Effects Of Ultrasound Intensity Research Articles

The impact of ultrasound treatment on glycolytic enzymes when applied to crude extracts from early post-mortem bovine muscle

The rate of pH decline post – mortem and its interaction with temperature influences the final tenderness of meat, and therefore, the manipulation of the rate of pH decline is a strategy of interest in order to obtain consistent high quality meat. Ultrasound is a potential early post - mortem carcass intervention, which may alter the rate of glycolysis based on its ability to alter enzyme activity. In this study, homogenates (prepared from early post-mortem Longissimus thoracis et lumborum muscle) were subjected to different ultrasound intensities (0 %/60 %/100 % amp) and treatment durations (15/ 30 min). The effect of these treatments on the inherent activity of the glycolytic enzymes was investigated using an in vitro glycolytic buffer model system. It was found that ultrasound treatment intensity and duration had a significant interactive effect on the rate of pH decline, and on reducing sugars and lactic acid concentrations, specifically following the 100 % amp ultrasound for 30 min treatment and between 30 and 240 min incubation. No significant differences in pH or metabolites content were observed between treatments after 1440 min of incubation. No effect of ultrasound intensity or treatment duration was observed on the degradation of glycogen. Under the reported conditions of this trial, it can be concluded that the application of ultrasound has limited potential to have an impact on the glycolytic pathways in bovine muscle.

Structural and functional properties of self-assembled peanut protein nanoparticles prepared by ultrasonic treatment: Effects of ultrasound intensity and protein concentration

Peanut protein isolate (PPI) nanoparticles were prepared by self-assembly under the combined action of ultrasound (US) and protein concentration. The effects of ultrasound intensity (150–500 W) and protein concentration (1–12 %, w/v) on the structural and functional properties of PPI nanoparticles were investigated. Low-intensity US significantly increased the particle size of PPI, but high-intensity US decreased it. The largest PPI nanoparticles were obtained when 10 % PPI was subjected to low-intensity US treatment (200 W for 5 min). These nanoparticles possessed unique structural characteristics, such as the lowest absolute ζ-potential and the highest contents of exposed free sulfhydryl and disulfide bond, which may be responsible for their excellent heat-set gelling properties. The 12 % PPI treated with low- and high-intensity US had the highest emulsifying activity index and emulsifying stability index, respectively. The self-assembled PPI nanoparticles induced by US treatments at high protein concentrations have great potentials for application in the food industry.

Effect of ultrasound intensity on the functional characteristics of rennet‐coagulated skim milk

AbstractThe objective of this study was to examine the impact of ultrasound energy density (USED) on the functional properties of rennet‐coagulated skim milk. Skim pasteurized milk was ultrasonicated at 106 W and 375 W at two different times (3 and 9 min) to produce different USED levels (190.4, 570.7, 674.3, and 2016.9 J g−1). The rheological and textural properties of ultrasonicated milk samples were determined during the rennet coagulation as compared to nonsonicated skim milk. The rennet coagulation time was doubled when 674.3 J g−1 was applied to skim milk; however, applying 2016.9 J g−1 did not lead to milk coagulation. Additionally, gel firmness of rennet‐coagulated milk increased significantly from 80 g to 130 g when USED boosted from 190.4 to 674.3 J g−1. The coagulum strength and curd‐firming rate decreased significantly when USED elevated to 2016.9 J g−1. The outcome provides that using suitable USED could be utilized efficiently in the cheese industry to prolong the renneting time of milk.Practical ApplicationsThe ultrasound process can be applied to milk before making different dairy products, such as cheese or other dairy products that need rennet for coagulation to improve the characteristics of those products. Also, ultrasound can be utilized to fractionate dairy components to improve the functionality or yield of products.

High-intensity ultrasound-assisted recovery of anthocyanins from jabuticaba by-products using green solvents: Effects of ultrasound intensity and solvent composition on the extraction of phenolic compounds

This study proposes an update for the jabuticaba processing chain to obtain valuable coproducts from jabuticaba peels. High-intensity ultrasound (HIUS) technology was evaluated as a more efficient extraction process to obtain two high added-value coproducts: pectin and an anthocyanins-rich extract. The HIUS-assisted extraction of bioactive compounds like anthocyanins from the jabuticaba peels was evaluated. The effects of ultrasound intensity (1.1, 3.7, 7.3, and 13.0 W/cm2) and solvent composition concerning water/ethanol ratio (0, 25, 50, 75, and 100 g water/100 g) were examined. One-step HIUS processing promoted the best recovery of bioactive compounds at an ultrasound intensity of 3.7 W/cm2 and 50 g water/100 g, thus proofing the interaction between ultrasound intensity and the solvent composition has a strong influence on the extraction efficiency of the groups of compounds studied and in the jabuticaba peel antioxidant potential. The confocal laser scanning microscopy confirmed bioactive compounds' exhaustion in the dried jabuticaba peel after the HIUS processing, proving its best recovery. The jabuticaba peel extract exhibited an intense reddish color typical of anthocyanin-rich products at acid pH (4.5). The HIUS technology turned out a promising way to recover these valuable phenolic compounds as a quick, relatively inexpensive, and simple technology that improves the yields and decreases the costs and environmental impacts compared to conventional extraction processes.

Dehydration of hawthorn fruit juices using ultrasound-assisted vacuum drying.

In this study, ultrasound-assisted vacuum drying (UAVD) was employed as a new approach to improve the efficiency and produce dried hawthorn fruit juice powders with acceptable quality. To achieve these goals, the effects of ultrasound intensity (at four levels of 15.29, 20.38, 22.93 and 24.46kW/m2) were evaluated. The results showed that UAVD significantly shortened the drying time (P<0.05), and with the increasing ultrasound intensity, the drying rate increased and the drying time decreased. Based on statistical tests, the Page model was found to fit well to the drying kinetics. After drying, a decline in quality of fresh juices was observed. As compared with vacuum drying individually, UAVD significantly reduced the colour degradation, and increased the retention of the total flavonoids content, five flavonoid compounds contents and antioxidant activity. It was shown that UAVD at the higher ultrasound intensity varied from of 20.38 to 24.46kW/m2 contributed to a better quality in the dried juice powders. Overall, this study demonstrates that UAVD is a promising technique for improving the drying efficiency and quality retention of hawthorn fruit juices.

Effect of Ultrasound Intensity and Mode on Piroxicam Transport Across Three-Dimensional Skin Equivalent Epiderm™.

Transdermal drug delivery has many advantages compared to other routes. However, the barrier function of the stratum corneum limits the use of the skin as an administrative route for medications. Different methods were investigated to alter the barrier function of the stratum corneum and it was found that applying different ultrasound waves could enhance the skin's permeability. The aim of this work is to study the effect of ultrasonic waves on the alteration of skin natural barrier function, to improve the permeability of the skin to Piroxicam using three-dimension skin (EpiDermTM) as a skin model for the investigation. The effect of ultrasound at 1 MHz and 20 kHz on the permeation of Piroxicam across the three-dimensional skin equivalent using a Franz diffusion cell, was evaluated and the concentration of Piroxicam in the receiving compartment was determined using liquid chromatography method. The permeation of Piroxicam enhanced by 199% when therapeutic ultrasound at 1 MHz frequency was used. Significant permeation enhancement was also found upon utilizing low frequency sonophoresis at 20 kHz (427%) with no apparent damage to the membrane. Sonophoresis has a positive effect on enhancing skin permeability. The enhancement level was largely dependent on the sonication factors; frequency, intensity and length of treatment. Multiple mechanisms of action might be involved in permeation improvement of the piroxicam molecule. Those mechanisms are largely dependent on the ultrasonic conditions.

Extraction of high-amylose starch from Radix Puerariae using high-intensity low-frequency ultrasound

High-amylose starch is in great demand in the food industry due to its unique functional properties but has very limited source. In this study, high-amylose starch was successfully extracted from Radix Puerariae using ultrasound extraction. The effects of ultrasound intensity (15.29, 20.38, 22.93, 24.46 and 25.38 kW/m2) and frequency (20 and 45 kHz) on extraction kinetics, and chemical compositions, crystallinity, in vitro digestion behaviour and gelling properties of starches were investigated. It was shown that with the increasing intensity, the extraction rate and content of amylose increased, but for starch the extraction rate increased initially until reached a plateau at an intensity of 24.46 kW/m2. With the increasing low-frequency, the extraction rate and content of amylose increased, but the extraction rate of starch decreased. Based on statistical tests, the Logistic model was found to fit well to the extraction kinetics of amylose, and the Peleg model fit well to that of starch. The extraction yield of starch was not significantly affected by ultrasound conditions. The obtained starch has a high-purity with a content of more than 99% dry basis and an unchanged crystallinity. Moreover, the increased amylose content resulted in an increase of the content of slowly digestible starch, resistant starch, and gelling hardness. This study demonstrates that high-amylose starch can be obtained using ultrasound extraction from Radix Puerariae at high-intensity low-frequency.

Power ultrasonic on mass transport of beef: Effects of ultrasound intensity and NaCl concentration

Abstract The effects of ultrasound intensity and salt concentration of brining for accelerating brine transfer into beef were evaluated. Samples were analyzed with NaCl and water content, effective diffusion coefficient and microstructure. Results showed that ultrasound intensity and NaCl concentration of brine could significantly affect NaCl and moisture content at different treating time during meat brining (p Industrial relevance In our research, the ultrasound intensity could significantly affect diffusion coefficients (D) of NaCl or water while the salt concentration with ultrasound processing was slightly affected the values of D, these results indicated that in industrial application, we might focus on the effect of ultrasound intensity. In addition, along with the emerging technology, this could reduce the amount of NaCl supplemented in brining and shorten the processing time.

Effect of ultrasound intensity on the size and morphology of synthesized scorodite particles

The effect of different ultrasound intensities (11.6, 8.4, 5.3, 2.1, and 0W) on the size and morphology of synthesized scorodite particles was investigated under O2 gas flow at 70°C. The higher ultrasound intensity promoted the oxidation of Fe(II) in the reaction solution. Therefore, higher values of oxidation–reduction potential (ORP) in the solution and the yield of the precipitate were obtained for higher ultrasound intensities. Large scorodite particles (>10μm) were successfully synthesized using ultrasound irradiation. The particle morphology was related to the ultrasound intensity, with the particles synthesized with low intensity showing rough surfaces and those with high intensity showing faceted surface. The higher ultrasound intensity generated a larger amount of fine oxygen bubbles during ultrasound irradiation under O2 gas flow. This increased the area of the interface between the gas phase (oxygen bubbles) and the liquid phase [Fe(II) solution] and promoted the oxidation. Additionally, ultrasound enhanced the transfer of the solutes [Fe(III), As(V)] from the solution to the nuclei with the jet flow by collapsing of the bubbles and the physical stirring by ultrasound irradiation. These characteristics of ultrasound irradiation contributed to the crystal growth of scorodite.

Efficient chemical oxidation of high levels of soil-sorbed phenanthrene by ultrasound induced, thermally activated persulfate

The sorption of hydrophobic organic contaminants (HOCs) and limited mass transfer in heterogeneous subsurface environment are major hurdles to efficient remediation of highly contaminated sites by traditional activated persulfate. In this work, ultrasound was coupled to persulfate oxidation to enhance the remediation. The mechanisms of the coupling process were investigated, using soil spiked with high levels of phenanthrene as a model compound for PAHs and other HOCs. The results indicate that, when ultrasound is applied to the soil slurry, the resultant heat, due to the ultrasonic energy absorbed by the soil particles, activates persulfate to generate sulfate radicals to oxidize the dissolved phenanthrene, and the dissolution and desorption of the phenanthrene are also enhanced by elevated temperature, ultrasound itself and the oxidation by persulfate, thereby creating a positive-feedback loop that induces rapid and highly efficient oxidation of the contaminants. Furthermore, the effects of ultrasound intensity, contaminant concentration, oxidant dosage, soil to water ratio, and addition of external activators on the oxidation of phenanthrene were also studied. For potential field applications, coupling downhole ultrasound technologies with traditional persulfate process was proposed to facilitate the remediation of HOCs contaminated sites.

In Vitro and In Vivo Evaluation of a Magnetic Resonance Imaging–guided Focused Ultrasound System for Dissolving Clots in Combination with Thrombolytic Drugs

The potential of a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)-guided focused ultrasound (MRgFUS) system combined with thrombolytic drugs to dissolve clots is investigated using invitro and invivo models. Two spherically focused transducers of 5cm diameter focusing at 10cm and operating at either .5 or 1MHz were used. Doppler ultrasound was used to measure the blood flow during the invivo experiments. The effect of ultrasound intensity, transducer beam area, and frequency on the dissolved volume was investigated. The goal was to maintain a temperature increase of less than 1°C (called safe temperature) at the clot during the application of pulsed ultrasound and at the same time achieve efficient thrombolysis. The MRgFUS technique was proven successful in dissolving clots invitro and invivo. It was found that the volume of dissolved clot increases with acoustic intensity and beam size and decreases with frequency. With this system, it was possible to push ultrasound through a plastic phantom skull using a .5MHz transducer. The beam of ultrasound through the phantom skull was monitored using the MRI technique of fast spoiled gradient. Finally, the thrombus in the invivo model (ear artery) was successfully destroyed with the therapeutic protocols investigated in the invitro models. This study shows that FUS using a single element MR-compatible transducer has the potential to treat clots in synergy with thrombolytic drugs. More advanced MRgFUS systems, such as phased arrays, will have a greater impact in sonothrombolysis.

Sonochemical oxidation of arsenic(III) to arsenic(V) using potassium peroxydisulfate as an oxidizing agent

The sonochemical oxidation of As(III) in the presence of peroxydisulfate ion (PDS) has been investigated. Sulfate anion radicals and OH radicals produced during acoustic cavitation readily oxidized As(III) to As(V) in an aqueous environment. The rate of oxidation of As(III) was remarkably high (∼10 times) with respect to the concentration of PDS. The As(III) oxidation was found to be independent of the initial pH of the solution in the range 3–8. It was relatively low at pH above 8, however, this could be circumvented by increasing the concentration of PDS. The presence of oxygen in solution played a significant role in the rate of oxidation of As(III). Around 40% oxidation of As(III) was observed in the absence of oxygen compared to 80% oxidation in the presence of dissolved oxygen (10 mg/L) over a sonication time of 5 min. The addition of humic acid (HA) retarded the oxidation rate of As(III), but the effect could be offset by using larger amounts of PDS. The effects of ultrasound intensity, and frequency on the rate of the oxidation of As(III) were also studied. The rate of the oxidation of As(III) was not significantly dependent on the acoustic power applied, for the concentrations of As(III) used in this study. At an ultrasound frequency of 211 kHz, the rate of oxidation of As(III) was lower than that observed at 20 kHz. It is concluded that the sonochemical treatment of As(III) solutions in the presence of PDS is a simple and viable technique for the oxidation of As(III) to As(V).

A comparison of ultrasound-based advanced oxidation processes for the removal of X-ray contrast media

The degradation of specific iodinated X-ray contrast media (ICM) compounds (viz: diatrizoate, iomeprol, iopromide, and iopamidol) by ultrasound irradiation in aqueous solution, with and without the presence of hydrogen peroxide or ozone, has been studied. Experiments were carried out at a constant ultrasound frequency of 20 kHz, at two power intensity values of 17.6 and 200.1 W cm(-2), and at five power densities up to 0.235 W ml(-1). Zero-order kinetic rate constants for the ICM degradation by ultrasound alone were calculated under certain sonication conditions. Pyrolysis appeared to contribute approximately 30%, and radical attack 70%, of the overall ICM degradation performance. The effect of ultrasound intensity on compound degradation (at a given power density) was found to play a negligible role, whereas ultrasound power density was found to be a major factor controlling the overall oxidation process under these conditions. The compound degradation by ultrasound alone was relatively minor, but the addition of hydrogen peroxide in the sonication process gave some improvement with a doubling in the degradation performance at the greatest applied peroxide concentration. The combination of gaseous ozone and ultrasound was found to be very effective in degrading ICM compounds and an almost complete compound removal could be achieved.

Interaction of microbubbles with high intensity pulsed ultrasound

High intensity pulsed ultrasound, interacting with microbubble contrast agents, is potentially useful for drug delivery, cancer treatment, and tissue ablation, among other applications. To establish the fundamental understanding on the interaction of a microbubble (in an infinite volume of water) with an ultrasound pressure field, a numerical study is performed using the boundary element method. The response of the bubble, in terms of its shape at different times, the maximum bubble radius obtained, the oscillation time, the jet velocity, and its translational movement, is studied. The effect of ultrasound intensity and initial bubble size is examined as well. One important outcome is the determination of the conditions under which a clear jet will be formed in a microbubble in its interaction with a specific sound wave. The high speed jet is crucial for the aforementioned intended applications.

Dispersion of carbon nanotubes in polyurethane matrix

A high intensity ultrasound has been applied to fabricate polyurethanes/carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) composites. Mixtures of MWCNTs and poly(ethylene adipate) (PEA) were prepared in a two-step process. In the first step, MWCNTs were dispersed with acetone, in the second PEA and acetone. The mixture of PEA and MWCNTs was used to produce polyurethane (PUR) nanocomposites under the agitation of ultrasounds. The effect of ultrasound intensity has been studied by HRSEM and AFM investigation of the microstructure. The mechanical properties of polyurethane nanocomposites were also evaluated.

Sonochemical acceleration of persulfate decomposition

The decomposition kinetics of potassium persulfate in aqueous solution have been investigated using a radical trapping method. The use of ultrasound was found to markedly accelerate the decomposition so that the sonochemical process at 25°C occurs at the same rate as the purely thermal reaction at 55°C. The effect of ultrasound intensity has also been studied and can be used to control the rate of decomposition within certain limits.

銅電析皮膜の性質におよぼす超音波照射の影響

It was estimated that the ultrasonic effects were cavitation effects (jet flow, water hammer pressure by the jet flow and shock wave pressure), and it was demonstrated which of these effects was the most pronounced in the case of copper electrodeposited from cupric-EDTA solution. Generally, the radius at which bubbles collapse is about 1/30 of the initial radius, so jet flow rate was estimated at 120ms-1 and water hammer pressure at 200MPa. However, since bubble collapse was random, many jet flows were offset. The authors estimated the speed of most jet flows at 1∼2ms-1. Shock weve pressure was estimated at 1GPa or more, but since the actual electrode surface and received shock wave pressure locally, or simultaneously at random locations, the authors estimated that shock wave pressure was 1∼2MPa. The effects of ultrasound intensity, frequency, flow and hydrostatic pressure on current density, texture coefficient, hardness, particle size and surface morphology were also examined, and hints on the use of ultrasound in electrodeposition applications were obtained. Current efficiency was influenced mainly by the jet flow effect. The orientation and particle size of the crystals and hardness of film were influenced mainly by the water hammer pressure and shock wave pressure effects. The film became smoother as particles were collected in concavities by jet flows, and particles were compressed by water hammer and shock wave pressures. It was confirmed that the greater fineness of the crystals was due to shock wave pressure. The decrease in pin-holes was due to crystals being crushed or pushed into the pin-hole by water hammer pressure or shock wave pressure.