Effect Of Temp Research Articles

Quantifying the Effects of Temperature and Relative Humidity on the Development of Wheat Blast Incited by the Lolium Pathotype of Magnaporthe oryzae.

The Triticum pathotype of Magnaporthe oryzae (MoT) that causes wheat blast has not yet been reported in the U.S., but the closely related M. oryzae Lolium pathotype (MoL), also capable of inciting blast, is found in several wheat growing regions. Since the epidemiology of MoL-incited wheat blast is unknown, it is difficult to project where and under what conditions this pathogen may be of importance. To quantify conditions favorable for MoL infection and temporal development of wheat blast, separate cohorts of wheat spikes were spray or point inoculated at anthesis and immediately subjected to different combinations of temperature (TEMP; 20, 25, and 30°C) and 100% relative humidity (RH) duration (0, 3, 6, 12, 24, and 48 h). Blast developed under all tested conditions, with both incidence (INC) and severity (SEV) increasing over time. The effects of TEMP on angular-transformed INC and SEV (arcINC and arcSEV) were significant (P < 0.05) in most cases, with the magnitude of the TEMP effect influenced by RH duration when spikes were spray-inoculated. Between 12 and 21 days after inoculation (DAI), there were significant, positive linear relationships between hours of high RH and arcINC and arcSEV at 25 and 30°C, but not at 20°C. The estimated rates of increase in transformed INC or SEV per hour increase in high RH duration were significantly higher at 30°C than at 25°C at 12 to 14 DAI, but not at 19 to 21 DAI. The highest estimated temporal rates of increase in INC and SEV and the shortest estimated incubation periods (5 to 8 days) occurred at 25 and 30°C, with 24 and 48 h of high RH immediately after inoculation. These results will contribute to ongoing efforts to better understand the epidemiology of wheat blast incited by MoL as well as MoT.

Calcium Bioavailability of Tempe and Boiled Soybean Flours and Its Effect on Osfemurs in Experimental Rats.

Tempe is a nutritious food that contains both macronutrients and micronutrients in an adequate amount. Tempe contains a high amount of calcium, so it is an affordable food product that can be purchased by most people in Indonesia. Calcium deficiency can lead to several diseases and disorders such as osteoporosis, hypertension, heart disease, and nerve damage. This study was aimed to evaluate: (1) the calcium bioavailability (absorption and retention) of tempe and boiled soybean flours compared to casein (control), (2) the effect of tempe and boiled soybean flours on blood calcium and osfemurs in rats. This study was conducted using rats as a model. The rats were divided into four treatment groups based on the sources and protein concentrations in the diet; tempe flour 10% protein, tempe flour 20% protein, boiled soybean flour 10% protein, and casein 10% protein as a control. This experiment was conducted for over than 90 d. The results showed that the sources of protein (casein, tempe flour, and boiled soybean flour) and protein level in the diet (10% and 20%) had no significantl effect (p>0.05) to the calcium absorption, calcium retention, calcium content in serum, calcium content in osfemurs, and total calcium in osfemurs. Tempe flour and boiled soybean flour can be consumed as a calcium source to substitute the consumption of calcium from dairy products.

Molecular Dynamics Study of the Temperature-Dependent Coalescence of Liquid Nanodrops: Implications for Microfluidics

Drop coalescence is central to diverse processes involving microfluidics in industrial, engineering, and scientific realms and has attracted much attention in recent years. Here, the effect of temp...

Thermal-oxidative stabilization effect of reactive-hindered amine on monomer casting nylon-6

Monomer casting (MC) nylon-6 was a polymeric modified by grafting 4-amion-2,2,6,6-tetramentylniperidine (TEMP) as reactive-hindered amine onto its chain so as to improve the compatibility and stability of the stabilizer in the polymer matrix. The structure of the reactive stabilizer was confirmed by Fourier transform infrared and proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopic analyses. The effect of TEMP on the thermal stability of MC nylon-6 was studied. It was found that with the increase in TEMP dosage, the thermal weight loss of the samples first decreased and then increased and the preferred dosage of TEMP was about 0.2 mol%. The residual weight percentage ( R) of all the samples decreased with heating time, and it does much more slowly for the grafting sample than that of pure one. The thermal degradation characteristic temperatures of MC nylon-6 were improved by grafting TEMP. The long-term aging of MC nylon-6 indicated that the carboxylic acid concentration of the grafting sample was lower than that of the pure sample, and its end amine group concentration was relatively higher during the whole aging process, presenting more stable chemical structure. Ultraviolet absorption and gel content of MC nylon-6 were also reduced by grafting TEMP. The crystallinity ( Xc) of MC nylon-6 increased, and the crystallization growth rate and melt temperature ( Tm) decreased with aging time, resulting from the annealing process at high temperature and the small molecular products during aging.

The Effect of Prolonged Exercise in the Heat and Subsequent Submaximal Exercise on Markers of Oxidative Stress

PURPOSE: To investigate the effect of a 3 hr exercise protocol performed in the heat followed by sub-max exercise at varying temperatures with and without fluid replacement on oxidative stress. METHODS: Thirty-two males (age; 22 ± 4 yrs, height; 1.80 ± 0.05 m, weight; 85.4 ± 10.8 kg)were divided into four cohorts (n=8) and tested in one environment (TEMP; 10, 20, 30, 40°C) while eu- and dehydrated (EUH, DEH). DEH was induced via 3 hr of intermittent exercise (< 30% VO2peak) in 50°C. In the EUH trials, fluid lost was replaced with a 0.05% NaCl-water solution (3.7 ± 0.6 liters). Volunteers recovered for 90 min (22°C), sat in their assigned TEMP for ∼30 min and then performed 30-min of cycling at 50% VO2peak (SUBMAX). Blood was drawn prior to 50°C heat exposure (PRE), after ∼30 min rest in TEMP (REST), and immediately following (SUBMAX). Plasma was stored and later assayed for lipid hydroperoxide (LOOH) and protein carbonyl (PC) concentrations. RESULTS: Subjects were euhydrated prior to each test (USG < 1.020, Posm <290 mOsm·kg-1) but lost -4% body mass in DEH trials. There was a significant main effect of exercise in the heat for both LOOH (p=0.003; EUH-PRE = 23.4±2.8; EUH-REST = 27.9±2.5; DEH-PRE = 23.4±2.3, DEH-REST = 25.9±2.7μM) and PC (p=0.009; EUH-PRE = 0.148±0.19, EUH-REST = 0.160±0.012; DEH-PRE = 0.148± 0.014, DEH-REST= 0.194±0.019 nmol/mg). There was no effect of TEMP on change in LOOH or PC following SUBMAX therefore data were collapsed across TEMP. Paired T-tests revealed no effect (p = 0.922) of EUH-SUBMAX on LOOH, however DEH-SUBMAX resulted in a significant increase in LOOH from REST (p = 0.034). There was no significant difference in PC between REST and SUBMAX in either EUH or DEH. CONCLUSIONS: In both EUH and DEH trials, prolonged intermittent exercise (3 hr) in 50°C increased two markers of oxidative stress. Despite environmental temp, subsequent submax exercise resulted in a further increase in LOOH when dehydrated. The opinions or assertions contained herein should not to be construed as official or reflecting the views of the Army or the DoD.

Avaliação das respostas fisiológicas de bezerros zebuínos puros e cruzados nascidos em clima subtropical

Estudou-se a influência de fatores climáticos sobre as respostas fisiológicas de bezerros, puros e cruzados, filhos de vacas da raça Nelore ou de alta mestiçagem de Nelore acasaladas com touros das raças Aberdeen Angus (AN), Simental (SN), Canchim (CN) e Nelore (NI e NR). Os bezerros AN, SN, CN e NI foram mantidos em sistema rotacionado intensivo, enquanto o grupo NR foi mantido em sistema extensivo. Os bezerros foram observados de forma direta desde o nascimento até a primeira mamada, medindo-se a latência para a primeira mamada (LM). Aproximadamente 24 horas após o parto, coletaram-se amostras de sangue do bezerro para as dosagens de proteína total (PT), glicose (Gli), triiodotironina (T3), tiroxina (T4), relação T4:T3, cortisol (Cort) e imunoglobulina G (IgGb), além das medidas de temperatura retal do bezerro (TR) e dos pesos de vacas e bezerros. Para análise dos efeitos de clima, foram tomadas no dia do nascimento as medidas de temperatura do ar (Temp), umidade do ar (UR) e precipitação (PRE). Os parâmetros fisiológicos foram estudados pelo método dos quadrados mínimos com modelos que incluíram os efeitos de ano e mês de nascimento, grupo e sexo do bezerro, categoria da vaca e hora do parto e das interações ano × grupo e ano × mês de nascimento, além das covariáveis peso do bezerro, PRE, Temp, UR e LM. Temp mostrou efeito significativo para as concentrações de T3, T4, T4:T3 e de Cort. Quanto maior Temp, menores as concentrações de T3 e de Cort e maiores as de T4 e de T4:T3. LM influenciou os níveis de Cort, PT e IgGb, de modo que, quanto maior LM, maior a concentração de Cort e menor as de IgGb e PT. Também houve efeito significativo de grupo do bezerro sobre PT, que foi maior nos bezerros NR que nos bezerros NI.

Does subsidised temporary employment get the unemployed back to work? Aneconometric analysis of two different schemes

Subsidised employment is an important tool of active labour market policies to improve the reemployment chances of the unemployed. Using unusually informative individual data from administrative records, we investigate the effects of two different schemes of subsidised temporary employment implemented in Switzerland: non-profit employment programmes (EP) and a subsidy for temporary jobs (TEMP) in private and public firms. Econometric matching methods show that TEMP is more successful than EP in getting the unemployed back to work. Compared to not participating in any programme, EP and TEMP are ineffective for unemployed who find jobs easily anyway or have a short unemployment spell. For potential and actual long-term unemployed, both programmes may have positive effects, but the effect of TEMP is larger.

Does subsidised temporary employment get the unemployed back to work? Aneconometric analysis of two different schemes

Subsidised employment is an important tool of active labour market policies to improve the reemployment chances of the unemployed. Using unusually informative individual data from administrative records, we investigate the effects of two different schemes of subsidised temporary employment implemented in Switzerland: non-profit employment programmes (EP) and a subsidy for temporary jobs (TEMP) in private and public firms. Econometric matching methods show that TEMP is more successful than EP in getting the unemployed back to work. Compared to not participating in any programme, EP and TEMP are ineffective for unemployed who find jobs easily anyway or have a short unemployment spell. For potential and actual long-term unemployed, both programmes may have positive effects, but the effect of TEMP is larger.

Does Subsidised Temporary Employment Get the Unemployed Back to Work? An Econometric Analysis of Two Different Schemes

Subsidised employment is an important tool of active labour market policies to improve the chances of the unemployed to find permanent employment. Using informative individual administrative data we investigate the effects of two different schemes of subsidised temporary employment implemented in Switzerland. One scheme operates as a non-profit employment programme (EP), whereas the other one is a subsidy for temporary jobs (TEMP) in firms operating in competitive markets. Using econometric matching methods we find that TEMP is considerably more successful in getting the unemployed back into work than EP. We also find that compared to nonparticipation both programmes are ineffective for unemployed who find job easily anyway as well as for those with short unemployment duration. For unemployed with potentially long unemployment duration and for actual long term unemployed, both programmes may have positive effects, but the effect of TEMP is much larger.

Effect of Tempe and Sodium Metabisulphite on the Microbiological Quality, Development of Rancidity, and Sensory Quality of Nile Perch (Lates niloticus) sausages

The conventional method of beef and pork sausage manufacture was adopted for processing fish sausage from Nile perch (Lates niloticus) fillets. Four types of sausage were made: sausages with 0.02% sodium metabisulphite (MCS); sausages with 10% tempe (TCS); sausages with 0.02% sodium metabisulphite and 5% tempe (MTCS); and sausages with neither tempe nor sodium metabisulphite (SWTM). the proportions are given based on the weight of the fish fillet. Each type of sausage was divided into two equal halves. One half was stored at 5°C while the other half was stored at 20°C. the keeping quality was monitored over seven days by determination of the total plate count to assess microbial spoilage and extent of rancidity development as measured by absorbance of their light petroleum (40°–60°C) extract at 269 nm. the organoleptic quality was assessed by 18 untrained panelists and 3 trained panelists. It was found that tempe had antimicrobial effects but little antioxidant activity, whereas sodium metabisulphite had little antimicrobial activity but greatly reduced the content of secondary lipid oxidation products and possibly inhibited lipid oxidation. the overall acceptability of the sausages was high (scores of about five points on a seven-point hedonic scale).

ChemInform Abstract: The Kinetics and Mechanism of Aminolysis of Isothiocyanates.

AbstractThe kinetics of aminolysis of the isothiocyanate (I) by prim. amines such as (II) is examined (effects of temp. and added acids).

Effect of temperature and light on sporangial germination and zoospore infectivity inSclerospora graminicolaon pearl millet

The effects of temp. on germination of S. graminicola sporangia (zoospore release), zoospore viability and germ tube growth, and of light and temp. on zoospore infectivity and downy mildew development in pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum [P. americanum]) were studied. Germination of sporangia was highest at c. 30 deg C and little germination occurred after 2 h 40 min. Germ tubes grew at 15-35 deg . Zoospores retained high infectivity ( more than or equal to 70% systemic infection ) for 4 h at 30 deg C, and for a longer time at lower temp. Zoospore infectivity was not affected by light. The shortest incubation period (3 d) and the highest infectivity (66%) were obtained at 30 deg . Although both roots and shoots of young seedlings were susceptible, incidence of downy mildew was highest when both were inoculated

Kinetics of the precipitation of cryoimmunoglobulins

The kinetics of the cryoprecipitation of two monoclonal IgG and two monoclonal IgM cryoimmunoglobulins, two IgM/IgG mixed cryoglobulins and a series of cold soluble monoclonal IgG and IgM immunoglobulins in the presence of polyethylene glycol have been compared by time dependent turbidity measurements. The effects of temp and ionic strength on kinetic processes are described in detail. The monoclonal cryoimmunoglobulins display lag times which are not seen with the other proteins, suggesting a critical nucleation event. The protein concn dependence of the lag times indicate that these nucleation centers contain only a few immunoglobulin molecules. Direct evidence for the existence of precipitation nuclei was obtained from dynamic light scattering studies of two of the monoclonal proteins during their lag periods. Both proteins manifested an approx. 20% decrease in their mean diffusion coefficients (corresponding to a 25% increase in Stokes' radius) prior to detectable precipitation. This suggests the formation of nuclei between 2 and 8 times the size of the monomeric proteins. It is postulated that the increasing size of mixed cryoglobulin complexes with decreasing temp provides analogous nucleation sites. The latter stages of precipitation appear to be kinetically similar for all proteins examined, although the size and shape of the aggregates are quite variable.

Effect of temperature on the conformation of soybean glycinin in 8 M urea or 6 M guanidine hydrochloride solution

The effect of temp. on soybean glycinin in 8M urea or 6M guanidine hydrochloride solution was studied by circular dichroism and optical rotatory dispersion measurements. At room temp. the protein assumes an unordered conformation in the presence of the denaturant. With increase in temp., mean residue ellipticity in the range 250-210 nm assumes more negative values, suggesting formation of ordered conformations at higher temperatures.

Influence of temperature on stress-crazing of a microcomposite thermoplastic (HIPS)

Abstract The amount of stress-crazing (stress-whitening) was measured by light transmission, permitting quantitative determination of the whitening ratio of high-impact polystyrene. The influence of temperature on deformation as well as stress-crazing behavior was investigated. On loading the specimen, a change in the whitening ratio in the elastic range was observed which could not be observed with the naked eye. When the stress or strain were restored to zero, however, the whitening in the elastic range disappeared. The rate of increase of the whitening ratio increases with strain, irrespective of the test temperature, and becomes maximum in the vicinity of yielding. Whitening ratio-strain curves plotted for several different levels of temperature show the following features: the higher the temperature the lower the whitening ratio in the region of small strain below the yield point as well as large strain above the yield point, with the reversed tendency in the vicinity of yielding. The effect of tempe...

Effect of Ethylene on Carnation Keeping Life1

Abstract Carnation (Dianthus caryophyllus L., cv. White Sim) buds and flowers were exposed to various ethylene concn for different periods and at different temp. A dosage term, ppb-hr, was used to evaluate C2H4 concn and exposure time. Keeping life was highly correlated with dosage, depending upon temp. Buds were less susceptible than flowers to C2H4 injury at all temp, with no significant loss of keeping life at the highest dosages and a temp of 1.7°C. Open flowers exhibited zero keeping life with 47,000 ppb-hr at the same temp. At 21.1°C, zero keeping life was obtained with mature flowers at 4,400 ppb-hr, whereas buds required 8,400 ppb-hr. Mathematical relationships showed the effect of increasing C2H4 dosages on rate of keeping loss to be linear. Over a dosage range of 103 to 105 ppb-hr, the effect of temp on open flowers was linear, and slightly curvilinear on buds. Increasing exposure temp from 1.7 to 21.1°C increased the effect of ethylene nearly 1,000 times on open flowers.

Electropolishing of copper and copper-based alloys in ortho-phosphoric acid

The behaviour of copper, a single-phase brass and a duplex aluminium bronze, during electropolishing in orthophosphoric acid has been examined in terms of polarization curves and the effects of temp. and acid concentration. A change in mechanism of electropolishing was apparent at about 37°C; below this temp. an activation energy of 5·9 kcal/mole was found while above it was 4·2 kcal/mole. The copper alloys were satisfactorily electropolished in similar solutions to those used for pure copper, but at high overpotentials the duplex bronze was subject to deal uminification of the second (Υ 2) phase.

Catalytic elimination of cyclopropene‐containing acids

AbstractA procedure is described for decreasing the cyclopropene ring acids in cottonseed oil triglycerides as indicated by the Halphen test. Continuous reaction of the oil in the presence of aluminum silicate catalyst at elevated temp effectively decreases its cyclopropene acid content. The effect of temp and space velocity are described from temp of 170‐225C. The treated oil produces no observable effect on egg quality or production.

Effect of Temp. and DOP% on Rheological Property of Polyvinyl Chloride

Summary: In the range of this experimental study, rheological equation of polyvinylchloride is quite exactly written as D=τn/η. And n and η are approximately reprsented as follows, n=2.5, 1g10η=22.3-(4.25t+6.91c)/100