization has suggested new actions for the next decade via the Immunization Agenda 2030 to control, reduce, or eradicate vaccine-preventable diseases. Nonetheless, the vaccination coverage has decreased recently. To resolve the anti-vaccine issue, it is necessary to propose a long-term approach that involves innovative education programs on immunization and critical thinking, using different communication channels, including social media. Cooperation among biology and health scientists, ethicists, human scientists, policymakers, journalists, and civil society is essential for an in-depth understanding of the social action of vaccine refusal and planning effective education measures to increase the vaccine coverage.

Evaluation of Digital Piracy by Youths

This paper sets out to explain how adolescents interpret piracy. Digital piracy is one of the most important risk behaviours mediated by new media to be found among adolescents. It is global, and changes dynamically due to the continued development of the information society. To explore the phenomena related to piracy among adolescent Internet users we need to apply qualitative research methods. The sample contained 1320 Polish respondents. The research used the technique of qualitative research. Data was collected using a form containing an open question. Adolescents will answer in the form how they interpret digital piracy. The categories characterize how piracy is perceived, and includes downloading various files—whether video or music files or even software (also games)—from unauthorized sources (P2P—Peer-to-peer ‘warez’ servers—websites which serve as repositories of illegal files). The qualitative data analysis allowed the identification of the following constructs in the perception of digital piracy by adolescents: ethical (giving value to the phenomenon), economical (showing profits and losses), legal (connected with punitive consequences and criminal liability), praxeological (facilitating daily life), technical (referring to the hardware necessary), social (the scale of the phenomenon and interpersonal relations), and personal benefits. The results fit into the discussion on the standard and hidden factors connected with piracy. The presented seven categories of the perception of piracy help us better understand the phenomenon of the infringement of intellectual property law and will help to develop appropriate preventive measures. Qualitative research makes it possible to understand the phenomenon of piracy from a deeper perspective, which can be translated into the design of effective educational measures. Preventive guidance on minimising risky behaviour is part of the development of one of the key competences, namely digital knowledge and skills. The research allowed us to enrich the theoretical knowledge on risky behaviours in cyberspace among adolescents (theoretical aim), to understand how to interpret risky behaviours in cyberspace (understanding of micro-worlds—cognitive aim), and to gather new knowledge that will be useful for prevention (practical aim).

Trajectories of symptoms and healthcare use following respiratory tract infections in rural Anhui, China：a cross-sectional study

BackgroundRespiratory tract infections (RTIs) are important health problems with high incidence and consequent economic costs. The study aimed to analyze trajectories of experienced RTI symptoms and use of healthcare and antibiotics. MethodThe study adopted a cross-sectional design and face-face interview using a structured questionnaire. The questionnaire comprised: a) social demographics; b) last episode of symptomatic RTIs; c) responses to the RTIs; d) antibiotics obtained from clinics and medicine shops for the RTIs. The study subjects were residents in randomly selected villages in Anhui, China. The study settings were the residents households. Descriptive analyses were conducted to draw symptoms trajectory and identify relationship between healthcare seeking and symptoms and common sociodemographic variables. ResultA total 91.1% (1968) of 2160 eligible residents completed the interview who reported 1.83 episodes of RTIs in the pass year on average. Over half (54.8%) of these RTI episodes had led to visit to clinics for professional care and 51.9%, to use of antibiotics. The trajectories of common RTI symptoms featured a sharp increase and peak followed by a long tail along the days after onset of the infection. Over 60.5% of healthcare-seeking happened between two days before and one day after the symptoms peak. The study also revealed interesting pattern in the timing of different type of treatment following, e.g., taking leftover medicine and antibiotics happened the earliest and seeking professional help and getting antibiotics from clinics, the latest. ConclusionRTIs incur a large volume of healthcare-seeking and antibiotics use and there is an urgent need for effective education measures on proper service especially antibiotics use. Patients’ reported RTI symptoms manifest peculiar trajectories and their retrospective recall of the course of prior RTI episodes and associated actions may guide their future responses to similar infections. Knowledge of these may help inform doctors about patient expectations, enabling them better manage shared decision- making around antibiotic treatment.

Cross-generational analysis of predictive factors of addictive behavior in smartphone usage

Smartphone addiction has been widely researched in recent years, and the effects of various demographic, personality-linked, psychological, and emotional variables, have been found. Our research goal was to examine this phenomenon from the cross-generational perspective and compare the factors that can predict smartphone addiction for different age groups. We conducted a study with 216 Israeli smartphone users, representing three generations of smartphone users: Generation X, Generation Y, and Generation Z, who filled in an 80-item questionnaire. The factors examined included the social environment pressure to use smartphone, emotional gain from smartphones, personality, daily usage time, various mobile apps and user needs. The main finding of the study is that a significantly higher level of addictive behavior was found for Generation Y compared to the other two generations. The strongest predictive factors in the computed hierarchical regression model for all three generations were social environment pressure and emotional gain. Interestingly, emotional gain from smartphone use, which reflects users' enjoyment and positive emotions along with relief of negative emotions and psychological states, was significantly higher for generation Z than for the older generations. In addition, neuroticism and the daily usage time appeared as predictive factors for the younger generations, and for Generation Z alone the WhatsApp app usage was found as a significant predictive factor as well. This study contributes to understanding the factors of smartphone addictive behavior for different generations, which might lead to more effective educational measures and explanatory campaigns on technology effects on psychological well-being.

Enteroparasitos em materiais fecal e subungueal de manipuladores de alimentos, Estado do Paraná, Brasil

This study shows the presence de enteroparasites in fecal and subungual material of 343 food handlers in the city of Cascavel, Parana State, Brazil, from both genders and ages between 14 and 75 years. Fecal samples were analyzed using Lutz, modified Ritchie and Ziehl-Neelsen techniques, and subungual material was analyzed using the Ritchie method. Fecal samples were positive in 131 (38.2%) handlers. Species with highest prevalence were Endolimax nana (67.9%), Entamoeba coli (35.9%), Blastocystis sp. (28.2%), Entamoeba histolytica/dispar (10.1%) and Giardia duodenalis (8.4%), with E. nana being significantly different (p = 0.00) from the others. The infection by protozoa was greater than by helminths (p = 0.00). Association was observed between the positive results for some parasites and the male gender and professional category (p ≤ 0.05). The subungual material was positive in 17 individuals (5.0%), who had E. nana (2.9%), E. coli (1.2%), G. duodenalis (0.3%) and the association of E. nana and E. coli (0.6%), with no convergence observed between it and fecal material. The occurrence of enteroparasites in food handlers in Cascavel is high, indicating improper hygienic-sanitary conditions and the need for effective educational measures, to avoid the propagation of pathogenic organisms to food by manipulation.

Enteroparasitosis and their ethnographic relationship to food handlers in a tourist and economic center in Paraná, Southern Brazil

This study reports on the occurrence of enteroparasites based on data from an ethnographic study of food handlers in the city of Cascavel, Paraná, Brazil. Fecal material from 343 food handlers of both sexes, between 14 and 75 years of age, was analyzed using Lutz, modified Ritchie and Ziehl-Neelsen techniques. Ethnographic relationships were investigated by means of specific questionnaires. Positive fecal samples were found for 131 (38.2%) handlers. Endolimax nana (67.9%) was the predominant species, followed by Entamoeba coli (35.9%), Blastocystis hominis (28.2%), Entamoeba histolytica/dispar (10.1%) and Giardia duodenalis (8.4%). Protozoan infections were more common than helminth infections (p = 0.00). The positive results for some parasites were associated with the male sex, professional category, and the performance of other activities (p < 0.05). The high overall occurrence of enteroparasites found indicates improper hygiene and sanitation conditions. Effective educational measures should be implemented to prevent the transfer of pathogenic organisms to food via handling.

Ideological challenges to the social inclusion agenda in the Republic of Ireland

This paper is set against a background of Ireland’s endorsement of a ‘unique’ social partnership model wherein educational policy measures are being shaped by emergent change factors in a so‐called new era of lifelong learning. Despite a number of policy responses focusing on the need for greater social inclusion, the paper highlights how the Irish education system continues to mirror and produce notions of ‘advantage’ and ‘disadvantage’. It is argued that while educational strategies appear extensive in addressing this social stratification, serious questions remain concerning their far‐reaching impact. In particular, the paper points to a critical concern for how notions of ‘disadvantage’ and ‘social exclusion’ are ideationally conceived and used within an Irish policy context. It is contended that the inadequate treatise of this concern impedes real progress towards meeting the needs of disadvantaged groups in society. A case for reassessing the ideological treatment of social exclusion is therefore made in the interest of promoting effective educational measures for social (and cultural) inclusion.

Lyme Disease: Now Playing in Your Area

Abstract In recent years, Lyme disease has become a significant public health problem. For a number of reasons, an increasing number of cases are being reported to health authorities and the disease is spreading to newer geographic areas. In response to this public health concern, health educators need to be thoroughly informed about many aspects of Lyme disease. This article discusses the history, symptoms, medical complications, transmission, and preventive measures associated with Lyme disease. Special emphasis is given to assist health educators in providing effective educational measures in response to the Lyme disease epidemic.