Effect Of Tortuosity Research Articles

Investigation of stent retriever removal forces in an experimental model of acute ischemic stroke

IntroductionMechanical thrombectomy becomes more complex when the occlusion occurs in a tortuous cerebral anatomy, increasing the puncture to reperfusion time and the number of attempts for clot removal. Therefore, an understanding of stent retriever performance in these locations is necessary to increase the efficiency and safety of the procedure. An in vitro investigation into the effects of occlusion site tortuosity, blood clot hematocrit, and device geometry was conducted to identify their individual influence on stent retriever removal forces.MethodsEmbolus analogs were used to create occlusions in a mock circulatory flow loop, and in vitro mechanical thrombectomies were performed in arterial models of increasing tortuosity. The stent retriever removal forces of Solitaire Platinum and EmboTrap II devices were recorded through each geometry with and without embolus analogs present. Similar experiments were also conducted with Solitaire stent retrievers of varying lengths and diameters and 0, 25, and 50% hematocrit embolus analogs.ResultsThe removal force increased as model tortuosity increased for both the Solitaire Platinum and EmboTrap II stent retriever devices. The average removal forces in the simplest geometry with the Solitaire Platinum and EmboTrap II were 0.24 ± 0.01 N and 0.37 ± 0.02 N, respectively, and increased to 1.2 ± 0.08 N and 1.6 ± 0.17 N, respectively, in the most complex geometry. Slight increases in removal force were found with 0% hematocrit embolus analogs, however, no statistical significance between removal force and EA hematocrit was observed. A comparison between stent retriever removal forces between devices of different diameters also proved to be significant (p < 0.01), while forces between devices of varying lengths were not (p > 0.05).ConclusionBenchtop mechanical thrombectomies performed with commercial stent retrievers of varying geometry showed that device removal forces increase with increasing model tortuosity, clot hematocrit does not play a significant role in device removal force, and that a stent retriever’s diameter has a greater impact on removal forces compared to its length. These results provide an improved understanding of the overall forces involved in mechanical thrombectomy and can be used to develop safer and more effective stent retrievers for the most difficult cases.

Lithium Demand and Cyclability Trade‐Off in Conductive Nanostructure Scaffolds in Terms of Different Tortuosity Parameters

AbstractThrough alteration of the polarity of DC plasma during the growth of carbon nanotubes in a PECVD reactor, significantly different morphologies of such species have been achieved. By using this approach, for the first time, both Half‐aligned and Entangled structures were synthesized, along with Full‐aligned carbon nanotubes, introducing three binder‐free electrodes with various levels of tortuosity. The crucial parameter and influential effect of tortuosity in these three‐dimensional nanostructure scaffolds for application in lithium‐ion batteries were investigated. Previous research findings suggested that increasing the tortuosity of the conductive scaffolds leads to preferential accumulation of lithium at the top surface and causes the loss of capacity in subsequent charge‐discharge cycles. Our finding reveals that there exists a trade‐off between lithium‐demand, capacity, and preferential accumulation of lithium at the top surface. Among the presented scaffolds, the Half‐aligned MWCNTs was able to maintain a high capacity of 876.9 mAh/g over more than 300 cycles, and demonstrate capacity improvement during this period and excellent rate capability, even at a rate of 5 C. This capacity is almost three times that can be achieved with graphite, showcasing promising and outstanding results for carbon nanotubes.

A computational study of the influence of wavy arteries and veins on hemodynamic characteristics in an unsteady state

The present work is focused on the study of hemodynamic characteristics for tortuous arteries/veins in a pulsatile flow. This work is an extension of an earlier work by the author, which reported the hemodynamic characteristics in a steady flow situation. It is a well-known fact that various geometric parameters affect the hemodynamics, such as the diameter of vessels, the diameter of mother and daughter tubes in bifurcation, the angle between them, and their relative magnitudes. This paper is focused on the effect of tortuosity produced in straight and bifurcating tubes under pulsatile flow conditions. A heartbeat rate of 120 bpm is considered for pulsation, covering one cycle of systole and diastole. The measure of tortuosity is defined by the varying pitch and the amplitude. The present analysis is carried out computationally using ANSYS. Results are presented through secondary flow streamline, velocity profile, and its effect on wall shear stress. Key findings are that secondary vortices are observed in the bifurcated model and counter-rotating vortices are observed in the wavy tube geometry. The velocity distribution is asymmetric in the case of the plain bifurcation geometry. In the case of the wavy tube and bifurcated geometry, there is a shift in peak velocity from the inner to the outer wall, depending on the crest and trough positions of the tortuous vein. Relative change in magnitude of velocity for wavy tube depends on the depth and pitch of wavy wall of the tortuous tube. The velocity reduces with an increase in time step for unsteady flow.

Diffusive Leakage of scCO2 in Shaly Caprocks: Effect of Geochemical Reactivity and Anisotropy

Summary Supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO2) trapping mechanisms within carbon geostorage (CGS) primarily hinge on the upper caprock system, with shales being favored for their fine-grained nature and geological abundance. Experimental assessments of CO2 reactivity in brine-saturated shales reveal microstructural changes, raising concerns about long-term CO2 leakage risks. Existing models of scCO2 transport through caprocks lack consideration for shale anisotropy. This study addresses these gaps by investigating the diffusive properties and propagation of geochemical reactivity in shaly caprocks, accounting for anisotropy. Horizontal and vertical core samples from three shale formations with varying petrophysical characteristics underwent mineralogical, total organic carbon (TOC), porosity, and velocity measurements. scCO2 treatment for up to 3 weeks at 150°F and 3,000 psi was conducted. The propagation of geochemical reactivity was monitored by multiple surface X-ray fluorescence (XRF) measurements and fine polishing. A nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR)-based H2O-D2O fluid exchange protocol was used to quantify effective diffusivities and tortuosities parallel and perpendicular to bedding. Results indicate preferential surface reactivity toward carbonate minerals; however, the apparent reaction diffusivity of the shaly caprock is notably slow (~10−15 m2/s). This aligns with previous experimental and reactive transport modeling studies, emphasizing long timescales for carbonate dissolution reactions to influence shale caprock properties. Shale-effective diffusivities display anisotropy increasing with clay content, where diffusivities parallel to bedding exceed those perpendicular by at least three times. Faster horizontal diffusion in shaly confining zones should be considered when estimating diffusive leakage along faults penetrating these zones, a significant risk in CGS. Post-scCO2 treatment, diffusivity changes vary among samples, increasing within the same order of magnitude in the clay-rich sample. Nonsteady-state modeling of scCO2 diffusion suggests limited caprock penetration over 100 years, with a minimal increase from 5 m to 7 m post-scCO2 treatment for the clay-rich sample. This study extends existing literature observations on the slow molecular diffusion of scCO2 within shaly caprocks, integrating the roles of geochemical reactions and shale anisotropy under the examined conditions.

Solid waste slurry grouting transformation mechanism of loose sand layer based on slurry-water replacement effect

During coal mining, when loose water-bearing sand layers are exposed and connected, it is extremely easy to cause water and sand inrush accidents, threatening the lives and properties in mines. Because of the intricate and tortuous internal structure of the sand layer, the diffusion pattern of grouting slurry within the loose sand layer has not been accurately characterized. Improving the efficiency of grouting and reducing the cost of grouting are common difficulties faced by industrial and mining enterprises in the grouting renovation of loose water-bearing sand layers. This paper innovatively proposes the mechanism of slurry-water displacement effect based on the diffusion characteristics of grouting slurry within the water-bearing sand layer. It studies the power-law fluid seepage and diffusion mechanism of porous media tortuosity effect and slurry-water displacement effect and derives the spherical diffusion equation of power-law fluid seepage grouting considering the coupling of porous media tortuosity effect and slurry-water displacement effect. At the same time, an indoor experimental device considering the slurry-water displacement effect is designed to verify the rationality of the spherical seepage grouting diffusion equation considering the superimposed effects of the two. Furthermore, relying on the COMSOL Multiphysics platform, a three-dimensional numerical calculation model of the power-law fluid spherical seepage grouting mechanism considering the porous media tortuosity effect and slurry-water displacement effect is constructed. It analyzes the seepage and diffusion characteristics of power-law grouting slurry in water-bearing sand layers, and studies the influence of different porosity of loose water-bearing sand layers, spacing between slurry and water holes, grouting pressure, and slurry viscosity on the volume of loose water-bearing sand layers. The key factors affecting the volume of loose water-bearing sand layers are grouting pressure > spacing between slurry and water holes > porosity of sand layer > slurry viscosity. Compared with previous grouting technologies and processes, the slurry-water displacement grouting technology can solve the problems of small grouting diffusion range and poor grouting effect in high-pressure underwater water-bearing sand layers to a certain extent.

Steady-state relative permeability measurements in rough-walled fractures: The effects of wettability and aperture

Tight subsurface geosystems provide significant prospects for the recovery and storage of mass and energy. Because of the tightness of these systems, natural and engineered fractures are the main conveyance conduits transporting the fluids from the tight rock matrix to the wellbore or vice versa. During the fracturing process, most of the newly induced fractures are considered water-wet, however during injection/production, the wettability of the fractures gradually changes. These changes are mainly due to the interactions between the resident and injected fluids, or the exposure of the virgin fracture surfaces to the resident fluids during production. This alteration in wettability can affect the trapping and flow dynamics, e.g., relative permeability, of the fluids flowing in the fracture. Furthermore, fluid injection and production into and from these systems impact the fractures pore pressure and hence the effective stress they are exposed to, resulting in variations in the fracture aperture. In this study, we present a comprehensive macro-scale experimental investigation focusing on the impact of wettability and aperture on steady-state two-phase relative permeability in rough-walled fractures. Using the stead-state measurement technique, we meticulously characterized oil-brine relative permeabilities and residual trapping in water-wet, oil-wet, and mixed-wet rough-walled fractures induced in Eagle Ford shale rock samples. Additionally, we assessed the influence of fracture aperture size on these properties during both drainage and imbibition flow processes. Our results indicate significant phase interference in oil-brine flow in non-water-wet rough-walled fractures, which renders the commonly used x-curve and Corey models inadequate to represent the steady-state oil-brine relative permeabilities measured in our study, leading to substantial overestimations. Mixed-wet fractures exhibited reduced relative permeabilities compared to oil-wet fractures, which in turn demonstrated lower relative permeabilities than water-wet counterparts. The observed trends stem from evolving fluid configuration and transport dynamics within the fractures as surface wettability transitions. Furthermore, an increase in fracture aperture corresponded with an increase in relative permeability. This was attributed to a broader flow area, diminished capillarity, attenuated impact of fracture wall roughness and tortuosity effects, and a reduction in bypassing and trapping events, all synergistically contributing to the mitigation of phase interference. Similarly, an increase in fracture aperture led to a marked decrease in post-waterflooding endpoint oil saturation and post-oil flooding endpoint brine saturation. Finally, we provided generalized correlation models based on experimental results from fractures with varying conductivities and wettability, yielding a more accurate representation of fracture relative permeabilities compared to traditional models. The data and correlation models produced in this study improve our understanding and prediction of multiphase flow in subsurface fractures and offer insights into rapid production decline in unconventional shale reservoirs.

Numerical study on the effective thermal conductivity and thermal tortuosity of porous media with different morphologies

Numerical study on the effective thermal conductivity and thermal tortuosity of porous media with different morphologies

Flow rate and kinetics of trace organic contaminants removal in black carbon-amended engineered media filters for improved stormwater runoff treatment

Urban stormwater runoff is considered a key component of future water supply portfolios for water-stressed cities. Beneficial use of runoff, such as capture for recharge of drinking water aquifers, relies on improved stormwater treatment. Many dissolved constituents, including metals and trace organic contaminants (TrOCs) such as hydrophilic pesticides and poly- and perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs), are of concern due to their toxicity, persistence, prevalence in stormwater runoff, and poor removal in conventional stormwater control measures. This study explores the operational flow rate limitations of black carbon (BC)-amended engineered media filters for removal of a wide suite of dissolved metals and TrOCs and provides validation for a previously developed predictive TrOC transport model. Column experiments were conducted with face velocities of 40 and 60 cm h−1 to assess Douglas Fir-based biochar and regenerated activated carbon (RAC) filter performance in light of media-contaminant removal kinetic limitations. This study found that increasing the face velocity in BC-amended filters to 40 and 60 cm h−1, which are representative of field conditions, decreased the removal of total suspended solids, turbidity, dissolved hydrophilic TrOCs, and PFASs when expressed as volume treated relative to previous studies conducted at 20 cm h−1. Dissolved metals and hydrophobic TrOCs removal were not substantially affected by the increased flow rates. A predictive 1-d intraparticle pore diffusion-limited sorption model with sorption and effective tortuosity parameters determined previously from experiments conducted at 20 cm h−1 was validated for these higher flow rates. This work provides insights to the kinetic limitations of contaminant removal within biochar and RAC filters and implications for stormwater filter design and operation.

Global intracranial arterial tortuosity is associated with intracranial atherosclerotic burden

The effect of arterial tortuosity on intracranial atherosclerosis (ICAS) is not well understood. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of global intracranial arterial tortuosity on intracranial atherosclerotic burden in patients with ischemic stroke. We included patients with acute ischemic stroke who underwent magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) and classified them into three groups according to the ICAS burden. Global tortuosity index (GTI) was defined as the standardized mean curvature of the entire intracranial arteries, measured by in-house vessel analysis software. Of the 516 patients included, 274 patients had no ICAS, 140 patients had a low ICAS burden, and 102 patients had a high ICAS burden. GTI increased with higher ICAS burden. After adjustment for age, sex, vascular risk factors, and standardized mean arterial area, GTI was independently associated with ICAS burden (adjusted odds ratio [adjusted OR] 1.33; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.09–1.62). The degree of association increased when the arterial tortuosity was analyzed limited to the basal arteries (adjusted OR 1.48; 95% CI 1.22–1.81). We demonstrated that GTI is associated with ICAS burden in patients with ischemic stroke, suggesting a role for global arterial tortuosity in ICAS.

SEM Image Processing Assisted by Deep Learning to Quantify Mesoporous γ-Alumina Spatial Heterogeneity and Its Predicted Impact on Mass Transfer.

The pore network architecture of porous heterogeneous catalyst supports has a significant effect on the kinetics of mass transfer occurring within them. Therefore, characterizing and understanding structure-transport relationships is essential to guide new designs of heterogeneous catalysts with higher activity and selectivity and superior resistance to deactivation. This study combines classical characterization via N2 adsorption and desorption and mercury porosimetry with advanced scanning electron microscopy (SEM) imaging and processing approaches to quantify the spatial heterogeneity of γ-alumina (γ-Al2O3), a catalyst support of great industrial relevance. Based on this, a model is proposed for the spatial organization of γ-Al2O3, containing alumina inclusions of different porosities with respect to the alumina matrix. Using original, advanced SEM image analysis techniques, including deep learning semantic segmentation and porosity measurement under gray-level calibration, the inclusion volume fraction and interphase porosity difference were identified and quantified as the key parameters that served as input for effective tortuosity factor predictions using effective medium theory (EMT)-based models. For the studied aluminas, spatial porosity heterogeneity impact on the effective tortuosity factor was found to be negligible, yet it was proven to become significant for an inclusion content of at least 30% and an interphase porosity difference of over 20%. The proposed methodology based on machine-learning-supported image analysis, in conjunction with other analytical techniques, is a general platform that should have a broader impact on porous materials characterization.

Sound absorption model of thin woven fabric with tortuosity effects by equivalent circuit method

The fabric has been widely used as a noise-reduction material. This paper presents a revised equivalent circuit model to simulate the acoustical behavior of woven fabric with backing an air gap, with a special focus on including a tortuosity parameter. The simulated sound absorption of three fabrics with and without the tortuosity parameter was experimentally validated. The equivalent circuit model including the tortuosity parameter predicts the absorption curve better, particularly at the local minima in comparison to the existing models without the tortuosity effects. It is beneficial to the structural design of woven fabric with enhanced sound absorption.

3D porosity, flow, and transport characteristics of two L chondrites reveal wet accretion-related cosmic web-like porosity

Porosity, with its structure-dependent flow properties (permeability and tortuosity) and transport properties (thermal conductivity and thermal diffusivity), is closely related to the accretion, thermal metamorphism, and associated hydrothermal alteration of ordinary chondrite (OC) parent bodies. Using synchrotron radiation microtomography (SRμCT), we reveal the varying porosity structures in two L chondrite falls of low (Mezö-Madaras L3.7) and high (Bath Furnace L6) petrologic types and quantify porosity properties, such as shape and connectivity, and related effective permeability and tortuosity factor. Although the two specimens demonstrate similar effective permeabilities, they exhibit significantly different tortuosity factors and textures of porosity, which include notable differences in void throat diameters, complexity and density of the interconnected void network, heterogeneity in void distribution, and the extent of primary and secondary porosity. The complex relationships among porosity, permeability, tortuosity, and thermal conductivity can be explained by the varying void arrangements related to varying grain sizes among the petrologic types of OCs, which in turn reflect their varying evolutionary paths.Electron microprobe and attached energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometer reveal signs of hydrothermal alteration in both petrologic types. High-energy SRμCT imaging (0.65 μm voxel size) reveals the presence of a new microporosity substructure resembling a microscopic cosmic web, which may be linked to fluid-assisted metamorphism and hydrothermal alteration during wet accretion of the parent body. Furthermore, the proportion of this continuous porosity may be related to the temperatures associated with different petrologic types, and the wet accretion model may resolve the lack of correlation between petrologic types and porosity of OCs. Finally, the uncovered cosmic web-like microporosity structure may explain the observed concurrent high thermal conductivity, low permeability, and high porosity of the high-petrologic-type OCs.

Non-Integer Dimensional Analysis of Ultrasonic Wave Propagation in Fractal Porous Media

This paper explores the acoustics of porous media characterized by fractal, or self-similar, structures. Employing a fractal approach, we use differential operators in non-integer dimensional spaces to address the fundamental equations of acoustics in such media. The primary aim is to examine the transmission of ultrasonic waves within a fractal porous medium. Our findings reveal that the fractal dimension significantly influences wave transmission. In fractal porous materials, waves travel along more complex and intricate paths, resulting in increased tortuosity and attenuation. We introduce the concept of an effective path length leff , which is dependent on the fractal dimension Dx , to describe the actual trajectory of wave propagation. Additionally, we define an effective tortuosity αDx , directly proportional to leff2 , to quantify the additional tortuosity brought about by the fractal structure. The insights gained from this study are crucial, as they enhance our understanding of wave behavior in self-similar porous media, which are prevalent in various natural settings and have multiple practical applications, including sound insulation and the design of acoustic materials. Furthermore, understanding the impact of fractal dimensions on wave behavior is vital for developing more efficient acoustic solutions. This research also sets the stage for further theoretical and experimental work on applying fractal geometry to analyze wave propagation in porous structures.

Hydraulic tortuosity of porous media: comparison of different modeling methods

Abstract Hydraulic tortuosity is a crucial parameter affecting the movement of fluid in porous media. Currently, researchers have used different methods to construct porous media models and studied the variation of hydraulic tortuosity with porosity. In this paper, we use Monte Carlo random particle, quartet structure generation set (QSGS), and CT-scan reconstruction to construct porous media models with different porosity. The finite element method is used to simulate the fluid passing through the models. The effectiveness of the QSGS algorithm in constructing porous media is verified. The hydraulic tortuosity of the three types of model is computed using the streamline length ratio method, and its variation law with porosity is explored. The results show that the change law of the three models is consistent. The law of power function change is satisfied between the two for all models, which means the increase in porosity causes a decrease in tortuosity. Different models are constructed to explore the effect of tortuosity on permeability. An increase in tortuosity results in a smaller permeability when other conditions are equal. This paper aims to provide effective methods for constructing porous media models and a reference for studying hydraulic tortuosity.

Hemodynamic Effects of Tortuosity and Stenosis in Superficial Temporal Artery-Middle Cerebral Artery Bypass for Moyamoya Disease

BackgroundSuperficial temporal artery (STA)-middle cerebral artery (MCA) bypass surgery has been widely adopted in treating moyamoya disease (MMD). Geometric variations including high tortuosity and stenosis appear in many cases but the hemodynamic effects have not been comprehensively evaluated. AimWe aim to evaluate the hemodynamic effects of bypass geometry variations based on patient-specific data. Methods17 patients with MMD underwent STA-MCA bypass surgery with highly tortuous bypass geometry were included. For each patient, the original 3-dimensional structure of STA-MCA bypass was reconstruct from clinical imaging data. The bypass structure was virtually improved by removing the tortuosity and stenosis. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation was performed on both bypass structures under identical patient-specific condition. The simulated hemodynamic parameters of the bypass and its distal branches were compared between the original and virtually improved bypass geometries in all cases using paired t-test or Wilcoxon signed-rank test. The changes of hemodynamic parameters were compared between the cases with and without mild-to-moderate stenosis (44.0%-70.3% in diameter) in the bypass using t-test or Mann-Whitney U test. ResultsThe virtual improvement of bypass geometry significantly increased the flow rate of the bypass and its distal branches (p<0.05) and decreased the transcranial flow resistance (p<0.05). The hemodynamic changes in cases with stenosis removal were significantly higher than those without stenosis (p<0.05). ConclusionHigh tortuosity and stenosis can significantly change the hemodynamics of STA-MCA bypass, and the optimization of bypass geometry deserves further consideration.

Effects of preoperative aortic tortuosity and postoperative hypertension on patient-specific hemodynamics of abdominal aortic aneurysm

Abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) is a serious dilated vascular disease. The risk factors of aneurysm rupture and postoperative blood pressure are the major clinical concerns. The purpose of this work is to analyze the hemodynamic difference between preoperative and postoperative AAA using patient-specific boundary conditions and explore the rupture risk of AAA with different torsion and to simulate the blood flow of different degrees of hypertension. A three-element Windkessel model is utilized as the outlet boundary condition. 20-sim software and self-developed user-defined functions are used to calibrate the parameters. To analyze the influence of aortic tortuosity on hemodynamics, five AAA geometries with different torsion degrees are modified and obtained. We also grade the hypertension and explore the effect of hypertension after operation. The analysis results are consistent with the patient-specific situation. The results show that stent implantation for aneurysms reduces the pressure at the lesion site and increase the speed and wall shear stress. Vessels with high torsion have lower time-averaged wall shear stress (TAWSS), higher oscillatory shear stress index (OSI) and relative retention time, and more disordered blood flow. After stent implantation, with the increase in blood pressure, TAWSS and OSI continue to increase, and the blood flow speed is also faster. AAA with high torsion is more likely to rupture. In clinical practice, attention should be paid to the degree of torsion of the lesion site. Furthermore, blood pressure should be monitored and controlled in time to prevent postoperative complications.

Mesoscopic characteristics and spatiotemporal variability of chloride transport in concrete

Chloride-induced corrosion is the leading cause of structural performance deterioration and life decay in marine environments. This paper delves into the mesoscopic characteristics and spatiotemporal variability of chloride transport in concrete. We conducted extensive mesoscopic simulations to reveal the effects of ITZ and aggregate volume fraction, morphology, size, and particle quantity on chloride transport. We identified the probability characteristics of chloride concentration and diffusion coefficient based on statistical analysis of the mesoscopic simulation results. We proposed a novel probabilistic framework and predictive model for chloride diffusion coefficients incorporating aggregate parameters like volume fraction and particle size. The findings of this study demonstrate that the chloride transport shows noteworthy spatiotemporal variability; the aggregate size effect, aggregate particle quantity effect, and the local effect of large aggregates are all significant characteristics of the chloride transport in addition to the pre-discovered dilution effect, tortuosity effect, and ITZ effect. The chloride diffusion coefficient approximately follows a log-normal distribution, whereas the chloride concentration roughly follows a normal or log-normal distribution. The findings in this work are instrumental in predicting the probabilistic chloride transport and service life of reinforced concrete structures.

Mesoscopic Model of Extrusion during Solvent‐Free Lithium‐ion Battery Electrode Manufacturing**

AbstractSolvent‐free (SF) manufacturing of lithium‐ion battery (LIB) electrodes is safer and more environmentally friendly than the traditional slurry casting approach. However, as a young technique, SF manufacturing is under development of its pathways and operation conditions. In different SF processes reported in literature, extrusion is a common step. A detailed model of this process would be extremely computationally demanding. This work proposes a novel simplified discrete element model at the mesoscopic scale for the extrusion during SF manufacturing of LIB electrodes. In addition to active material particles, we consider fluid‐like solid particles to approximate the molten polymer and the carbon additive phases. The formulation and other process parameters are taken from our experimental facility that uses extrusion to fabricate filaments for 3D printing of LIB cells. The extrusion is carried out in a conical twin screw extruder. Our approach allows to obtain representative electrode microstructures after extrusion, where electrical conductivity, ionic effective diffusivity, tortuosity factor and porosity are calculated. The model is a proof of concept that is employed to investigate the influence of the extruder speed and the cohesion level on the resulting electrode properties.

Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Anode Porosity and Tortuosity Effect on the Exergy Efficiency

Improving the efficiency of solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) is critical for advancing clean energy solutions on a global scale. One major challenge in enhancing SOFC efficiency is reducing anode diffusion polarization, which can significantly hinder performance. This study addresses this issue by investigating the effects of anode tortuosity and porosity on the exergy efficiency of SOFCs. The novelty of this research lies in its comprehensive numerical model, which uniquely incorporates detailed material properties and their impact on SOFC performance—specifically focusing on anode tortuosity and porosity. Using advanced Multiphysics software, we developed a model that solves mass, electron transfer, and energy equations discretized via the finite differences method. The study meticulously examines how variations in these parameters influence SOFC efficiency, providing new insights into optimal anode design. Our methodology involves simulating different anode configurations to pinpoint the key parameters that affect exergy efficiency, thereby minimizing the experimental costs and time associated with traditional approaches. The quantitative results of this study are significant. We found that an anode tortuosity of 5.5 and a porosity range of 0.05–0.1 optimize exergy efficiency, achieving a 15% improvement compared to conventional designs. Additionally, a mean pore radius between 15 and 20 µm was identified as optimal for enhancing cell voltage. These findings elucidate the critical relationship between anode material properties and SOFC performance, offering a practical pathway to improving efficiency. This research provides a novel numerical approach to understanding and optimizing anode characteristics in SOFCs. By highlighting the importance of specific material properties, such as tortuosity and porosity, and demonstrating their impact on exergy efficiency, this study offers valuable guidance for future SOFC design and development.

PORE-SCALE STUDIES OF THE EFFECTIVE GAS DIFFUSIVITY IN MICROSCALE POROUS MEDIA BY THE DIRECT SIMULATION MONTE CARLO (DSMC) METHOD

The diffusion of gases in microscale porous media plays a pivotal role in multiple engineering applications. Accurate prediction of gas diffusivity in these media is crucial for optimizing such processes. In this research, we utilized the direct Monte Carlo simulation (DSMC) to analyze gas diffusion in microscale porous media, reconstructed using the quartet structure generation set (QSGS) method. We examined the influence of gas pressure, porosity, tortuosity, and porous microstructure on the effective gas diffusivity in microscale porous media. The findings indicate that the dimensionless effective gas diffusivity is inversely related to gas pressure, given a consistent microstructure. The tortuosity, which depends on the microstructure, significantly influences the gas diffusivity. Specifically, as the tortuosity increases, the effective gas diffusivity decreases at the same porosity. In addition, the anisotropy has a substantial effect on the gas diffusivity in a certain direction; however, it has almost no influence on the effective gas diffusivity. Finally, concluding from extensive numerical data, we introduce a predictive model for effective gas diffusivity in microscale porous media. This model considers the effects of Knudsen (Kn) and tortuosity and is able to predict the gas diffusivity in isotropic and anisotropic porous accurately with porosity ranging from 65&amp;#37; to 95&amp;#37; and Kn ranging from 0.1 to 10.