Effective Conductivity Of Electrolyte Research Articles

Modelling and Optimization of Electrodes Utilization in Symmetric Electrochemical Capacitors for High Energy and Power

Expressions and guidelines for determination of electrode's effective thickness, optimum charging current density and electrode utilization in device of certain electrode's and electrolyte's effective conductivity were developed, and systematically used to study the performance of electrochemical capacitors (ECs). Effective thickness of electrode increases along with increase in effective conductivity of electrolyte and decreases as charging current density is increase. It was seen that every current density applied to device of specific electrode's and electrolyte's effective conductivity has corresponding effective thickness of electrode, and when charged at current density higher than its maximum current density, materials (electrodes) utilization were less than 100%. Also, when device with electrode's thickness higher than the effective thickness was charged at its maximum current density, materials (electrodes) utilization reduced below 100%. Materials utilization decreases along with increase in charging current density and electrode thickness, but increases as effective conductivity of electrode and electrolyte were increase. Therefore, optimum/effective thickness of electrode and optimum current density must be employed in charging device of given electrode's and electrolyte's effective conductivity for maximum materials utilization and performance (with minimum or no potential drop). Optimum current density beyond which energy density decays increases along with increase in electrode's and electrolyte's effective conductivity and decrease in electrode thickness. Use of optimum current density and effective electrode's thickness to maximize energy and power densities is inevitable, because increase in current density results in increase in power density and decrease in energy density. Key words: Electrode thickness; Current density; Effective conductivity; Modelling and simulation; Electrode utilization; and Potential drop.

Modelling and optimization of electrodes utilization in symmetric electrochemical capacitors for high energy and power

Expressions and guidelines for determination of electrode's effective thickness, optimum charging current density and electrode utilization in device with certain electrode's and electrolyte's effective conductivity were developed, and systematically used to study the performance of electrochemical capacitors (ECs). Effective thickness of electrode increases along with increase in effective conductivity of electrolyte and decreases as charging current density is increase. It was seen that every current density applied to device of specific electrode's and electrolyte's effective conductivity has corresponding effective thickness of electrode, and when charged at current density higher than its maximum current density, materials (electrodes) utilization was less than 100%. Also, when device with electrode's thickness higher than the effective thickness was charged at its maximum current density, materials (electrodes) utilization reduced below 100%. Materials utilization decreases along with increase in charging current density and electrode thickness, but increases as effective conductivity of electrode and electrolyte are increase. Therefore, optimum/effective thickness of electrode and optimum current density must be employed in charging device of given electrode's and electrolyte's effective conductivity for maximum materials utilization and performance (with minimum or no potential drop). Optimum current density beyond which energy density decays increases along with increase in electrode's and electrolyte's effective conductivity and decrease in electrode thickness. Use of optimum current density and effective electrode's thickness to maximize energy and power densities is inevitable, because increase in current density results in increase in power density and decrease in energy density.

Modelling and Optimization of Electrodes Utilization in Symmetric Electrochemical Capacitors for High Energy and Power

Low energy density of existing electrochemical capacitors (ECs) limits their general application [1–4]. Best EC performance in terms of gravimetric energy and power densities are achieved when electrodes of low density are used and only electrodes mass were taken as mass of the device because large, non-tortuous pores and low solution resistances make conduction of electrolyte ions faster [5–8], but energy and power values based on mass of electrodes and electrolyte are more practical/realistic [9–11]. Values of high density electrodes have been recently presented by various researchers [12–16], but effects of electrodes density on energy and power densities was studied by Merrill at al[17] and presented that lowering cell’s mass with smaller electrolyte fraction using high electrode density is as effective as using electrolytes with wider working potential range [17]. Also, specific capacitance and specific energy of device with given electrodes thickness, and electrodes and electrolyte effective conductivities decreases along with increase in current density, while specific power increases [18]. In order to achieve higher energy densities per device mass with high electrode densities while retaining greater power, expressions and guidelines for determination of electrode effective thickness, optimum charging current density and electrode utilization in device with certain electrodes and electrolyte effective conductivity were developed, and used systematically to study performance of capacitors. Effective thickness of electrode increases along with increase in effective conductivity of electrolyte and decreases with increase charging current density. Every current density applied to device of specific electrode and electrolyte effective conductivity has corresponding electrodes effective thickness, and when charged at current density higher than its maximum, materials (electrodes) utilization was less than 100%. Also, when device with electrodes thickness higher than the effective thickness was charged at its maximum current density, materials (electrodes) utilization reduced below 100%. Materials utilization decreases along with increase in current density and electrode thickness, but increases as effective conductivity of electrode and electrolyte are increase. Therefore, optimum/effective thickness of electrode and optimum current density must be employed in charging device of given electrode and electrolyte effective conductivity for maximum materials utilization and performance (with minimum or no potential drop). Optimum current density beyond which energy density decays increases along with increase in electrode and electrolyte effective conductivity and decrease in electrode thickness. Use of optimum current density and effective electrode thickness to maximize energy and power densities is inevitable, because increase in current density results in increase in power density and decrease in energy density. Key words:Electrode thickness; Current density; Effective conductivity; Modelling and simulation; Electrode utilization; and Potential drop.

A two-phase flow model for hydrogen evolution in an electrochemical cell

Hydrogen evolution, flow field and current density distribution in an electrochemical cell are investigated with a two-phase flow model. The mathematical model involves solutions of transport equations for the variables of each phase with allowance for inter-phase transfer of mass and momentum. The buoyancy force generated due to density difference between two phases modifies flow profile and increases fluid velocity at the vicinity of the electrode. The current density decreases over the electrode mainly because of the decrease in effective conductivity of electrolyte. It is found that the hydrogen generation significantly increases at higher electrolyte flow by reducing the residence time of bubbles over the electrode. The predicted results satisfactorily agree with data available in the literature.

A study of current distribution in a DEM cell during bromate formation

The anodic oxidation of potassium bromide to potassium bromate is performed in an undivided cell with hydrogen evolution the major reaction at the counter electrode. The cell used is a dished electrode membrane (DEM) cell. Current density distribution, measured using a segmented electrode, shows a variation in the two principle dimensions; along the length of the electrode and over the width of the electrode. Current densities are highest at the electrolyte flow inlet and also exhibit a localized maximum along the electrode length. The variation in current density is due to the influence of electrolytic gas evolution on the effective electrolyte conductivity and mass transport and also due to the change in shape of the dished electrode, which influences mass transport, electrical potential field and flow at the cell inlet and exit.