Effects Of Supplemental Phytase Research Articles

Effects of supplemental phytase on growth, nutrient digestibility and anti-oxidant enzyme activity in the gills of juvenile mrigal, Cirrhinus mrigala (Hamilton 1882) fed distillers dried grains with soluble based diets

ABSTRACT A 90-day feeding trial was conducted to investigate the effects of phytase supplemented Distiller’s Dried Grains with Soluble (DDGS) based diet on the production performance, tissue composition, nutrient digestibility and activity of anti-oxidant enzymes in the gills of mrigal (Cirrhinus mrigala) juveniles. Six experimental diets were formulated to contain increasing levels of supplemental phytase, 0 (D1), 250 (D2), 500 (D3), 750 (D4), 1000 (D5), and 1250 (D6) phytase (FTU/kg). Each experimental diet was randomly assigned and fed three times daily to triplicate groups of 180 fish. Significant increase in body weight gain and specific growth rate, feed conversion and protein efficiency ratios of groups fed up to 750 FTU/kg were observed. Broken line analysis of Specific Growth Rate showed that the optimal dietary phytase level of mrigal juveniles is 750 FTU /kg or higher than this dose. Results among protein, lipid, moisture, ash and P contents of whole body, muscle, liver and viscera were not significantly different as phytase level increased from 250 FTU/kg to 1250 FTU/kg (D2 to D6). It was concluded that phytase at the rate of 750 FTU /kg is the optimum dose for the enhanced growth in juvenile mrigal.

Nutritive value of enzyme-supplemented carinata meal for growing pigs.

Carinata meal is increasingly available for livestock feeding. However, the effects of supplemental phytase and fiber degrading enzymes on nutritive value of carinata meal for pigs have not been reported. Objective of the study was to evaluate the standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of amino acid (AA), and digestible energy (DE) and net energy (NE) values of phytase- and fiber-degrading enzymes-supplemented carinata meal for growing pigs. Ten ileal-cannulated pigs (initial body weight = 53.9 ± 4.76 kg) were fed 4 diets in a replicated 4 × 4 Latin square design with two additional columns to give 10 replicates per diet. Diets included a corn-soybean meal (SBM)-based basal diet, basal diet with 25% carinata meal, basal diet with 25% carinata meal plus phytase at 2,000 FTU/kg and multi-carbohydrase at 0.2 g/kg, and in addition a nitrogen-free diet. The multicarbohydrase supplied 4 units of xylanase, 10 units of β-glucanase, and 1,000 units of pectinase per kilogram of diet. The ratio of corn to SBM and soybean oil in carinata meal-containing diets was identical to that in the corn-SBM-based basal diet to allow calculation of AA and energy digestibility of carinata meal by the difference method. On a dry matter basis, carinata meal contained 50.2% crude protein, 0.88% ether extract, 15.37% acid detergent fiber, 1.82% Lys, 0.96% Met, 1.89% Thr, and 0.64% Trp, respectively. The SID of Lys, Met, Thr, and Trp for carinata meal were 51.4%, 82.2%, 65.9%, and 85.9%, respectively. The DE and NE values for carinata meal were 3,427 and 1,828 kcal/kg of dry matter, respectively. Supplementation of a combination of phytase and multicarbohydrase did not affect the apparent ileal digestibility of AA and SID of AA for the corn-SBM-carinata meal-based diet, and for the carinata meal. However, the combination of phytase and multicarbohydrase did improve (P < 0.05) apparent total tract digestibility, and DE and NE values for carinata meal by 9.4%, 9.5%, and 12.4%, respectively. In conclusion, the enzymes used in the current study could be added in carinata meal-based diets for growing pigs to improve the energy value.

Effect of supplemental phytase and xylanase in wheat-based diets on prececal phosphorus digestibility and phytate degradation in young turkeys.

ABSTRACTThis study aimed to investigate the effect of phytase and a combination of phytase and xylanase on the prececal phosphorus digestibility (pcdP) of wheat-based diets in turkeys. A low-P basal diet (BD) based on cornstarch and soybean meal, and 2 diets containing 43% of different wheat genotypes (genotype diets GD6 or GD7) were fed to turkeys from 20 to 27 d of age. Diets were fed either without enzyme supplementation or supplemented with phytase (500 FTU/kg) or a combination of phytase and xylanase (16,000 BXU/kg). At 27 d of age, digesta were sampled from the lower ileum of animals to determine pcdP and pc myo-inositol 1,2,3,4,5,6-hexakis (dihydrogen phosphate) (InsP6) disappearance, and to analyze the concentrations of lower inositol phosphate isomers. Similar pcdP was observed in non-supplemented BD and GD (∼36%). Phytase alone increased the pcdP in all diets by 8 to 12%, but a beneficial effect of xylanase was found only for BD. Similar results were found for pc InsP6 disappearance, although xylanase addition compared to phytase alone decreased pc InsP6 disappearance in GD7 compared to phytase alone. Animals fed GD7 performed better than those fed GD6; however, these differences could not be linked to the pcdP. The pattern of lower inositol phosphates in digesta also changed with enzyme supplementation, resulting in lower proportions of InsP5 and higher proportions of InsP4. Phytase alone decreased Ins(1,2,3,4,6)P5 but increased D-Ins(1,2,3,4,5)P5 and D-Ins(1,2,5,6)P4 concentrations. An additional increase in D-Ins(1,2,3,4,5)P5 and D-Ins(1,2,5,6)P4 concentrations was achieved with xylanase, although for the former isomer, this was observed only with GD. These results indicate that enzyme supplementation alters the pc degradation of InsP6, and that combining both enzymes had a minor additional effect on the pcdP from wheat-based diets when compared to phytase alone.

Effect of Supplemental Phytase on Phosphorus Digestibility and Mineral Composition in Nile Tilapia (&lt;i&gt;Oreochromis niloticus&lt;/i&gt;)

In this study, the effect of supplemental phytase on phosphorus digestibility and mineral composition of Oreochromis niloticus fingerlings by dietary intake was investigated. Six experimental diets: 0 (control), 2,000units, 4,000units, 6,000units, 8,000units and 10,000units phytase/kg diets were formulated and replicated twice at 30% crude protein. Fish were fed twice daily at 5% body weight for 63 days. The Apparent Digestibility Coefficient (ADC) for protein, gross energy and lipid and mineral composition (Ca, Mg, P, Fe, Zn, Mn) of the fish were investigated using standard methods. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and ANOVA at p= 0.05. Results of apparent digestibility coefficient for protein (60.50±0.04), gross energy (64.30±0.02) and lipid (63.70±0.05) were best in fishes fed diet 5 (8,000 units phytase/kg diet) compared with the same value in fishes fed all the other diets. The mineral composition (Ca, Mg, P, Fe, Zn, Mn) of the fishes were significantly different (p < 0.05) among the treatments. However, the group of fishes fed diets that contained phytase had better mineral composition compared to the control. Also, the fish faecal showed a downward trend in the value of the minerals with increase in the level of phytase in the diets. These results indicate that using phytase as a supplement in plant – based diets may be useful in improving feed acceptability, efficiency and mineral composition of cultured O. niloticus.

Effects of supplemental phytase on nutrient digestibility and performance of sows fed diets with high or low native phytase activity

Two experiments were conducted to examine the influence of addition of microbial phytase to diets differing in native phytase content, on the performance of sows and digestibility of nutrients. Barley and wheat grains relatively poor in native phytase used in Experiment 1 mixtures were replaced by triticale and rye (rich in this enzyme) in Experiment 2 diets. There were 3 groups in each experiment. Group I (control) received basal diets enriched with dicalcium phosphate (10&amp;nbsp;g/kg), group II (negative control) was fed basal diets without any additive, and group III (negative control) was supplemented with microbial phytase (500&amp;nbsp;PU/kg). Body weights of sows were monitored at mating, before parturition, immediately after parturition and at weaning. Apparent ileal and total tract digestibility of basal nutrients, detergent fibre fractions, Ca and P of the investigated diets from particular treatments was determined. Microbial phytase (Natuphos&lt;sup&gt;&amp;reg;&lt;/sup&gt;, BASF AG, Ludwigshaven, Germany) supplemented at 500 PU/kg in pregnancy and lactation diets based on barley and wheat resulted in smaller body weight losses during lactation and higher weight gain over the whole cycle. Synergistic effects of microbial phytase and native phytase on body weight changes of sows, feed conversion ratio during pregnancy, and apparent (ileal and total tract) digestibility of both organic matter and minerals (total and phytic phosphorus and calcium) were found out.

Influence of Supplemental Phytase on Growth Performance, Digestion and Phosphorus Balance of Lambs Fed Sorghum-Based Diets

Phosphorus excretion in lambs from urine and faeces is considerably high due to elevated concentration of grains in the diets. This study evaluated the effect of supplemental phytase on in vitro dry matter degradation (IVDMD), feed intake, growth performance, total tract digestion and phosphorus (P) balance in finishing lambs fed sorghum-based diets. An exogenous phytase mixture was added at dosage of 0, 750, 1500 and 2250 FTU (phytase units) per kg diet as fed. Thirty-two finishing lambs (21.5±2.2 kg body weight) were randomly assigned to those diets and fed for 60 d. The P concentration in the diets varied between 2.0 to 2.4 mg/kg dry matter (DM). Inclusion of phytase in the diet had no effect on IVDMD. However, total tract digestion of DM, NDF and P were linearly (P<0.01) improved as phytase level increased. Phosphorus intake and excretion (urine and faeces) were not affected (P>0.05) by phytase, but P retention showed a linear increment as the enzyme increased in the diet. Growth performance of lambs was not affected by phytase. Therefore, phytase supplementation improved P digestion and retention, but it did not change P excretion and growth performance in finishing lambs fed sorghum-based diets.

Effect of supplemental phytase on growth, phosphorus digestibility and bone mineralization of common carp (Cyprinus carpio L)

The effect of dietary phytase on phosphorus (P) digestibility, growth, bone mineralization and plasma P of common carp (Cyprinus carpio) was investigated. Five diets, D0, DP, PHYT1, PHYT2 and PHYT4, were used. D0 contained no supplement. DP was supplemented with 2.6 g P (Na2HPO4× 2H2O) kg−1. PHYT1, PHYT2 and PHYT4 comprised 1000, 2000 and 4000 U phytase [Ronozyme P (CT)] kg−1. D0, PHYT1, PHYT2, PHYT4 had average of 7.95 g P kg−1; DP contained 10.3 g P kg−1. After 126 days of feeding, fish grew from 115 to 347 g (D0), 583.7 g (DP), 352.6 g (PHYT1), 393.3 g (PHYT2) and 406.4 g (PHYT4). Addition of phytase significantly increased daily feed intake, but only led to a marginal improvement in the weight gain, SGR and FCR of fish fed PHYT2 and PHYT4 compared with fish fed D0. Fish fed DP showed the best (P<0.05) growth performances. Fish fed DP and PHYT4 significantly digested dietary P more than the fish fed D0. Fish fed D0, PHYT1, PHYT2 and PHYT4 retained higher (P<0.05) Zn in their bones than fish fed DP. However, there was no further effect on bone mineralization. Plasma P scarcely improved by between 14% and 26% in fish fed PHYT2 and PHYT4 relative to fish fed D0. P concentration of the faeces was reduced by about 9–22% in fish fed PHYT1 and PHYT4 compared with fish fed D0.

Effects of supplemental phytase on the mineral content in tibia of broilers fed different cereal based diets

A 21-day experiment with day-old broilers was conducted in order to assess the effect of phytase supplementation to cereal-soybean meal based diets on the mineral content in tibia (Ca, P, Fe, Mg, Cd, Zn). Diets were formulated to contain 4 different cereals (maize, wheat, triticale and barley), 2 levels of dietary calcium (0.6 and 1.0%) and 3 levels of supplemental phytase (0, 500 and 1 000 PU/kg). Supplemental phytase increased the mineral levels in tibia. A statistically significant increase was observed for Fe (P &amp;lt; 0.024) and Mg (P &amp;lt; 0.024), but not for Ca, P, Cd and Zn contents in tibia. In the case of Fe and Mg contents significant cereal &amp;times; phytase interactions were also observed (P &amp;lt; 0.036 and 0.002, respectively). Cereals influenced the contents of Fe (P &amp;lt; 0.0001), Mg (P &amp;lt; 0.0001), Cd (P &amp;lt; 0.0001) and Zn (P &amp;lt; 0.003) while dietary calcium levels affected only calcium content (P &amp;lt; 0.008). &amp;nbsp;

Effects of supplemental phytase on nutrient excretion and retention in broilers fed different cereal based diets

A 21-day experiment with day-old broilers was conducted in order to assess the effect of phytase supplementation to different cereals-soybean meal based diets on nitrogen, calcium, total and phytate phosphorus excretion and retention. Diets were formulated to contain 4 different cereals (maize, wheat, triticale and barley), 2 levels of dietary calcium (0.6 and 1.0%) and 3 levels of supplemental phytase (0, 500 and 1 000 PU/kg). Nutrient intake, excretion and retention were determined in the first three days of the 2nd and 3rd week of trial. The increasing phytase level resulted in reducing phytate phosphorus excretion and increasing its retention. Significant differences were obtained only in the 2nd week (excretion P &amp;lt; 0.024 and retention P &amp;lt; 0.044). Phytase supplementation significantly influenced total phosphorus excretion in the 3rd week (P &amp;lt; 0.048) and retention in the 2nd week (P &amp;lt; 0.015). The effects of 500 and 1 000 PU/kg were not statistically different from each other. No significant influence of phytase supplementation on nitrogen and calcium excretion and retention was observed. &amp;nbsp;

Effects of supplemental phytase on performance and tibia ash of broilers fed different cereals based diets

A 21-day experiment with day-old broilers was conducted in order to assess the effect of phytase supplementation to different cereals-soybean meal based diets on broiler performance and tibia ash. Diets were formulated to contain 4 different cereals (maize, wheat, triticale and barley), 2 levels of dietary calcium (0.6 and 1.0%) and 3 levels of supplemental phytase (0, 500 and 1 000 PU/kg). Supplemented phytase had beneficial effects on broiler performance. It significantly increased body weight gain (P &amp;lt; 0.0003) and feed consumption (P &amp;lt; 0.0361) by 6 and 7% in comparison with the control groups, respectively. No influence on feed conversion ratio and tibia ash was detected. Both body weight gain and feed intake were also significantly influenced by different cereals (P &amp;lt; 0.0001 and 0.0348, respectively). The increasing dietary calcium level resulted in a significant increase in body weight gain (P &amp;lt; 0.0024) and tibia ash (P &amp;lt; 0.0016). Effects of 500 and 1 000 PU/kg were not statistically different between themselves. &amp;nbsp;

Effect of supplemental phytase and ideal dietary amino acid ratios in covered and hulless-barley-based diets on pig performance and excretion of phosphorus and nitrogen in manure

A total of 144 (72 barrows + 72 gilts) crossbred pigs were used to determine the effect of feeding supplemental phytase and ideal dietary amino acid ratios in covered barley (CB) or hulless barley (HB)-based diets on growth performance, carcass quality, and excretion of phosphorus and nitrogen in manure during the grower and finisher periods. The three experimental grower and finisher diets were: 1) control diet (CB or HB) with Ca:P ratios according to National Research Counci l (NAS–NRC 1988), 2) the same as diet 1 but without added inorganic P, but supplemented with phytase (Novo Nordisk, Denmark) at 500 FTU kg–1, 3) the same as diet 2 with reduced dietary protein level, and supplemental amino acids lysine, threonine, and methionine to provide ideal dietary amino acid ratios of 0.70 for threonine to lysine and 0.30 for methionine to lysine. All diets were fed as pellets ad libitum in self-feeders with free access to drinking water. The ADG was not different (P &gt; 0.10) between CB and HB or among the treatment diets during the grower, finisher and combined grower-finisher periods. The gain-to-feed ratios were higher (P &lt; 0.01) for HB than for CB diets. They were also higher (P &lt; 0.05) for diet 3 than for diet 1 during the finisher and combined grower-finisher periods. Carcass index and dressing percent were not different (P &gt; 0.10) among the treatment diets. Supplemental phytase decreased (P &lt; 0.05) the excretion of P during both grower and finisher periods. The combination of phytase and dietary ideal amino acid ratios decreased (P &lt; 0.01) the excretion of both P and N. The ammonia and hydrogen sulphide production in stored liquid manure was not different among the diets 1, 2 and 3, and the urinary N excretion was closely related to ammonia production. These results indicate that replacing inorganic P with phytase and lowering the dietary protein level while supplementing amino acids in CB or HB diets can decrease the excretion of P up to 44.0% and N up to 28.0% in manure with no adverse effect on performanceof lean genotype pigs. Key words: Pigs, phytase, amino acids, phosphorus, nitrogen, excretion

Effect of supplemental phytase to laying hen diets of different phosphorus content

Effect of supplemental phytase to laying hen diets of different phosphorus content

Effect of Supplemental Phytase on the Utilization of Phytate Phosphorus by Chicks

Chicks were used to determine whether the addition of a mold phytase to a diet containing natural phytate phosphorus causA§dthe phosphorus in the phytate to be hydrolyzed in vivo to a form which could be utilized by the chick. Phytase, produced by Aspergillus ficuum NRRL 3135, was fed as an ace tone-dried preparation. The diets contained from 0.18 to 0.24% natural phytate phosphorus supplied primarily by corn and soybean meal. Phytase supplement was added at levels ranging from 1 to 8 g/kg of diet. One gram of the supple ment hydrolyzed 950 mg of inorganic phosphate from calcium phytate in vitro in 1 hour under standard conditions. For comparative purposes, graded levels of either monobasic sodium orthophosphate, or beta-tricalcium phosphate were added at levels to supply from 0.04 to 0.21% phosphorus. The percentage of bone ash was used to evaluate in vivo phytase activity. The addition of phytase to the diet produced an increase in percentage bone ash indicating hydrolysis of phytate by the enzyme. Total hydrolysis of phytate occurred when 3 g phytase supplement was used per kilogram diet. Chicks utilized the hydrolyzed phytate phosphorus as well as supplemental inorganic phosphorus. Phytase activity oc curred in the alimentary tract of the chick and not in the feed prior to ingestion. J. Nutr. 101: 1289-1294, 1971. The ability of poultry to utilize phytate phosphorus is a controversial subject (1, 2). The probability that the differences re ported for the availability of phytate phos phorus to the chick are caused by dietary variables was discussed in a recent review (3). The presence of phytase, an enzyme which hydrolyzes phytate to phosphoric acid and inosinic acid (4-6) in some feed ingredients (7, 8) may have enhanced the utilization of phytate phosphorus. Phytase of plant origin appears to retain its activity when added to animal diets (7-10). The reaction conditions of in vitro studies with some phytases suggest that the enzyme is active in the digestive tract of animals (11, 12) since the in vitro conditions are similar to those found in the chick's ali mentary tract. A purified extract of phytase from wheat bran was inactive in the rat (13). Phytase obtained from Escherichia coli was active when fed to chicks (14). The present report describes quantitative studies of the effect of a mold phytase on J. NUTRITION, 101: 1289-1294. the utilization of phytate phosphorus by chicks. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE The breed, sex and number of chicks used are listed in the design of each ex periment. The replication of treatments varied and was dependent on the amount of phytase preparation available. Day-old chicks were allotted to the treatments and were housed in electrically heated brooders with raised wire mesh floors. Feed and water were supplied ad libitum. Body weights and feed consumption were re corded weekly. At the end of week 3 the Received for publication February 9, 1971. 1Presented in part at the 51st annual meeting of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology, Chicago, Illinois, 1967. Federation Proc. 26: 416 (abstr.). 2Present address: Department of Animal Sciences, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas 72701. 3Reprint requests should be addressed to this au thor. 4Present address: Department of Biological Sci ences, Florida Technological University, Orlando, Flor ida 32816. 5Present address: 2921 Glenwood Lane, Billings, Montana 59102.