Effect Of Urea Fertilizer Research Articles

Effects of Urea Fertilizer on Yield and Water Productivity of Amaranthus viridis in the Tropical Rainforest and the Derived Savanna of Nigeria

Effects of Urea Fertilizer on Yield and Water Productivity of Amaranthus viridis in the Tropical Rainforest and the Derived Savanna of Nigeria

Effect of Urea Fertilization on Agronomic Characteristics and Biomass Yield of Hydroponic Maize Fodder

Effect of Urea Fertilization on Agronomic Characteristics and Biomass Yield of Hydroponic Maize Fodder

Humate-Coated Urea as a Tool to Decrease Nitrogen Losses in Soil

Processes of N transformation in soil as affected by application of the three kinds of urea fertilizers, conventional urea (U), humate-coated urea (U_HA), and urea treated with the urease inhibitor NBPT (U_UI), are examined in a model laboratory experiment. Effects of urea fertilizers on soil chemical (content of water-extractable N-NH4 and N-NO3), and microbiological properties (rate of actual and potential N2O emission, basal and substrate-induced respiration, microbial biomass C, emission of ethylene) are focused to answer the following questions: (i) whether humate-coated urea has the ability to decrease N losses in soil; and (ii) how it affects soil biological activity comparable to synthetic urease inhibitor. The results showed that U_HA demonstrated advantages comparable to U in its ability to decrease N losses in soil: it increased N-NH4 content by 35%, reduced nitrate content by 9%, and decreased N2O emissions by 50%. U_HA promoted basal soil respiration by 10% and the specific activity of the soil microbial community by 7%, providing the highest metabolic quotient qCO2. Comparably to NBPT-treated U, U_HA mainly shows intermediate results between U-UI and conventional U. Considering the low cost of raw humates, U-HA can be regarded as a promising tool to decrease N losses in soils.

Cascading effects of soil organic and inorganic fertilizers on tri‐trophic interactions: Plant–aphid–parasitoid wasp as a study system

AbstractUnderstanding the mechanisms underlying tri‐trophic interactions between insect herbivores, their host plants and natural enemies is an important aim in ecology. In the present study, the effect of urea fertilizer and vermicompost on a tri‐trophic level cascade, comprising safflower, Carthamus tinctorius, safflower aphid, Uroleucon carthami and its primary parasitoid wasp, Praon yomenae, was investigated. Vermicompost increased the number of leaves, leaf area, fresh weight, dry weight, the total number of aphids and reduced the number of winged aphids and aphid load (Aphid load = number of aphids / plant fresh weight). Only two variables, plant phenol content and relative water content, were not significantly affected by vermicompost. Urea fertilizer had no impact on all variables except a significant effect on plant height. In another experiment, the effect of urea fertilizer and vermicompost on the wasp parasitoid was studied. The number of parasitoid mummies, mummification time, developmental time, the number of emerged adults, sex ratio, percentage of parasitism and hind tibia length was measured. Vermicompost had no significant effect on any of the measured parameters, but urea fertilizer increased the hind tibia length of the parasitoid. Vermicompost increased plant growth parameters and had an indirect and inhibiting effect on the safflower aphid itself. There was evidence of a bottom‐up cascade to the third trophic level by adding fertilizers in this system: Urea fertilizer enhanced plant height but seemingly had no impact on the attacking herbivore. It is interesting that the effect of urea can be transferred to the third trophic level, that is parasitoid. This suggests that vermicompost could be used simultaneously with urea fertilizer, because urea fertilizer had a positive impact on the parasitoid and vermicompost had a positive impact on plant growth as well as the ability to reduce aphid load.

Effect of Urea Fertilizer and Harvest Time on Growth and Production Quality of Sweet Corn (Zea mays saccharata)

This study examines the use of Urea Fertilizer on sweet corn plants and harvest time in an effort to increase production and quality. This study sought to identify the effect of giving various doses of urea fertilizer with harvest time and it was found that the interaction of fertilizer treatment with harvest time had a significantly different effect on sweet corn production. The study was conducted using a factorial randomized block design (RAK) with two factors, namely urea dose (P) consisting of 3 levels and harvest time (B) with 3 levels and 3 replications, so that there were 27 experimental units. Each experimental unit was taken 8 experimental samples. The data were analyzed using analysis of variance and continued with the 5% DMRT test. The treatment was given: P1 = Urea at a dose of 300 kg/ha P2 = Urea at a dose of 225 kg/ha P3 = Urea at a dose of 150 kg/ha and B1 = 12.00 WIB, B2 = 14.00 WIB, B3 = 16.00 WIB. The parameters studied were plant height (cm); Number of leaves (strands); Cob length (cm); Cob diameter (cm); and the level of sweetness (brix) and weight of cobs per bed. The implication that can be drawn from the results of this study is that the growth of sweet corn (plant height, number of leaves) and production (cob length, cob diameter, cob weight per sample, sweetness level) were not significantly different, the interaction of urea fertilizer treatment 150 kg/ha with a harvest time of 14.00 gave a significantly different effect on the weight of cobs per bed.

KETERSEDIAAN DAN SERAPAN P SERTA HASIL JAGUNG MANIS (Zea mays saccharata Sturt.) DENGAN PEMBERIAN PUPUK UREA DAN PK (11:14) PADA INCEPTISOLS DI JATINANGOR

[PHOSPHOROUS AVAILABILITY, ITS UPTAKE AND YIELD OF SWEET CORN UNDER THE APPLICATION OF UREA AND PK FERTILIZERS IN JATINANGOR INCEPTISOLS]. Maize is one of the staple foods cultivated in Indonesia. Low soil fertility causes the low production of maize. Sweet corn requires sufficient nutrients to grow and produce optimally. The application of a combination of Urea fertilizers and PK on sweet corn plants is expected to increase the availability of nutrients and sweet corn crop production. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of Urea fertilizer and PK application on available P, P uptake, and yield of sweet corn (Zea mays saccharata Sturt) on Jatinangor Inceptisols. This research used the Randomized Block Design (RBD) experiment model, consisting of 9 treatments of 1 control treatment (without treatment), 1 standard recommendation of N, P, K fertilizer treatment, and 7 treatments combination of Urea fertilizer and PK. Each treatment was repeated three times. The results revealed that available-P, P uptake, and yield of sweet corn on Jatinangor Inceptisols were affected by the combination of Urea fertilizer and PK. The combination of 300 kg/ha of urea with 215 kg/ha of PK fertilizer increased the available P value until 23,78 ppm, P uptake (0,67 %), and fresh weight of the corncobs (480,27 g plant-1) on Jatinangor Inceptisols.

Labelling of corn as forage for ruminants using isotope 15N

In vitro and in vivo testing for ruminant feed efficiency can be done by utilizing the stable isotope Nitrogen-15 (15N) as a tracer. Feed can be traced by labeling the forage using isotope 15N. Feed crops are labeled using an isotope 15N-enriched fertilizer. The critical thing to note is to know the content of isotopes 15N in the part of forage feed plants that have been labeled. This research aims to know the effect of urea fertilizer on the percent of atom excess 15N on corn. Corn are labeled using urea enriched with isotopes 15N in the form of urea fertilizer (10% excess atom 15N) with different doses (0-200% recommended urea dose). As a control used corn plants given urea fertilizer is not labeled 15N. The results showed that corn forage feed was successfully labeled and correlated with the dose of fertilizer. The range of atom excess 15N was 4.28 – 6.99% in corn forage. Biomass production showed no significant difference between the dose of fertilization and control, but neither protein content. Based on data, the corn forage can be used for further testing.

Effect of Urea Fertilizer on the Biochemical Characteristics of Soil

Urea-potash mixture was added to the manured soil at three different concentrations equivalent to 0.8, 1.6 and 2.4g f urea per 10Kg of soil. Nitrate and nitrite N concentration in the soil increased within 24h after addition of urea. The nitrate N content in soil without urea was 17 µg and in urea fertilized soils, it ranged from 39.9-47 µg/g of soil after 19h. . Increase in total mineralizable N was around 67- 160% in urea fertilized soils in comparison to the control. Percent conversion of urea to nitrate and nitrite N decreased at higher concentrations of the fertilizer. Addition of biochar to urea amended soil did not bring about significant change in the available N content. Decrease in total mineralizable N and accumalation of available P was observed over the period of 15 days. Addition of urea resulted in acidification of the soil. Acidification of the soil could be correlated with increase in acid phosphatase concentration. The soil amended with biochar exhibited significant buffering capacity in the region of pH 7.4-9.
 Int. J. Appl. Sci. Biotechnol. Vol 7(4): 414-420

Effect of Urea Fertilizer and Poultry Manure on Nitrate Reductase Activity of Potato and some Tuber Composition

Introduction Nowadays, increasing environmental risks to human health have caused increasing attention to use chemical nitrogen sources efficiently or nitrogen supplying from organic amendments. In this respect, chicken manure seems to be a good alternative to chemical nitrogen fertilizers. The purpose of this experiment is to investigate the role of urea and poultry manure and ecological factors (climate) on the quantity of some chemical compositions of the potato tuber. Materials and Methods To study the effects of urea and poultry manure on some potato tuber compositions, the factorial experiment was conducted in 2015-2016 during the growing season in 2 regions; Azna and Khorramabad which is located in Lorestan province in the west of Iran. The factors were 2 different sources of nitrogen supply including urea fertilizer and poultry manure. Results Results show that the highest activity of nitrate reductase (NR) in both sites was observed using 10304 kg of poultry manure ha-1. The results also showed that the tuber nitrate content was only affected by the fertilizer source. In both studied places, the highest tuber nitrate was associated with high levels of urea fertilizer. Based on the results, the vitamin C of potato tubers grown by poultry manure were also superior to the relative vitamin C content. According to the results of this experiment, the accumulation of more than 2 times the nitrate in the tubers was obtained from urea fertilizer (244.2 versus 100 ppm). Conclusions In order to achieve food security and an efficient and sustainable food chain, chemical fertilizers must be replaced with organic fertilizers. Thus, the belief that the use of organic fertilizers, at any level, would not cause any problem for the health of products is definitely incorrect.

Effect of Nitrogen, shading and intercropping on alfalfa-ziziphus agroforestry system under arid land conditions

<p>To assess the arid lands agroforestry potential, a field experiment was performed at the Agricultural Research Station of King Abdulaziz University, located at Hada Al-Sham during the 2013 and 2014 seasons. Alfalfa was evaluated in a <em>Ziziphus</em> agroforestry system at a distance of 1 m, 2 m and 4 m from the ziziphus tree and were supplied with three different levels of nitrogen fertilizer 0 kg/ha, 200 kg/ha and 400 kg/ha in the form of commercial Urea. The fertilizer were subdivided into split doses and applied as manual broadcasting after each cutting. A split-split plot design was used with three replications. Forage growth rate and biomass accumulation were measured at ten different intervals approximately at a period of 30-40 days. Forage was harvested in 10 different cuts and all this data consisting of plant height, fresh biomass accumulation and dry biomass accumulation and leaf nitrogen content were also measured. Statistical analysis described significant impact for intercropping, planting distance and nitrogen fertilizer on all studied traits. The maximum effect of urea fertilizer was documented for the highest dose of 400 kg/ha but it was statistically non-significant to 200 kg/ha. Distance of planting from the Ziziphus tree produced variable trend for all forages at different cut numbers but 2 m produced maximum plant height and biomass accumulation for most of the cut numbers. The interaction of 200 kg N/ha, intercropping and 2 m distance produced optimum forage growth and biomass accumulation as compared to the sole plantation under no fertilization. </p>

Effect of urea fertilization on biomass yield, chemical composition,in vitrorumen digestibility and fermentation characteristics of forage oat straw in Tibet of China

SUMMARYThe present study investigated the effects of different levels of urea nitrogen (N) fertilizer on nutrient accumulation,in vitrorumen gas production and fermentation characteristics of forage oat straw (FOS) from oats (Avena sativaL. ‘Qinghai 444’) grown in the Tibet region of China. Fertilizer, applied at seeding (day 1), stem elongation (days 52–54) and heading (days 63–67), increased plant height and prolonged the maturity stage of the plant by 4–11 days compared with the non-fertilized control. Oat plants were harvested at maturity at the node 3–4 cm above ground, and then separated into grains and FOS. Both FOS and grain yields increased quadratically with increasing N fertilization, and their theoretical maximums occurred at the N fertilizing rates of 439 and 385 kg/ha, respectively. Increases in N fertilization did not affect the hemicellulose content of FOS, but substantially promoted the accumulation of crude protein, cellulose and lignin, resulting in a decrease in the energy content available for metabolism. A 72-h incubation of FOS with rumen fluids from lactating cows showed that increasing N resulted in FOS that showed a slower fermentation rate, decreasedin vitrodry matter disappearance and lower cumulative gas production, but unchanged fermentation gas composition. Nitrogen fertilization increased the final pH in culture fluids and decreased the microbial volatile fatty acid (VFA) production. The molar proportions of acetate and propionate were not affected, but molar propionate proportion decreased linearly with increasing urea fertilization, and consequently, the ratio of lipogenic (e.g., acetate and butyrate)-to-glucogenic acids (propionate) tended to increase. In brief, increasing urea N fertilization promoted the growth of forage oats and increased the biomass yield as well as the crude protein and cellulose content of FOS. Considering the negative effect of increased lignin content on nutrient digestibility and total VFA production, the suggested range of urea N fertilization is 156–363 kg N/ha for forage oats planted in Tibet to retain the nutritive value of FOS in the rumen.

Effect of urea fertilization on biomass yield, chemical composition,in vitrorumen digestibility and fermentation characteristics of straw of highland barley planted in Tibet

SUMMARYA completely randomized experiment for planting highland barley in 36 field plots of the Lhasa Agricultural Experiment Station was applied to investigate the effect of urea nitrogen (N) fertilization levels of 0 (control), 156, 258, 363, 465 and 570 kg/ha on nutrient accumulation,in vitrorumen gas production and fermentation characteristics of highland barley straw (HBS). Each urea application was divided into three portions of 0.4, 0.3 and 0.3 and sequentially fertilized at seeding (growth stage (GS) 0), stem elongation (GS 32) and heading (GS 49), respectively. The maturity stage lasted 5–13 days longer in response to the urea N fertilization compared with the control. After removing grains, HBS biomass was harvested at maturity. The biomass yields of leaf, stem, straw and grain were increased quadratically with increasing urea N fertilization, and HBS and grain yields peaked at the estimated urea N fertilization levels of 385 and 428 kg/ha, respectively. The increase of urea N fertilization increased the accumulation of crude protein, cellulose and lignin, and decreased the content of ash and hemicellulose in HBS, resulting in a decrease of the energy content available to be metabolized. After incubating HBS for 72 h with rumen fluids from lactating cows, the urea N fertilization decreasedin vitrodry matter disappearance and cumulative gas production, and slightly altered fermentation end-gas composition. Urea N fertilization decreased microbial volatile fatty acid production, but did not alter the ratio of lipogenic acetate and butyrate to glucogenic propionate. In a brief, the current urea N fertilization strategy promoted the growth of the highland barley and increased biomass yield, protein and cellulose accumulation of HBS. A urea N fertilization level ⩽385 kg/ha could be sufficient for growth of highland barley in Tibet without a consequent nutritive reduction in ruminal digestion.

Effect of Natural Zeolite (Clinoptilolite) and Urea on the Growth of Amaranthus gangeticus, Clinachantus nutans and Capsicum annuum

Innovative actions are needed to improve fertilizer efficiency due to the problem of the leaching of nutrients associated with conventional fertilizer. Thus, a study was carried out to compare the effect of urea fertilizer combined with zeolite (clinoptilolite) on Amaranthus gangeticus, Clinachantus nutans and Capsicum annuum by comparison with the commercial fertilizer composite (IMO-Plus). IMO-Plus is a mixed fertilizer containing organic compounds, zeolites, Effective Microorganisms (EM) and N, P and K nutrients. Zeolite was found to be an important holder to retain a nitrogen (N) source in urea for the fertilization process. Without zeolite, the utilization of nitrogen (N) in urea fertilizers by A. gangeticus, C. nutans and C. annuum are poor. The combination of zeolite and urea fertilizers enhanced growth of these three plants in a similar fashion to IMO-Plus, since they increased the plant height, dry weight of plants, total number of leaves, width, and length of leaf significantly compared to urea without zeolite. Therefore, it is important to add zeolite as one of the major elements in the fertilizer composite as a holder for the nutrients.

The effects of urea fertilization on carbon sequestration in Douglas-fir plantations of the coastal Pacific Northwest

If long-term carbon (C) sequestration can be quantifiably attributed to forest plantation nitrogen (N) fertilization, the net C credits could be used to offset the rising cost of fertilization and C released during the production, transportation, and application of N fertilizer and the effect of NOx volatilized after application. The purpose of our study was to determine the net change in C sequestration following N fertilization of second-growth Douglas-fir (Psuedotsuga menziesii [Mirb.] Franco) plantations in the Pacific Northwest. The C content of the trees, understory vegetation, forest floor, and mineral soil was quantified at age 26–33 at five sites, each with a fertilized plot that received a total of 896–1120kgNha−1 as urea over 16years paired with an unfertilized control plot. Tree biomass was estimated using biometric equations and by subtracting the difference between treatment and control at the year of site establishment from the difference between treatment and control final measurement. Understory vegetation on the fertilized plots contained significantly more C than on the control plots (0.2MgCha−1, S.D. 0.2). Nitrogen fertilization significantly increased C sequestered per tree by 2.2MgCha−1 (S.D. 1.8), but there was no significant increase in C sequestered in trees per plot. No significant change was found in forest floor, A horizon, and subsoil C contents due to fertilization. These results indicate that, while there is a greater amount of C stored per tree after fertilization, there was more difficulty in accessing C sequestration in forest plantations due to tree mortality and assumed soil variability between plots.

PENGARUH PEMBERIAN PUPUK UREA DAN PUPUK MAJEMUK SUPER VIT DIAMOND TERHADAP PERTUMBUHAN DAN PRDOUKSI TANAMAN KACANG TANAH (Arachis hypogeae L.)

The aim of this research is to know the effect of urea fertilizer and the appropriate Super-Vit fertilizer in order to obtain good peanut plant growth and to see whether there is a real interaction between the two factors on the growth of peanut plant. This research was conducted at Jl. Dewi Sartika Gg. Education. South Rantau District Labuhanbatu Regency of North Sumatra Province, with an altitude of ± 54 M from sea level. The method used is Factorial Random Design (RAK) Factorial with 12 treatment combinations and 3 replications, Urea fertilizer factor Consisting of 4 levels: U0 = 0 gr / plant, U1 = 1 gr / plant, U2 = 2 gr / plant, U3 = 3 gr / plant, while Super-Vit fertilizer factor consists of 3 levels ie: S0 = 0 gr / Plant, S1 = 0.2 gr / plant, S2 = 0.3 gr / plant. Parameters observed were 4, ie plant height, number of pods per sample plant, weight of 1000 seeds, and production amount per plot. The treatment of urea fertilizer had no significant effect on plant height parameter and weight of 1000 seeds, while the effect was very real on the number of pods containing the plant and the amount of production per plot, the treatment of Super-Vit fertilizer showed a significant effect on the parameters of plant height, Pod containing per plant sample, and production amount per plot. But no significant effect on weight parameter of 1000 grain seeds. Treatment of interaction between Urea fertilizer and Super-Vit fertilizer showed no significant effect on plant height parameters, number of pods per sample plant, weight of 1000 seeds, and production amount per plot. Keywords: peanut, compound fertilizer, urea fertilizer.

Cyanobacteria in Uruguayan rice fields: diversity, nitrogen fixing ability and tolerance to herbicides and combined nitrogen

It has been established that cyanobacteria play a vital role in the maintenance of flooded rice field fertility. To evaluate the potential use of nitrogen-fixing cyanobacteria as a natural biofertilizer for rice in Uruguay, the diversity, abundance and nitrogen fixing ability of these microorganisms were studied in the field and in the laboratory. The effect of urea fertilization on population density and diversity of heterocystous cyanobacteria was determined on a 3-year assay. The highest number of cyanobacteria, 1.6×10 4 CFU m −2, was found at the control 8 weeks after flooding. About 90% of the heterocystous cyanobacteria found in both treatments belong to the genera Nostoc and Anabaena. Maximal nitrogenase activity was reached after 12 weeks of flooding in both treatments, with an average of about 20 μmol C 2H 4 m −2 h −1. To improve the understanding of the environmental factors that can limit nitrogenase activity in rice fields, two of the most abundant cyanobacteria isolates were tested for tolerance to combined nitrogen and two herbicides. In both isolates 0.2 mM ammonium inhibited nitrogenase activity after 24 h of culture. The addition of field-recommended doses of quinclorac and propanil affected oxygen photoevolution but nitrogenase activity was only inhibited by propanil.

Spatio-temporal variation and effect of urea fertilization on methanotrophs in a tropical dryland rice field

Population size of methanotrophs in a dryland field planted to Oryza sativa L. variety Narendra-118 was quantified over a period of 13 weeks. Methanotroph numbers were higher in control plots (52.9–736.6×10 5 cells g −1 dry soil) than in plots treated with urea (43.8–676.0×10 5 cells g −1 dry soil), and were highest in the rhizosphere soil (499.8–736.6×10 5 cells g −1 dry soil) followed by bulk (451.4–684.1×10 5 cells g −1 dry soil) and bare (43.8–67.5×10 5 cells g −1 dry soil) soil. The concentrations of NH 4 +-N were significantly ( P<0.001) lower in the rhizosphere (3.1–6.4 μg g −1 soil) than in bulk (4.1–8.3 μg g −1 soil) and bare soils (5.1–10.7 μg g −1 soil). The study suggests that the development of the rice rhizosphere brings about a spatial pattern in the distribution of methanotrophic bacteria which increases in size, over time, within the rhizosphere and adjoining bulk soil, and that the rhizosphere is a potential microsite of intense CH 4 oxidation activity.

Effect of nitrogen fertilization on photosynthesis rate, nitrogenous metabolites and α- and β-asarone accumulation in triploidAcorus calamus L. leaves

The effects of urea fertilization (1 g/l) on the photosynthetic rate and α- and β-asarone accumulation in the leaves of a clonal triploid of Acorus calamus L. were investigated. Urea addition significantly increased (up to ca. 50%) the photosynthesis rate vs. incident light (Photosynthetic Photon Flux Density), chlorophylls and carotenoids, proteins and amino nitrogen contents. Urea application significantly increased the tyrosine and β-asarone contents (ca. 30%) but it decreased those of phenylalanine and α-asarone.

Effects of urea fertilization and liming on nitrification in cerrados soils (Brazil)

Abstract Nitrification is a microbiological process involved in the production of nitrate, which is important from the agricultural and environmental view points due to its mobility in soil. Also, in this form it is easily reduced by the denitrifying bacteria to gases which are released from the soil. Nitrification in soil is controlled by several environmental factors such as pH, mineral nutrition, temperature, and moisture (Haynes 1986). Nitrification has been found to be minimal at a pH value below 5.0 (Dancer et al. 1973; Gilmour 1984). However, nitrification can occur in some acid soils at a pH value below 4.5 (Weber and Gainey 1962; Weier and Gilliam 1986). Although nitrification in acid soils may be associated with the activity of autotrophic nitrifying bacteria (Hankinson and Schmidt 1988; Hayatsu 1993), heterotrophic microorganisms may also be involved in the nitrification process (Schimel et al. 1984; Stroo et al. 1986). In the Cerrados soils that are strongly acidic, information about the microorganisms involved in nitrification is limited.

Effect of urea fertilizer and environmental factors on CH4 emissions from a Louisiana, USA rice field

Methane emissions from a flooded Louisiana, USA, rice field were measured over the first cropgrowing season. Microplots contained the semidwarf Lemont rice cultivar drill seeded into a Crowley silt loam soil (Typic Albaqualfs). Urea fertilizer was applied preflood at rates of 0, 100, 200 and 300 kg N ha−1. Emissions of CH4 from the plots to the atmosphere were measured over a 86-d sampling period until harvest. Methane samples were collected in the morning hours (07∶30–09∶30) using a closed-chamber technique. Emissions of CH4 were highly variable over the first cropping season and a significant urea fertilizer effect was observed. Two peak CH4 emission periods were observed and occurred about 11 d after panicle differentiation and during the ripening stages. Maximum CH4 emmissions from the 0, 100, 200 and 300 urea-N treatments were 6.0, 8.9, 9.8 and 11.2 kg CH4 ha−1 d−1, respectively. These flux measurements corresponded to approximately 210, 300, 310 and 360 kg CH4 evolved ha−1 over the 86-d sampling period for the 4 treatments.