Effects Of Tire Inflation Pressure Research Articles

An algorithm for estimating the ultimate speed of vehicles on wet roads

Real-time estimation of a vehicle’s ultimate hydroplaning speed is crucial for ensuring its safety and stability, especially in rainy weather conditions. This paper proposes an algorithm for estimating the ultimate hydroplaning speed of vehicles on wet and slippery road surfaces based on finite element analysis of tire. Using the ABAQUS simulation software, a finite element model of a 205/55 R16 radial tire is established. Subsequently, a fluid-structure coupling model between the tire, water layer, and road surface is developed. The finite element method is employed to simulate and analyze the effects of tire inflation pressure, water layer thickness, vertical load, and tread wear on the vehicle’s ultimate hydroplaning speed. Simulation results indicate that an increase in tire inflation pressure and vertical load leads to an increase in the ultimate hydroplaning speed, while tread wear and an increase in water layer thickness result in a decrease. Finally, based on the simulation analysis data, a BP neural network-based estimation algorithm for the vehicle’s ultimate hydroplaning speed is proposed by combining the relationship between tire inflation pressure, tire vertical load, tread wear, water layer thickness, and ultimate hydroplaning speed. The results show that the estimated ultimate hydroplaning velocity profile has a high degree of overlap with the actual ultimate hydroplaning velocity profile, with a maximum error of no more than 5 km/h and an average percentage error of 2.31416%.

The effect of tire inflation pressure and tillage systems on soil properties, growth and yield of maize and soybean in a silty clay loam soil

AbstractSoil compaction causes adverse effects on soil structure and the performance of crops. There is significant literature supporting the hypothesis that reducing tire inflation pressure can help to minimize compaction, but there is no data on the potential benefits of high flexion tires operating at reduced tire pressures in Midwestern United States agriculture. Hence, a field‐scale study was established in Illinois to determine the potential benefits of high flexion tires at low tire pressure (LTP) in comparison with those operated at standard tire inflation pressure (STP) on soil condition, crop growth and yield of maize and soybean for three tillage systems; deep tillage (450 mm), shallow tillage (100 mm) and no‐till. Two adjacent experiments were established in typical maize/soybean and soybean/maize rotations, respectively. The experiment used a 2 × 3 factorial design with five completely randomized blocks. The results showed that the use of LTP tires resulted in lower soil penetrometer resistance for three tillage systems in 2017 and 2018 in the maize field and 2018 in the soybean field. This improved plant establishment and the number of plants per hectare of maize in both 2016 (*p ≤ .05) and 2018 (**p ≤ .01) and plant establishment (***p ≤ .001) and the number of plants per hectare (***p ≤ .001) of soybean in 2018. The penetrometer resistance was higher in the no‐till plots compared to deep and shallow tillage plots in maize and was higher in the deep tillage plots compared to the shallow tillage in the soybean field. The use of LTP tires resulted in an increased grain yield of maize by 4.31% (15.02 Mg ha−1) and 2.70% (14.76 Mg ha−1) in 2017 (**p ≤ .01) and 2018 (*p ≤ .05), respectively, and soybean by 3.70% (4.25 Mg ha−1) in 2018 (*p ≤ .05). The depth of tillage had a significant effect on soybean and maize yields in 2017 (***p ≤ .001) and 2018 (***p ≤ .001), respectively, with higher yields of both soybean and maize in the deep and shallow tillage compared to no‐till plots. The study concludes that the use of the LTP systems can be a potential means of addressing soil compaction and maintaining soil porosity while increasing crop productivity in silty clay loam soils in Central Illinois.

An economic appraisal of the effect of tire inflation pressure for alternative tillage systems on a silty clay loam soil

AbstractCompacting soil has an adverse effect on soil properties, decreases crop productivity, and subsequently reduces farm income. Low tire inflation pressure (LTP) help in managing soil compaction and protecting the soil environment; however, there is scant economic data available on LTP in US Midwest farming systems. Hence, a 3‐year study investigated the effects of LTP, compared to tires inflated to the standard tire inflation pressure systems, on crop yield and farm economy for a typical maize/soybean rotation. The effect of the two tire inflation pressure systems was factorialized with three tillage systems: deep tillage (DT, 450 mm), shallow tillage (ST, 100 mm), and no‐till systems. The results showed that LTP systems increased maize (Zea mays) yield by 4.51% (2017) and 2.70% (2018) and soybean (Glycine max) by 3.70% in 2018. Annual earnings for both 200‐ and 800‐ha farms increased for all tillage systems with LTP tires based on a partial budget analysis. The payback periods for LTP tires were very short, ranging from 0.32 years for DT on an 800‐ha farm to 1.18 years for ST on a 200‐ha farm. The net present value of the higher returns with LTP tires was substantial, especially for the DT system. This study shows a strong economic benefit from investments in LTP tires on silty clay loam soils in the US Midwest.

Effect of Tire Inflation Pressure and Wheel Front Toe Angle on Fuel Consumption of a Light-Duty Vehicle

Effect of Tire Inflation Pressure and Wheel Front Toe Angle on Fuel Consumption of a Light-Duty Vehicle

Numerical Analysis of Standing Waves Phenomenon of Aircraft Tires.

In this paper, the generation mechanisms of standing waves on aircraft tires are discussed by comparing the time-domain model and FEA model. Unlike passenger car tires, aircraft tires accelerate to landing speed sharply when the airplane lands. According to the tire structure, the detailed finite element model of the aircraft tires is established in ABAQUS. The tire model runs on a 1.7 m spinning drum and accelerates to 300 km/h in 0.3 s. The proposed finite element model is verified by comparing the simulation results under inflation and static load with the experimental results. Similarly, by analyzing and comparing the calculated values of the time-domain model and FEA model, the variation of standing wave wavelength at different speeds is studied. In addition, the stress and strain field of the aircraft tires standing wave is analyzed. According to the definition of tire standing wave, a method for determining critical speed is proposed. Finally, the effects of tire inflation pressure and vertical load on the occurrence of standing waves were studied.

A practical quantification of longitudinal slippage of robot platform wheels traversing on solid balls based uneven terrain

This research is spearhead for longitudinal slippage of robot platform wheels traversing on solid balls based uneven terrain. For this purpose, effects of solid ball diameter (0.0127–0.0508 m) accompanying with tire inflation pressure (20.68–55.16 kPa) and platform forward speed (0.17–0.50 m/s) on the slippage were practically quantified. Robotic experiments were executed in controlled test bed prepared by solid ceramic balls. Tentative data collected from the experiments indicate that the wheels experienced low (<30%), moderate (30–60%) and high slippage (>60%) under effects of independent variables. Results demonstrated that the increasing effect of the dominant variable of solid ball diameter on the slippage was 3.6 and 2.6 times greater than that of platform forward speed and tire inflation pressure, respectively. Meanwhile, the increasing linear effect of tire inflation pressure on the slippage was prevailed (1.4 times) than the decreasing linear effect of platform forward speed. Hence, to minimize the slippage as well as power loss of the platform traversing on each solid ball diameter, adjustment of tire inflation pressure should be enumerated as first priority. Overall, analytical results obtained in this research lead to open a new prospection for comprehending the slippage trends of off-road wheeled robots traversing on an uneven terrain composed of solid balls. Practicability of this type of the robots is remark in various industrial robotic operations, especially for process towers and reactors of oil, gas, petrochemical, and chemical industries. Hence, quantitative and qualitative information of this research are a rich source for relevant industrial investigators and experts who involved in this realm.

Effect of Cover Crop, Slurry Application with Different Loads and Tire Inflation Pressures on Tire Track Depth, Soil Penetration Resistance and Maize Yield

Agricultural soils can be affected in their ecological functions by in-field traffic of agricultural machinery. A three-factorial research design was carried out in a field experiment to test the effect of slurry tanker filling level (filled, half-filled, empty), tire inflation pressure of the slurry tanker (high: 300 kPa, low: 100 kPa), and ground covering (+cover crop, −cover crop) on tire track and soil penetration resistance (averaged, 0–20 cm, 21–40 cm) after application on the fields in spring. Additionally, the effect on grain yield of the subsequent culture was considered. The total weight of the tractor slurry tanker combination was 16,470 kg (empty), 25,940 kg (half-filled), and 34,620 kg (filled). The low tire inflation pressure of the slurry tanker increased the mean tire–soil contact area by 75% (filled), 38% (half-filled), and 16% (empty tanker). The results obtained show a significant effect of tire inflation pressure and ground covering on the measured parameters. The tire inflation pressure reduction effect on track depth was highest in the filled slurry tanker (−17.8%). With increasing wheel load, the effect of reduced tire inflation pressure on soil penetration resistance (0–20 cm) increased. In the subsoil (21–40 cm), the effect of tire inflation pressure was much lower, indicating that a reduction of tire inflation pressure preserves the upper layers rather than the lower ones. Furthermore, cover crops are linked to a higher degree of soil deformation after traffic with the tractor–slurry combination due to their loosening effect on the topsoil. Tire tracks were 15.0% deeper in the cover crop field than in the field without a cover crop. It is assumed that cover crop mixtures with different types of root mass can influence the mitigation of soil compaction in an ameliorative way.

Automatic adjustment of tire inflation pressure through an intelligent CTIS: Effects on the vehicle lateral dynamic behavior

The paper investigates the effect of tire inflation pressure on the lateral dynamics of a passenger car, and presents a possible control-oriented methodology aimed at adapting tire pressure to the current vehicle loading condition targeting a reference characteristic. Starting from the tire characteristics at several inflation pressure levels, the paper investigates the effect of changing selectively tire pressure on each of the two axles, through theoretical calculation of the curvature gain based on the computation of the derivatives of stability, and compares the obtained sensitivity to the results of a multibody simulation model validated through on-track tests. Finally, the work presents a possible algorithm that could be implemented on-board vehicle ECU to provide, for the current loading condition of the vehicle, a tire pressure combination that targets a specific lateral dynamics characteristic. The algorithm is intended as part of the control logic of an intelligent Central Tire Inflation System (CTIS) able to adjust automatically tire pressure according to the actual vehicle working conditions.

The Experimental Investigation and Nonlinear Regression Analysis of the Effect of Tire Inflation Pressure on Pitch Force

In this study, the effect of tire inflation pressure on the vehicle during braking was investigated experimentally. The experimental study was carried out in the Brake-Suspension Test Device designed as a half-vehicle model, which enables vehicle brake tests to be performed in the laboratory. During the tests, a total of nine different tire inflation pressures from 26 psi to 40 psi standard value were taken into consideration. As a result of the experiments carried out separately for each tire inflation pressure, a curve characterizing the effect of different pressure values on the pitching force was obtained. Based on the experimental results, dif-ferent mathematical models suitable for the curve obtained are derived by non-linear curve fitting. For the nonlinear curve fitting process, a hybrid iterative re-gression algorithm obtained by combining classical curve fitting algorithm with Newton-Raphson iteration method was used. It was observed that the correlation coefficients (R2) of the mathematical models obtained provided sufficient sensi-tivity to express the problem under consideration.

Analysis and Prediction of Tire Cornering Properties for Different Inflation Pressures Based on Deflection Control

ABSTRACT The variation of inflation pressure has an important effect on the mechanical characteristics of tires that can affect vehicle performance, so the influence of inflation pressure should be taken into account in high-precision tire models. Much research has focused on tire mechanical characteristics under different inflation pressures and modeling methods, such as the Improved Magic Formula/Swift Tire model developed by Schmeitz et al. that takes inflation pressure into account. Based on a large number of tire testing data under different inflation pressures, an empirical model can be obtained, but numerous tire tests are expensive and cannot reveal the mechanism. In previous studies, most tire tests were based on load control, wherein the load is constant while the footprint, carcass, and belt stiffness can change with the variation of inflation pressure, making the cornering characteristics much more complicated. Herein, a method of deflection control is used and the contact patch is well maintained. The effect of tire inflation pressure is simplified to be the change of structure stiffness and averaged contact pressure. The effect of inflation pressure on cornering properties under deflection control is systematically observed under different tire deflection values. In addition, a prediction model extended from the Magic Formula model is proposed. The model of Schmeitz et al. [1,2] needs test data from at least three inflation pressures; the model proposed herein requires tests at only two inflation pressures. The validation shows that this prediction method has good accuracy, almost the same as that of the model of Schmeitz et al. The error index of the lateral force is at most 2%, and the error index of the self-aligning torque is 4% at the maximum.

Numerical investigation of the effect of tyre inflation pressure on fuel consumption in automobiles

The recent Deregulation of the downstream oil sector in Nigeria has seen a 66.7% increase in petrol cost, this has consequently led to an increase in the overall cost of operating vehicles especially those for commercial purposes. Vehicles tyre pressures have been identified as a key factor in reducing fuel consumption thereby leading to improved operating cost, thus this work aims at studying how the tyre inflation pressure affects the fuel consumption of vehicles and to proffer optimum inflation pressures that will improve the fuel efficiency of the said vehicles.A sample survey of vehicles at a University campus in Nigeria was carried out to ascertain the level of tyre pressures deviation from the recommended values. The survey was then extended to a major commercial transport operator. Based on the results obtained from the survey a three-dimensional Static simulation was carried out using the SolidWorks software to determine the optimal inflation pressure, after which a mathematical model was developed using statistical method (Linear Regression method) with MATLAB to relate the inflation pressure and the fuel consumption.From the survey conducted in the University, only 2 out of the 100 vehicles studied, representing two (2%) conformed to the manufacturer‘s recommended pressure. The remaining ninety-eight (98) vehicles, representing ninety-eight (98%), deviated from the recommended value. A mathematical model with the modeling equation (F(p) = 0.02073p2 – 2.849p + 112) with a RMSE (Root Mean Square Error) of 0.1166 was obtained, this model is used to predict the amount of fuel consumed and relates the value to the tyre inflation pressure. Validation of the model was obtained using the cross-validation technique and by comparism with other published literature. Results from the static simulation and design studies shows that the recommended tyre pressure is optimal pressure which improves fuel efficiency.Keywords: Tyre inflation pressure, static simulation, fuel consumption, road surface, solid works

Development of a Single Wheel Test Rig for Measuring Motion Resistance

Research on soil-wheel interaction is essential in studies of motion resistance of narrow wheels of agricultural machines. The aim of this research was to study the effects of soil moisture content and tyre inflation pressure on motion resistance of narrow wheels using a locally developed single wheel test rig. A single wheel Test Rig facility was developed at Federal University of Technology, Akure. It consists of a soil bin, carriage, single narrow wheel tester, trolley and drive system. An existing indoor soil bin facility was equipped with a soil bin which dimension was 9.76 m length x 1.98 m width x 0.92 m high. The single-wheel test facility was utilized to investigate the effect of tyre inflation pressure and vertical load on motion resistance of wheel. Two narrow wheels of 90/10-10 in width, IRC MB90 tyre were used as the test wheels on clay soil and were separately installed on a carriage that traversed the length of soil bin. Two inflation pressures of 274 kPa and 380 kPa and four levels of vertical load applied on wheel (i.e. 15, 20, 30, and 40 kg) were examined at two different soil moisture conditions (bulk density of 1.58 g/cm3 and 1.55 g/cm3, soil moisture content of 8% and 10% dry basis and soil penetration resistance of 1.02 MPa and 1.5 MPa). Exponential regression was obtained for the two wheels to check for linearity at different moisture content, R2 value for test wheel 1 with inflation pressure of 270 kPa at 8% moisture content was 0.9974 while that of inflation pressure of 380 kPa at 10% moisture content was 0.9952; also for test wheel two (2) R2 value was 0.9977 and 0.9914 at moisture content of 8% and 10% respectively, this shows for test wheel 1 with inflation pressure of 270 kPa at 8% moisture content showed more motion resistance compared to motion resistance of test wheel 1 at inflation pressure of 380 kPa and 10% moisture content, while for test wheel 2 with inflation pressure of 270 kPa showed low motion resistance at 8% motion content. The effect of different inflation pressures and vertical loads on the motion resistance of the narrow wheels has been investigated under different moisture content (8% and 10%). The contact area for all tests was in the range of 309-330 cm2, average contact pressure increased nearly linearly with increase in vertical load and increase in inflation pressure The research provides data that are relevant in the study of soil-wheel interaction.

Influence of tire inflation pressure on the estimation of rating cone index using wheel sinkage

This study determines the effect of tire inflation pressure on the real-time estimation of the rating cone index (RCI) of a soil using wheel sinkage. It is postulated that wheel sinkage, slip, and tire deflection change with tire inflation pressure. The effect of tire inflation pressure on soil strength estimation is verified by using the equation for RCI estimation. Experiments are conducted to measure wheel sinkage, slip, and tire deflection at different tire inflation pressures. The results show an increase in wheel sinkage and slip and a decrease in tire deflection with a change in tire inflation pressure. A statistical analysis of the experimental results is conducted to assess the influence of tire inflation pressure on RCI estimation. The test results show that the calculated the RCI changes with variations in tire inflation pressure. These results help determine the range of tire inflation pressure that indirectly estimates RCI. In addition, a modified equation is proposed to estimate the RCI irrespective of the tire inflation pressure, and its accuracy is verified through calculations. When estimating the RCI through a new equation, constant soil strength can be estimated regardless of the tire inflation pressure. The average error rate of the estimated RCI in each tire inflation pressure was 1.59%.

Analyses of energy dissipation of run-off-road wheeled vehicles utilizing controlled soil bin facility environment

Management of nonrenewable energy sources is a worldwide concern particularly some of which refer to the consumption of fossil fuels. There is a great deal of energy loss in terramechanics at soil-wheel interface while the role of rolling resistance as a pronounced factor, was aimed to be assessed in this study under the effect of tire inflation pressure, forward velocity and wheel load in controlled condition of a well-equipped soil bin facility utilizing a single wheel-tester for provision of accuracy. Inflation pressure, velocity and wheel load varied at three, three and five different levels, respectively, forming forty-five treatments each of which with three replicates. The experimental results were analyzed using ANOVA (analysis of variance) and development of multiple regression analysis based model using the stepwise selection technique. Our results showed that increase of velocity led into increment of energy loss where increase of wheel load had paramount effect on the increase of the target parameter. The obtained results indicated that a decrease of inflation pressure from 350 kPa to 250 kPa decreased energy loss, however, further decreasing from 250 to 150 to an underinflated pressure, resulted in significant increment of energy loss.

Effects of tyre inflation pressure and forward speed on vibration of an unsuspended tractor

Relationships among intensity of vibrations, tractor speed, soil moisture content and tyre inflation pressure are important for the design of tractor suspension systems. This study was designed to evaluate the effect of tyre inflation pressure and forward speed on tractor vibration in the paddy fields of Southern China by using a two-wheel-drive unsuspended tractor with different combinations of forward speed, tyre inflation pressure and soil moisture content. During experiments, the vertical vibration accelerations in front and rear axles and triaxial vibration accelerations of the tractor body were measured using three accelerometers. Fourier analysis was applied to determine root mean square acceleration values in the low frequency range from 0.1 to 10Hz. The results of the study indicate that tractor vibration is strongly affected by changing forward speed and tyre inflation pressure, and especially by changing forward speed and rear tyre inflation pressure. The research also shows the variation in the pattern of vibration intensity especially at the tractor’s front axle when field soil moisture content is changed.

Evaluation of Fuel Consumption in Road Freight Transport

Abstract This paper deals with the importance of fuel economy in road freight transport. It provides the calculation of financial savings for fuel savings of 0.5 l per 100 km. In the subsequent part, some factors that influence the fuel consumption are specified, e.g. aerodynamic resistance, rolling resistance, and tyre inflation pressure. The effect of tyre inflation pressure on fuel economy has been tested on four selected towing vehicles. Based on the results obtained, it can be stated that tyre pressure has a great impact on fuel consumption. A one-bar pressure reduction of tyres can increase the fuel consumption by 0.5 l per 100 km.

The influence of tyre contact patch and on the stopping distance of automotive vehicles

This contribution presents the experimental tests results about the influence of the tyre contact patch on the stopping distance of automotive vehicles. The objective of the performed tests is the evaluation of the effect of tyre inflation pressure, hence the resulting tyre contact patch on the braking system and the brake distance. The conditions of the experiment are a dry and level road surface without steering inputs. To record scientific results, a brake robot system is used. The benefit of a robotic system is the elimination of the interfering variable driver, who is not able to apply the brake system at the same time with the same force. State-of-the-art data acquisition tools are used to log the data.

Effects of tire inflation pressure and field traffic on compaction of a sandy clay soil as measured by cone index and permeability.

Chehaibi, S., M. Khelifi, A. Boujelban, K. Abrougui. 2012. Effects of tire inflation pressure and field traffic on compaction of a sandy clay soil as measured by cone index and permeability. Canadian Biosystems Engineering/Le genie des biosystemes au Canada 54: 2.92.15. Many external factors have an effect on soil compaction, including the contact pressure generated at the soil-tire interface and the inflation pressure of tires. The main objective of this study was to investigate the effects of number of wheeled tractor passes and tire inflation pressures on the compaction and permeability of a sandy clay soil. Tests of soil compaction were conducted at the Higher Institute of Agronomy of Chott-Mariem, Sousse, Tunisia. Soil cone indices and permeability were measured under different number of tractor passes (one, two, and three) and tire inflation pressure (50 kPa, 100 kPa, and 150 kPa). A tractor of 59 kW with a total mass of 2,910 kg (1,715 kg on the rear axle) was used for the tests. Results showed that repeated passes increased soil compaction essentially in the upper horizons. This compaction, as measured by cone index, was positively correlated with tire inflation pressure. Indeed, the compaction was less pronounced under low tire inflation pressure. However, soil cone index remains closely related to soil moisture content. Multiple tractor passes also significantly reduce the soil permeability (P < 0.05). Similarly, our results showed that the permeability was significantly affected by tire inflation pressure and considerably decrease when increasing the selected pressure (50, 100, and 150 kPa). However, the correct tire inflation pressure indicated by the manufacturer varies from 84 to 140 kPa.

The Effect of Tire Inflation Pressure on Fuel Consumption of an Agricultural Tractor Operating on Paved Roads

Low-correct tire inflation pressure has been recommended for use in agricultural fields to improve the tractive performance and fuel economy of a tractor. However, on paved roads, higher inflation pressure appears to result in better performance. To determine the effect of inflation pressure on fuel consumption during transport operations, extensive tests were conducted using a John Deere 7810 MFWD tractor equipped with Infinitely Variable Transmission (IVT), single front 600/65R28 tires, and single rear 710/70R38 tires and operating at 40 km h-1 (25 mph) on pavement. Three different inflation pressures (62, 110, and 158 kPa, or 9, 16, and 23 psi) and four different levels of trailer mass were used during these tests. The experimental plan included three replications. During each test, drawbar load, wheel angular velocity, forward speed, total fuel consumption, and CAN bus-reported fuel consumption rate were obtained using sensors and data acquisition systems. Results clearly indicated that fuel consumption rate decreased linearly as inflation pressure increased at all load levels used in this study. On average, fuel economy in terms of distance traveled per unit fuel consumed increased by 7.3% and 11.4% at 110 kPa (16 psi) and 158 kPa (23 psi) inflation pressures, respectively, when compared to a low inflation pressure of 62 kPa (9 psi).

Effects of tire inflation pressure and tractor velocity on dynamic wheel load and rear axle vibrations

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of agricultural tire characteristics on variations of wheel load and vibrations transmitted from the ground to the tractor rear axle. The experiments were conducted on an asphalt road and a sandy loam field using a two-wheel-drive self-propelled farm tractor at different combinations of tractor forward speeds of approximately 0.6, 1.6 and 2.6 m/s, and tire inflation pressures of 330 and 80 kPa. During experiments, the vertical wheel load of the left and right rear wheels, and the roll, bounce and pitch accelerations of the rear axle center were measured using strain-gage-based transducers and a triaxial accelerometer. The wavelet and Fourier analyses were applied to measured data in order to investigate the effects of self-excitations due to non-uniformity and lugs of tires on the wheel-load fluctuation and rear axle vibrations. Values for the root-mean-square (RMS) wheel loads and accelerations were not strictly proportional and inversely proportional to the forward speed and tire pressure respectively. The time histories and frequency compositions of synthesized data have shown that tire non-uniformity and tire lugs significantly excited the wheel load and accelerations at their natural frequencies and harmonics. These effects were strongly affected by the forward speed, tire pressure and ground deformation.