Effects Of Terrorist Attacks Research Articles

The Effects of Terrorist Attacks on Supplier–Customer Relationships

We examine the causal effects of nearby terrorist attacks on supplier–customer relationships. We find that for supplier firms located near terrorist attacks, the probability of relationship termination with their major customers increases by 2.9 percentage points within two years following the attacks. The major customers’ intensified perceptions of supply chain risk largely drive the relationship termination. Further analyses show that major customers tend to switch to suppliers with lower terrorism risks after they end their relationships with the suppliers near attacks. This study provides new insights into the consequences of terrorism by extending the focus to the response of a key stakeholder group (i.e., trade partners) instead of the attack-afflicted firms per se.

Emotions and inventor productivity: Evidence from terrorist attacks

AbstractWe examine whether the emotional shocks associated with terrorist attacks affect local inventors' productivity. We find that high‐fatality attacks make inventors less innovative, and low‐fatality attacks make them more innovative. Inventors living in high risk‐taking environments have greater increase in productivity following low‐fatality attacks, while less decrease in productivity following high‐fatality attacks. Further, the effect of terrorist attacks on inventor productivity comes mainly from exploratory innovation which involves more risks. Inventors affected by high‐fatality attacks are also more likely to move to places without any significant terrorist attack history, but there is no such effect for low‐fatality attacks.

Do jihadist terrorist attacks cause changes in institutional trust? A multi‐site natural experiment

AbstractResults from previous research suggest that terrorist attacks lead to relatively short‐term increases in trust in institutions. The explanation for this increase is known as the ‘rally effect’, whereby individuals respond to crises and threats with more positive support for political leaders and institutions. Even though the number of related natural experiments with survey data is increasing, these studies merely represent case studies of single incidents with limited external validity. To advance quasi‐experimental research on the effects of terrorist attacks on institutional trust, we propose a new methodological approach by assessing all jihadist terrorist attacks resulting in at least one civilian death in a European country that take place during the fieldwork of the European Social Survey and combining the results of eight unique natural experiments in five different countries using meta‐analytic and meta‐regression techniques. The results of this ‘multi‐site natural experiment’ indicate that support for the rally‐hypothesis is mixed at best. While some attacks appear to significantly increase at least some measures of institutional trust (e.g., The Netherlands 2004, France 2015, Israel 2012), others seem to have no effect at all (e.g., Germany 2015, France 2018), or even substantially decrease trust in domestic political institutions (Russia 2012). Summary effects from multilevel meta‐analyses are non‐significant for any institutional trust outcome. These results are robust to a large number of robustness tests and alternative specifications. In comparison with previous research, it appears that a lot of the European evidence for the rally‐hypothesis was based on ‘outlier’ case studies like the Charlie Hebdo attack in France, 2015. Accordingly, our results cast doubt on the unrestricted generalisability of rally effects after terrorist attacks to different geographic, political, social or historical contexts.

Effect Of Terrorist Attacks On Turkish Financial Markets: A Research On The Period Of June 7th – November 1st, 2015

Bu çalışmanın temel amacı, finansal piyasalar ve terörizm ilişkisini belirli bir periyotta gerçekleşen terör olayları kapsamında değerlendirerek Dolar, Avro ve altın endeksi üzerindeki etkilerini ortaya koymaktır. Yürütülen bu çalışmada 7 Haziran – 1 Kasım 2015 tarihleri arasında Türkiye’de gerçekleşen üç terör olayının finansal piyasalar üzerindeki etkisi incelenmiştir. Terör olaylarının finansal piyasalar üzerindekileri etkilerini ölçmek ve değerlendirmek amacıyla tanıtıcı araştırma tekniği kullanılmıştır. Çalışma neticesinde incelenen üç gösterge içerisinde terör eylemlerine yönelik en sert ve hızlı tepkinin Amerikan Doları tarafından verildiği; Avro’nun ise Amerikan Dolarına kıyasla görece daha stabil bir artış trendinde olduğu görülmüştür. Altın fiyatları incelendiğinde ise terör eylemlerinin gerçekleştiği tarihi takiben günlük tepki ve değişiklikler olduğu ancak sonrasında piyasanın stabilize olduğu görülmüştür. Bu çerçevede, Türkiye’de 1990’lardan itibaren süregelen muharip güçlere veya sivillere yönelik gerçekleştirilen terör saldırılarının döviz kuru volatilitesi kapsamında tek başına büyük bit etki arz etmese de özellikle sivillere yönelik olarak gerçekleştirilen terör olaylarının yoğunlaştığı dönemlerde Türk lirasının dövize karşı değer kaybettiğini söylemek mümkündür. Ancak Türkiye gibi gelişmekte olan ekonomiler arasında yer alan bir ülke olarak kırılgan piyasa yapısının da göz ardı edilmemesi gereken bir faktör olduğu açıktır.

The effects of terrorist attacks on inventor productivity and mobility

We investigate the impact of deadly terrorist attacks on inventor productivity and mobility in the U.S. During the five-year window after such events, nearby firms generate fewer and less impactful inventions. Moreover, their inventors typically exhibit a post-attack decline in their patent production, unless they move to a distant company (which some tend to do after an attack). Firms' financial constraints and inventor talent appear to provide channels underlying our productivity and mobility findings, respectively. These results provide novel insights about the impact of shocks that distort the invention process and promote the mobility and reallocation of inventors among firms.

Secondary debris resulting from concrete slabs subjected to contact detonations

As a consequence of terrorist attacks with explosives and malfunction of machinery detonations can lead to secondary debris on the protective side of a concrete wall. The term secondary debris in this context describes the debris resulting from a breakup of the loaded concrete structure in contrast to primary debris which results from the explosive or its casing. A test series has been conducted in order to investigate the physical phenomenology of the damaging process. A total of 15 reinforced concrete slabs with scaled thicknesses between 1.6 and 2.8 cm g−1/3 were loaded by contact detonations. The protective side of the concrete slabs was recorded with high-speed cameras during testing, and the damaged concrete slabs were measured with 3D-scans afterward. The acquired data will be evaluated for the velocity and mass of the secondary debris, to build the basis for an empirical model, which can make predictions about the occurring secondary debris. The objective of this paper is, to present the conducted experiments and propose the first part of an empirical model. This model predicts the geometry of the spalling crater on the protective side of the concrete slab, as well as the maximum velocity of the secondary debris. In following papers, the correlation between the mass and the velocity of the secondary debris will be derived from numerical simulations. With this, predictions can be made about the effects of the secondary debris on humans and installations on the protective side of the concrete slabs.

The effect of terrorist attacks on attitudes and its duration

AbstractIs terrorism effective as a tool of political influence? In particular, do terrorists succeed in affecting their targets’ attitudes, and how long does the effect last? Existing research unfortunately is either limited to small samples or does not address two main difficulties: issues of endogeneity and the inability to assess the duration of the effect. Here, we first exploit the exogeneity to the selection process of the success or failure of an attack as an identification mechanism. Second, we take advantage of the random allocation of survey respondents to interview times to estimate the duration of the impact of terrorist events on attitudes. Using survey data from 30 European democracies between 2002 and 2017, we find first that terrorism affects people's reported life satisfaction and happiness—a proxy for the cost of terrorism in terms of utility. However, we also find that terrorist attacks do not affect respondents’ attitude toward their government, institutions, or immigrants. This suggests that terrorism is ineffective at translating discontent into political pressure. Importantly, we also find that all effects disappear within less than two weeks.

Bombs and Babies: Exposure to Terrorism and Fertility Choices in Nigeria

AbstractThe aim of terrorism all over the world is to have fear rule over people’s lives. The consequences of terrorist attacks, however, are substantially different across contexts. In this paper we study the association between exposure to Boko Haram’s attacks and households’ fertility choices in Nigeria. We hypothesise that households exposed to terrorism increase their number of children as a way to insure against future unexpected shocks. We test this hypothesis using geolocalised panel data linked to information on terrorist attacks that occurred in the region. Consistent with our hypothesis, terrorism is found to increase fertility (proxied by the number of surviving children per household): a one standard deviation increase in the number of fatalities increases the probability that a household hit by terrorism has a newborn by $1\%$. This association is robust to the use of difference-in-differences and instrumental variables models—and therefore can be given a causal interpretation.

Do terrorist attacks matter to dividend policy?

AbstractResearch Question/IssueMotivated by the importance of dividend policy in corporate finance as well as the rising frequency and severity of terrorism in society, this study aims to investigate whether and how dividend policy is influenced by terrorist attacks.Research Findings/InsightsUsing a comprehensive sample of terrorist attacks occurring in the United States between 1994 and 2015, we find that relative to firms located in safety areas (nonimpact firms), firms headquartered in terrorism‐affected areas (impact firms) are more likely to pay dividends and pay higher amount of cash dividends. We further find that the effect of terrorist attacks on dividends is driven by agency costs of free cash flow.Theoretical/Academic ImplicationsWe contribute to the literature by shedding light on how terrorism affects firms' dividend preferences. We highlight that uncertainty caused by terrorism heightens the need for dividend payouts in the presence of free cash flow. Our paper also adds to the existing literature by showing that better corporate governance quality as defined by a more independent board featuring CEO–chairman separation and greater presence of independent directors coupled with larger institutional ownership has a crucial role in mitigating the impact of terrorism on corporate payout policy.Practitioner/Policy ImplicationsPublic firms should regard dividend policy as a governance tool that reduces agency costs during times of uncertainty. The results of this study strengthen the idea that institutional investors can play a key role in corporate governance. As such, for investors, as far as agency costs are concerned, investments in firms that have a higher proportion of institutional holdings are sensible.

The Day After the Bomb: Well-Being Effects of Terrorist Attacks in Europe

We study the non-monetary costs of terrorist attacks in France, Belgium and Germany between 2010 and 2017. Using four waves of the European Social Survey, we find that individual well-being is significantly reduced in the aftermath of a terrorist attack. We explore possible mechanisms, finding that terrorist attacks are negatively correlated with generalized trust, institutional trust, satisfaction with democracy and satisfaction with the government. Terrorist attacks are also found to be positively correlated with negative attitudes towards migrants and perceived discrimination. Contrary to expectations, the negative relationship between terrorism and well-being is less strong for Muslim immigrants. We interpret this finding as an indication that immigrants benefit more than natives from the institutional reaction following terrorist attacks.

We’re Safer than You Think

This article examines terrorism, arguing that the goal of terrorists is to invoke fear into individuals. The consequences of terrorist attacks in San Bernardino and Paris, among other places, is that the perceptions that terrorism is a threat to national security are high. This work contends that such fears are unwarranted as it is more likely that one dies in a traffic accident than a terrorist attack. Delving into the International Relations literature, this article highlights the current debates about terrorism and threats to security.

Некоторые вопросы оптимизации управленческой деятельности при организации оказания медицинской помощи пострадавшим в результате террористических актов

The purpose of the study is to develop and to substantiate proposals for optimizing management activities for organizing the provision of medical care and medical evacuation of victims of terrorist attacks with the use of explosive devices and conventional weapons. Materials and research methods. Research materials: normative and methodological documents regulating the procedure for management activities in the medical provision of the population affected in emergency situations; data of expert assessment maps on the research topic; scientific works and publications devoted to topical issues of management activities in the framework of the issue under study. In the course of the study, the following scientific methods were used: methods of content analysis and expert assessment, statistical method, method of logical and information modeling, analytical method. Research results and their analysis. The results of the study showed that one of the organizational issues in the system of countering terrorism and of organizing the elimination of medical and sanitary consequences of terrorist attacks is the presence of a coordinating management body, on which it is advisable to assign the appropriate functions to coordinate the activities of medical forces and means. In the course of the study, the rank value of each medical brigade and medical unit participating in the elimination of medical and sanitary consequences of terrorist attacks was determined; quality of methodological support for predicting medical and sanitary consequences of terrorist attacks and for planning the organization of medical assistance to victims of terrorist attacks has been studied; main methodological approaches that should be taken into account when planning the organization of medical care and medical evacuation of victims of terrorist attacks in each constituent entity of the Russian Federation were formulated; a list of most effective measures has been identified, which make it possible to increase the readiness of health authorities, medical units and organizations to work to save lives and to preserve the health of victims of terrorist attacks, etc.

Prominence over Proximity? The Effects of Terrorist Attacks on Party Preferences for Incumbent versus Populist Radical Right Parties

How does a terrorist attack affect party preferences? Based on existing theories, we would either expect incumbent parties to benefit because of a rally-effect, or populist radical right parties to gain due to a radicalization of voters' preferences. These competing theories are tested with a unique data set of 413.175 voters' responses on a Voting Advice Application. We do so using a novel way to leverage exogenous events using big public opinion data. We show that a terrorist attack has a positive effect for the main incumbent party, even when voters' positions on the issues owned by the populist radical right parties become more radicalized. This means that during crises, voters rally around the flag and prefer prominence over proximity.

Основные условия и факторы, влияющие на организацию оказания медицинской помощи и проведения медицинской эвакуации при террористических актах с применением взрывных устройств и обычных средств поражения

The purpose of the study is to identify and characterize the most typical conditions and factors affecting the organization of medical care and medical evacuation of victims of terrorist attacks based on the study and analysis of the experience of eliminating the medical and sanitary consequences of terrorist acts committed on the territory of Russia with the use of explosive devices and conventional weapons. Materials and methods of research. The materials of the study were: normative and methodological documents regulating the organization of medical care and medical evacuation during terrorist acts; dispatches and reports of the territorial centres for disaster medicine on the elimination of medical and sanitary consequences of 162 terrorist acts, including 6 terrorist attacks with the capture and holding of hostages committed in 1998-2010; documents of official correspondence of the All-Russian centre for disaster medicine Zashchita on issues of medical support of the population during terrorist acts; scientific papers and publications on the research problem. When performing the research, the following methods were used: historical, content analysis, statistical, and analytical. Research results and their analysis. The following issues were considered during the research: - means of conducting terrorist activities and their application specifics; - high degree of vulnerability and damage to the population; - the nature of the object where the terrorist act was committed; - sanitary losses and their characteristics; - psychological situation, capture and holding of hostages, the presence of a threat to their lives; - terms of elimination of medical and sanitary consequences of terrorist attacks; - the needs and capabilities of medical organizations (LMO) of the regions in delivery of medical assistance to victims of terrorist attacks; - needs and capabilities of LMO of the regions in medical evacuation; - features of the organization and conduct of measures to eliminate the consequences of terrorist acts. Based on the results of the analysis of the experience in liquidation of medical-sanitary consequences of terrorist attacks, as well as analysis of basic conditions and factors influencing the organization of medical care and conduct of medical evacuation, the methodical approaches are suggested: to comprehensive assessment of conditions and factors typical for terrorist attacks with use of explosive devices and conventional weapons; to use of medical-and-evacuation characteristics of victims in the organization of medical care and conduct of medical evacuation; to increase the readiness of the regional health sector in facing the challenges of liquidation of medical and sanitary consequences of terrorist attacks.

India’s federalism puzzle, counter-terrorism challenge and NCTC debate

ABSTRACT Terrorism has been considered an unprecedented threat to national security and regional stability, and one which requires an equally complex response. The lack of effective institutional capacity to prevent and to manage the consequences of terrorist attacks has compounded India’s security challenges. This article shows that while some progress has been made since the 2008 Mumbai attacks in enhancing institutional capacity, no serious attempt seems to have been made to overhaul its counter-terrorism capacity. The prime example of this neglect has been the National Counter Terrorism Centre (NCTC) which is still on the backburner due to political bickering. This article holds that the prevailing mistrust in centre-state relations, differing political ideologies, and the ad-hoc nature of the crisis response mechanism are primarily responsible for this delay. It further recommends several measures to overcome these obstacles.

The Effects of Terrorist Attacks on Inventor Productivity and Mobility

We examine the causal effects of terrorism on inventor productivity and mobility. During the five-year window after terrorist attacks, inventors close to the strikes are more likely to move to distant companies. While the inventors that continue working for firms near the attacks exhibit a drastic productivity decline, those that relocate to faraway companies do not. These results prove robust to alternative specifications and numerous controls including the influence of the 9/11 attacks. Our findings provide novel insights about the impact of shocks that distort human capital productivity and promote the mobility and reallocation of specialized resources among firms.

Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Mediated by Exposure Level in French Civil Firefighters Following a Terrorist Attack: Some Hypotheses towards a Structural Model

To date, few studies have investigated the impact of organizational factors such as organizational status or the rank of firefighters on the development of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) following a terrorist attack. To fill this gap in the scientific literature, this field study aimed to investigate the consequences of terrorist attacks on firefighters’ psychological health in terms of PTSD. Data were collected in France following two terrorist attacks. PTSD was assessed with the PCL-S (DSM-IV) 3 to 6 months after the events. Confirmatory factor analyses (CFAs) with existing PTSD models were inconclusive, leading us to find a two-factor model via an exploratory factor analysis (EFA). A cluster analysis showed different symptom profiles that were influenced by the exposure level. Elements for a structural model explaining PTSD symptoms are proposed and suggest a central role of the exposure level. Firefighters I/II represented an at-risk sub-population, suggesting that PTSD was mainly experienced among those who performed tasks not common to their occupation.

The Effects of Terrorist Attacks on Regional Economic Growth in Turkey

The process of balanced and comprehensive regional growth requires political as well as economic stability. Therefore, the effects of political dynamics such as terrorism on regional growth should be investigated for a more comprehensive analysis. This study investigates the effects of terrorist events, which have reached the dimensions of political instability in Turkey, over the growth performance of the regions. In this context, the model has been designed to cover the 2005-2014 period and Turkey’s NUTS-II regions (26 regions) and has been estimated based on the GMM estimator. The obtained findings show the terror events experienced in Turkey to have a statistically significant negative effect on regions’ growth performance. In other words, the problem of terrorism, which has been a frequent ongoing problem in southeast Turkey for nearly 40 years, has hindered economic growth. The other findings of the model indicate the accumulation of physical capital to have positive and statistically significant effects on regional growth rather than the accumulation of human capital.

Effects of terrorist attacks on tourist flows to France: Is wine tourism a substitute for urban tourism?

Effects of terrorist attacks on tourist flows to France: Is wine tourism a substitute for urban tourism?

Do Terrorist Attacks Make Inventors More Risk Taking?

We examine whether the emotional shocks associated with terrorist attacks affect local inventors’ productivity. We find that high-fatality attacks make inventors less innovative, and low-fatality attacks make them more innovative. Inventors living in high risk-taking environments have greater increase in productivity following low-fatality attacks, while less decrease in productivity following high-fatality attacks. Further, the effect of terrorist attacks on inventor productivity mainly comes from exploratory innovation which involves more risks. Inventors affected by high-fatality attacks are also more likely to move to places without any significant terrorist attack history, but there is no such effect for low-fatality attacks.