Effect Of Waste Glass Research Articles

Effect of Waste Glass on Properties of Treated Problematic Soils

Soils are the most commonly used construction material in engineering projects. Fine-grained soils especially clayey soil may expand and lose strength when wet and shrink when dry, resulting in a significant volume change. Construction on weak soils has created challenges for various civil engineering projects worldwide, including roadways, embankments, and foundations. As a result, improving weak soil is vital, particularly for highway construction. The properties of this type of soil can be improved by waste-recycled materials such as waste glass (WG). The WG must be crushed and ground to a fine powder first and then can be mixed in various proportions with the soil. The primary objective of this study is to review the effect of WG on geotechnical properties of fine-grained soils treated by WG. To demonstrate the effects, the treated fine-grained soils at varying percentages of WG are compared with untreated soils. Physical properties (e.g., Atterberg limits, swelling, and maximum dry density), mechanical properties (e.g., California bearing ratio, and unconfined compressive strength) are evaluated. The test results from the literature show that adding a certain percentage of WG leads to a substantial effect on the properties of fine-grained soils; hence, using WG could reduce the required thickness of subbases in the construction of driveways and roads.

Fabrication and characterization of coated ceramic membranes from natural sources for water treatment applications

This study aimed to fabricate ceramic membranes for water treatment applications using natural and cost-effective materials. This is the first-time white clay, Arabic gum, and marble powder were used in ceramic membranes. Two ceramic membranes were fabricated using an extrusion process: substrate A and substrate B. The JMP software (Version 15) was used to obtain the optimal recipes for the two substrates, which were white clay (62.7 %), silica flour (32.3 %), and Arabic gum (5 %) for substrate A and white clay (63 %), silica flour (26.8 %), and marble powder (10.2 %) for substrate B. Additionally, the effect of waste glass in the coating layer on the separation rate was examined. The ceramic membranes were analysed using various techniques, including X-ray fluorescence (XRF), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), laser diffraction particle size analysis, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and a universal testing machine. The morphologies of the membranes were observed using scan electron microscopy (SEM), and their chemical resistances were evaluated. The flux across the substrates was measured using a crossflow filtration system, and it was found that substrate B had a higher flux (116 L/m2h) than substrate A (77 L/m2h). This was probably due to its higher porosity (34 %) compared to substrate A (29 %). Substrate A, with a coating layer (CO-2), exhibited the highest removal efficiency of approximately 99.2 % for synthetic feed water composed of tap water and bentonite clay, with an average particle size of 1.1 μm and turbidity of 13 ± 0.2 NTU. The costs of ceramic membranes A and B were estimated to be approximately 51 and 47 USD/m2, respectively. Their cost-effectiveness results from the use of low-cost materials that do not require high sintering temperatures. This study demonstrates that these ceramic membranes are not only affordable but also possess desirable properties for water treatment applications.

Retraction Note: Effects of waste glass and waste marble on mechanical and durability performance of concrete

Retraction Note: Effects of waste glass and waste marble on mechanical and durability performance of concrete

Effect of Waste Glass as Fine Aggregate on Properties of Mortar

Currently, most cities landfill most waste glass, resulting in the waste of resources and environmental pollution. Therefore, to realize the recycling of waste glass, solid waste glass was recycled and broken. Waste glass sand was prepared according to the gradation of natural river sand particles and the fineness modulus screening. It was used as an alternative material to natural river sand and mixed with mortar materials with different replacements. Analysis of the mortar with different replacements (0%, 20%, 40%, 60%, 80%) was conducted by combining macro and micro tests on the change law and influence mechanism of permeability, mechanical properties, and microstructure. The results showed that: the replacement of waste glass sand effectively improved the gas permeation resistance of mortar; with the increase of replacement, the gas permeation resistance of mortar roughly showed a trend of increasing first and then decreasing. The replacement of waste glass sand at 20% can better promote cement's hydration so that the mortar's porosity is reduced by 16.5%. The gas permeability decreases by 57.4%; the compressive strength increases by 3%, and the elastic modulus increases by 5.9%. When the replacement rate of glass sand is 20%, the test performance of mortar is the best among the five groups.

Influence of Replacing Cement with Waste Glass on Mechanical Properties of Concrete.

In this study, the effect of waste glass on the mechanical properties of concrete was examined by conducting a series of compressive strength, splitting tensile strength and flexural strength tests. According to this aim, waste glass powder (WGP) was first used as a partial replacement for cement and six different ratios of WGP were utilized in concrete production: 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, and 50%. To examine the combined effect of different ratios of WGP on concrete performance, mixed samples (10%, 20%, 30%) were then prepared by replacing cement, and fine and coarse aggregates with both WGP and crashed glass particles. Workability and slump values of concrete produced with different amounts of waste glass were determined on the fresh state of concrete, and these properties were compared with those of plain concrete. For the hardened concrete, 150 mm × 150 mm × 150 mm cubic specimens and cylindrical specimens with a diameter of 100 mm and a height of 200 mm were tested to identify the compressive strength and splitting tensile strength of the concrete produced with waste glass. Next, a three-point bending test was carried out on samples with dimensions of 100 × 100 × 400 mm, and a span length of 300 mm to obtain the flexure behavior of different mixtures. According to the results obtained, a 20% substitution of WGP as cement can be considered the optimum dose. On the other hand, for concrete produced with combined WGP and crashed glass particles, mechanical properties increased up to a certain limit and then decreased owing to poor workability. Thus, 10% can be considered the optimum replacement level, as combined waste glass shows considerably higher strength and better workability properties. Furthermore, scanning electron microscope (SEM) analysis was performed to investigate the microstructure of the composition. Good adhesion was observed between the waste glass and cementitious concrete. Lastly, practical empirical equations have been developed to determine the compressive strength, splitting tensile strength, and flexure strength of concrete with different amounts of waste glass. Instead of conducting an experiment, these strength values of the concrete produced with glass powder can be easily estimated at the design stage with the help of proposed expressions.

A Step towards Concrete with Partial Substitution of Waste Glass (WG) in Concrete: A Review.

The annual worldwide production rate of waste glass is a million tons; the waste glass is non-biodegradable, resulting in environmental pollution. However, the chemical composition of waste glass (WG) is promoted to be used as a partial substitution of binding or filler (aggregate) material in concrete production. Although significant research has been conducted in this area, the results of these studies are scattered, and it is difficult to judge the suitability of waste glass in concrete. This review looks at the effects of waste glass on concrete’s fresh, mechanical, and durability properties. It concludes that waste glass decreased the flowability of concrete. Furthermore, waste glass can be used as pozzolanic material, creating secondary cementitious compound (CSH) gel. CSH gel increased the cement paste’s binding properties, leading to increased mechanical performance. Moreover, this study reveals that the optimum dose of waste glass is important to minimize the possibility of an alkali–silica reactions. Based on this review, most researchers conclude that 20% substitution of waste glass as binding material is the optimum dose. The wide range of discussion provides the necessary guideline for the best research practice in the future.

Effects of waste glass and waste marble on mechanical and durability performance of concrete

Industrial waste has been rapidly increased day by day because of the fast-growing population which results environmental pollutions. It has been recommended that the disposal of industrial waste would be greatly reduced if it could be incorporated in concrete production. In cement concrete technology, there are many possibilities to use waste materials either as cement replacement or aggregate in concrete production. Two major industrials waste are glass and marble waste. The basic objective of this investigation is to examine the characteristics of concrete waste glass (WG) as binding material in proportions 10%, 20% and 30% by weight of cement. Furthermore, to obtain high strength concrete, waste marble in proportion of 40%, 50% and 60% by weight cement as fine aggregate were used as a filler material to fill the voids between concrete ingredients. Fresh properties were evaluated through slump cone test while mechanical performance was evaluated through compressive strength and split tensile strength which were performed after 7 days, 28 days and 56 days curing. Results show that, workability of concrete decreased with incorporation of waste glass and marble waste. Furthermore, mechanical performance improved considerably up 20% and 50% substitution of waste glass and waste marble respectively. Statistical approach of Response Surface Methodology (RSM) was used optimize both waste materials in concrete. Results indicate better agreement between statistical and experimental results.

Effect of Waste Glass on Portland Cement Hydration Process

Glass is an amorphous material, which could be a good pozzolanic material and can be beneficial in compressive strength gain. However, if waste of glass powder has undesirable contaminations (aluminium, clay impurities, sulphates, etc.) it can negatively affect hydration process. In the research were used two types of waste glass (with and without harmful impurities). Waste glass shards were obtained from a local waste recycling plant and its properties were investigated in the Portland cement hydration process. Properties of waste glass were analysed by SEM, XRD test methods, pozzolanicity of glass powder was investigated by Chappelle test method. The hydration process of Portland cement was researched by the semi-adiabatic test method and XRD analysis. Properties of hardened cement paste was analysed by: density, flexural and compressive strength test methods The main aim of this research is to analyse waste glass, which after primary cleaning is not suitable for secondary reuse and investigate its suitability in cement-based systems.

Effect of Waste Glass on Slurry Rheological Properties of Cement and Concrete

In order to realize the recycling of waste glass, the influence of waste glass on the rheological properties of cement paste and concrete was studied. The rheological parameters were obtained by linear fitting with Bingham model. The results showed that for cement slurry system, with the replacement amount of waste glass increasing from 0 wt% to 20 wt%, the plastic viscosity of slurry increased gradually, while the yield stress decreased. Fixing the replacement amount of fixed waste glass at 5 wt%, the plastic viscosity and yield stress of cement slurry decrease with the increasing dosage of polycarboxylate superplasticizer. The cement slurry conforms to the characteristics of pseudoplastic fluid. For initial concrete slurry system, with the increase of waste glass replacement amount from 0 wt% to 20 wt%, the plastic viscosity of slurry increased, while the yield stress gradually decreased. And then the rheological properties of concrete slurry were closed to Newtonian fluid. After 1 hour, the plastic viscosity of concrete increased first, then decreased, and finally increased again. The yield stress decreased gradually. And the rheological properties of slurry were also close to Newtonian fluid.

Extensive use of waste glass in one-part alkali-activated materials: Towards sustainable construction practices.

The feasibility of the extensive recycling of waste glass in alkali-activated materials (AAMs) was evaluated. The waste glass was utilised in AAMs for two purposes: a partial activator and a mineral precursor. The waste glass was blended with commercial sodium hydroxide and then heated to produce the solid activator powder. The technical performance of waste glass-based activator was investigated to replace commercial sodium silicate, a common alkali-activator used in AAMs. The effect of waste glass using only as the activator (WGA) and using as both activator and precursor (WGAP) in fly ash/slag-based one-part AAMs was studied using strength and microstructure characterisations. A mass-cost and emission analysis of waste glass-based AAMs (WGA and WGAP) was conducted, comparing the results with ordinary Portland cement (OPC). Characterisation tests of waste glass-based activator showed the effective formation of sodium silicate minerals with the adequate dissolution of activator in water by releasing reactive alkali and silica. Both WGA and WGAP showed comparable strengths at 56days with a denser microstructure under ambient curing. According to mass analysis, waste glass could be utilised up to 17% by mass of total binder. Based on the analysis of cost and CO2 emissions, WGA and WGAP are around 23% and 15% cheaper and 84% and 82% greener than OPC. The dual role of waste glass in AAMs as an activator and as a precursor broadens the recycling of glass waste in the cement industry by favouring technical and environmental outcomes.

Efficient Addition of Waste Glass in MK-Based Geopolymers: Microstructure, Antibacterial and Cytotoxicity Investigation.

Reuse of waste glass can significantly decrease the quantity of waste to be treated or disposed of in landfills, allowing to both diminish the ecological damage and to reduce the costs of transportation for removal. Geopolymer mixes with diverse percentages (20, 50 and 60 wt%) and with different grain size ranges (37 μm < diam < 53 μm; 75 μm < diam < 105 μm) of waste glass and the residual part of pure metakaolin were prepared by addition of NaOH and sodium silicate as alkaline activator solutions. The effect of waste glass on the mechanical and microstructure of new geopolymers has been explored in this study. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) evidenced the reactivity of waste glass in terms of Si–O and Si–O–Al bonds, more evident for the finer waste glass powder. The consolidation of the materials has been established by reduced weight loss in water and decreased pH and ionic conductivity of the eluate after 7, 14 and 28 days of curing at room temperature. The decrease of the mechanical properties with waste glass content was less evident for the finer glassy powders, yet the value of about 4-5 MPa indicates their potential use as non-structural materials. The consolidated final materials were tested for their effects on the microbial growth of Escherichia coli and Enterococcus faecalis after 24 and 48 h, respectively. The samples showed a very limited and absent inhibition zone, for fine and coarse grain size ranges, respectively. Finally, the cytotoxicity tests accomplished the ecological valuation of the final consolidated products.

Effect of Waste Glass on the Properties and Microstructure of Magnesium Potassium Phosphate Cement.

Waste glass is a bulk solid waste, and its utilization is of great consequence for environmental protection; the application of waste glass to magnesium phosphate cement can also play a prominent role in its recycling. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effect of glass powder (GP) on the mechanical and working properties of magnesium potassium phosphate cement (MKPC). Moreover, a 40mm × 40mm × 40mm mold was used in this experiment, the workability, setting time, strength, hydration heat release, porosity, and microstructure of the specimens were evaluated. The results indicated that the addition of glass powder prolonged the setting time of MKPC, reduced the workability of the matrix, and effectively lowered the hydration heat of the MKPC. Compared to an M/P ratio (MgO/KH2PO4 mass ratio) of 1:1, the workability of the MKPC with M/P ratios of 2:1 and 3:1 was reduced by 1% and 2.1%, respectively, and the peak hydration temperatures were reduced by 0.5% and 14.6%, respectively. The compressive strength of MKPC increased with an increase in the glass powder content at the M/P ratio of 1:1, and the addition of glass powder reduced the porosity of the matrix, effectively increased the yield of struvite-K, and affected the morphology of the hydration products. With an increase in the M/P ratio, the struvite-K content decreased, many tiny pores were more prevalent on the surface of the matrix, and the bonding integrity between the MKPC was weakened, thereby reducing the compressive strength of the matrix. At less than 40 wt.% glass powder content, the performance of MKPC improved at an M/P ratio of 1:1. In general, the addition of glass powders improved the mechanical properties of MKPC and reduced the heat of hydration.

Effects of waste glass as a sand replacement on the strength and durability of fly ash/GGBS based alkali activated mortar

This study incorporates fine waste glass (GS) as a replacement for natural sand (NS) in fly ash (FA) and/or ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS) based alkali activated mortar (AAm). Tests were conducted on the AAm to determine the mechanical properties, water absorption, apparent porosity and the durability based on its resistance to Na2SO4 5% and H2SO4 2% concentrated solutions. Whereas the microstructure and chemical composition of AAm was analyzed by SEM-EDX to support results obtained from the experimental tests. The study revealed that the effects of GS depends on the ratio of binders used to synthesize the mortar. For high FA/GGBS mortar, an increase in strength and reduction of porosity was observed with increasing GS up to 50 wt%. For lower FA/GGBS mortar, increasing GS up to 100 wt%, increased strength and decreased porosity. The lower porosity attained with the incorporation of GS, improved the resistance of mortar to Na2SO4 solution thus increasing durability. The resistance of mortar to H2SO4 was also improved with lower porosity due to incorporation of GS. However, the durability of mortar was negatively impacted with the further reduction of porosity observed with increasing GS and GGBS above 50 wt% believed to be caused by the stress induced as a result of expansive reaction products created when the mortar reacted with acid.

Effect of waste glass and curing aging on fracture toughness of self-compacting mortars using ENDB specimen

• Fracture toughness parameters were determined for all waste glass self-compacting mortars using ENDB specimen. • WG aggregate (0% to 100%) and curing aging (14, 28 and 56 days) affect the fracture toughness of mortar. • The use of 20% and 40% WG aggregate will increase the fracture toughness and the critical load of mixture. • Increasing the curing age has the greatest effect on the pure mode 3. • The pure mode 3 is the most critical loading mode for mortars containing WG. The use of waste materials in the concrete industry has been a topic of interest for researchers around the world in recent decades. In this research, the fracture toughness (K c ) of edge-notched disc bend (ENDB) specimens of self-compacting mortars containing 0%, 20%, 40%, 60%, 80% and 100% waste glass aggregates (WG) under the pure mode 1, mixed mode 1/3, mixed mode 3/1, and pure mode 3 in ages of 14, 28 and 56 days have been studied. The results show that the use of 20% and 40% of WG will improve the fracture toughness of the mortars. On the other hand, increasing the curing age from 14 to 28 days, with and without WG, improves the fracture toughness of samples significantly. Increasing the curing age has the highest impact on the results of pure mode 3. In addition, due to the effective fracture toughness results, pure mode 3 is introduced as critical loading condition for self-compacting mortars containing WG.

Effects of waste glass as aggregate on the properties of resin composites

The article describes tests of epoxy mortars containing waste glass, which was a substitute for sand in an amount of 0 to 100% by weight. The application of the method of planning the experiment using a central composition plan enabled the obtaining of full information about the effect of the modifier and the amount of resin on the mortar properties. Thanks to the use of the general function optimization method, a mortar composition was also determined that allows the obtaining of the most favourable values simultaneously for all determined parameters. The obtained mortars containing waste glass have very high flexural strength values at the level of 22.55–27.73 MPa and compressive strength in the range from 68.67 MPa to 96.65 MPa as well as absorbability below 0.73%. The analyses and conclusions were confirmed from the structural point of view by SEM micrographs.

Employing atomic force microscopy technique and X-ray diffraction analysis to examine nanostructure and phase of glass concrete

The effect of waste glass as fine aggregate in concrete mixes was investigated at nano-level by using atomic force microscopy (AFM) technique. In this technique, cantilever arm was operated in tapping mode on concrete samples to classify different phases such as CSH gel, un-hydrated cement particles and voids. The present study also examines the roughness at ITZ (interfacial transition zone) between aggregate and cement matrix. The images obtained through this technique showed dense formation of CSH gel with reduced roughness at 20% substitution level. In addition, hydration products were also studied by performing X-ray diffraction (XRD) analyses which showed the enhanced formation of hydration products and ITZ at 20% replacement level.

Effects of waste glass and rubber on the SCC: rheological, mechanical, and durability properties

One of the practical ways for recycling solid wastes is by using them as a part of natural aggregates in concrete. The major purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of waste materials, such as glass and rubber particles as a partial substitution of coarse and fine aggregates on the rheological, mechanical and durability properties of self compacting concrete (SCC). On this note, seventeen mixtures have been designed by replacing glass and rubber in proportions of 5, 10, 15 and 20%. To assess the rheological and mechanical characteristics, fresh (J-ring, L-box, slump-flow, T50cm, and V-funnel) and hardened (compressive and flexural strengths and ultrasonic pulse velocity) tests were performed. Furthermore, in order to determine the durability against acid corrosion, the water absorption and sulphuric acid attack tests were performed. The test results showed that, the use of glass particles in the SCC can slightly enhance the workability; however, it has no remarkable impact on the mechanical properties. On the other hand, adding waste rubber to the SCC in addition to decrease of workability reduces compressive and flexural strengths and ultrasonic pulse velocity. Durability results showed that both glass and rubber can significantly improve SCC resistance against sulphuric acid attack.

Effects of waste glass on alkali-activated tungsten mining waste: composition and mechanical properties

Increasingly more research is being directed towards the valorisation of waste materials as precursors for synthesising alkali-activated binders (AABs). For this study, varying blends of tungsten mining waste (TMW) and waste glass (WG) are activated using a combined sodium hydroxide (SH) and sodium silicate (SS) alkali solution. The activating solution itself is also varied with respect to the quantities of SS and SH to determine their effect on reactant formation and mechanical strength of TMW-based AABs. The results show that an increased WG content can effectively provide an additional source of reactive silica, contribute to the formation of (C, N)–A–S–H gel products and thus significantly improve the mechanical strength. High strength TMW–WG AABs were attributed to a faster TMW dissolution rate and dense microstructure. Such structures were characteristic of formulations with low alkali modulus (SiO2/Na2O < 2) combined with a SS/SH weight ratio of 2.8. For the latter, not only was a characteristic slower strength development with increasing alkali content observed, but there was also a limit of alkali metal concentration (Na2O ~ 3.1%) beyond which the strength deteriorated. Furthermore, SEM micrographs disclose that unreacted particles of WG reinforced the matrix by acting as a filler.

Effects of waste glass and waste foundry sand additions on reclaimed tiles containing sewage sludge ash

ABSTRACTApplying sewage sludge ash (SSA) to produce reclaimed tiles is a promising recycling technology in resolving the increasing sludge wastes from wastewater treatment. However, performance of such reclaimed tiles is inferior to that of original ceramic tiles. Many researchers have therefore tried adding various industrial by-products to improve reclaimed tile properties. In this study, multiple materials including waste glass and waste foundry sand (WFS) were added in an attempt to improve physical and mechanical properties of reclaimed tiles with SSA. Samples with various combinations of clay, WFS, waste glass and SSA were made with three kiln temperatures of 1000°C, 1050°C, and 1100°C. A series of tests on the samples were next conducted. Test results showed that waste glass had positive effects on bending strength, water absorption and weight loss on ignition, while WFS contributed the most in reducing shrinkage, but could decrease the tile bending strength when large amount was added at a high kiln temperature. This study suggested that a combination of WFS from 10% to 15%, waste glass from 15% to 20%, SSA at 10% at a kiln temperature between 1000°C and 1050°C could result in quality reclaimed tiles with a balanced performance.

Effect of Waste Glass on the Properties of Concrete

Crushed waste glass bottles accumulating in stockpiles around New Zealand are an environmental concern, but also provide an available resource for potential use in concrete by partially replacing coarse and fine natural aggregates. The objective of this study was to test the fundamental properties of concrete that utilized 20% waste glass as a partial replacement for coarse and fine natural aggregates. It is demonstrated that the waste glass has a negative effect on concrete properties, including air content, compressive strength, and flexural strength, while also contributing to the problematic alkali-silica reaction. The use of supplementary cementitious materials such as fly ash or microsilica was found to improve the properties of concrete that utilized waste glass, especially with regards to inhibiting the alkali-silica reaction, and hence it was established that waste glass should be used with either fly ash or microsilica mainly due to concerns regarding the development of the alkali-silica reaction caused by the waste glass trialed in this study.