Effects Of Stereotypes Research Articles

Neurolinguistic Priming and Gender Stereotype Effects in the Ratings of Justice vs. Authority Moral Violations: Republicans and Democrats

ABSTRACT An experimental method for assessing gender biases was used to compare Republicans’ and Democrats’ ratings of moral violations in the domains of justice vs. respect for authority. Four experimental conditions of a text-based survey instrument manipulated the gender of the protagonist and the location of the first instance of gender information in single-sentence moral violation vignettes. Results were consistent with the theoretical time course of neurolinguistic gender priming and the hypothesized influence of implicit stereotypes on moral judgments. Republicans demonstrated a gender bias in ratings of authority violations by rating violations committed by girls and women as worse when compared to a pronoun only condition. Democrats demonstrated the opposite bias by rating authority violations committed by boys and men as worse when compared to violations committed by girls and women. No significant bias was found for any of the justice violation conditions for either Republicans or Democrats.

Gender Stereotypes and Candidate Qualifications in Judicial Elections

A large literature documents the effects of gendered stereotyping on the outcomes of legislative and executive elections. Less attention has been paid to the effects of these stereotypes on judicial elections, a venue where candidates might encounter unique stereotypes. Further, existing research on judicial elections prioritizes one form of qualification—prior judicial experience—leaving unaddressed the effects of other professional experiences on voters’ choices in these contests. In this paper, we rely on a conjoint experiment to test the effects of candidate qualifications and gender stereotypes in U.S. state judicial elections. We find that, on average, women candidates are advantaged in judicial elections, though we find no evidence that citizens view women candidates as more qualified. Further, while voters do prefer candidates with prior judicial experience they also—contrary to the conventional wisdom—favor judges with prior political experience. Importantly, however, we observe minimal instances of gendered stereotyping in these elections. Our findings call for further research on the effects of gender in judicial elections.

Effects of Racial Stereotypes and Sociodemographic Profile on Anxiety, Flow, and Performance during the Use of Digital Educational Technologies

Effects of Racial Stereotypes and Sociodemographic Profile on Anxiety, Flow, and Performance during the Use of Digital Educational Technologies

Interpersonal Perception of Adult Playfulness at Zero-Acquaintance: A Conceptual Replication Study of Self-Other Agreement and Consensus, and an Extension to Two Accuracy Criteria.

We replicated and extended previous research examining the accuracy of judgments of four facets of adult playfulness (Other-directed, Lighthearted, Intellectual, and Whimsical; OLIW) at zero-acquaintance. We conducted a conceptual replication study. One hundred sixty targets provided self-ratings for the OLIW facets, textual self-descriptions (≤ five sentences), daily self-ratings of playfulness for 14 consecutive days, and ratings by knowledgeable others. Six unacquainted judges provided rated targets' playfulness based on their self-descriptions. We replicated findings on trait-wise self-other agreement (SOA) and consensus and extended prior research by testing SOA for profiles of the four facets and two distinct accuracy criteria (i.e., targets' diary data and aggregates of targets' self-reports and those from knowledgeable others). All interpersonal perception indicators showed that facets of playfulness can be perceived above chance (SOA ≥ 0.26; consensus ≥ 0.29, accuracies ≥ 0.16). SOA extends from single facets to profiles, also when controlling for stereotype effects. Playfulness can be accurately observed from minimal textual information at zero acquaintance. Our study highlights the robustness of findings on the interpersonal perception of playfulness across samples and methods, and degrees of acquaintanceship. We discuss implications for playfulness in social relationships.

Racial Stereotypes, Racial Threat, and Support for Felon Disenfranchisement Among White Americans

Applying racial stereotypes and the racial threat framework to felon disenfranchisement support, this study argues white Americans who think Black Americans are more violent will be more supportive of felon disenfranchisement, and that this effect will be largest for white Republicans and white Americans who put greater importance in their racial identity. Analyses of the 2020 American National Election Study finds white Americans who think Black (white) Americans are more violent are more (less) supportive of felon disenfranchisement, with suggestive evidence these effects are more pronounced for white Republicans and white Americans holding greater racial importance. At the same time, the effects of violence stereotypes are consistently substantively small, amounting to less than one half of one level change in disenfranchisement support on a seven-point scale. These effect sizes are on par with partisanship, slightly smaller than other racial attitudes and crime spending preferences, and far outpaced by ideology. Overall, these results suggest racial stereotypes may factor into support for felon disenfranchisement, but these stereotypes are not a driving factor of such support.

Effects of stereotypes on relationships and interpersonal functioning: An investigation of social anxiety disorder.

Effects of stereotypes on relationships and interpersonal functioning: An investigation of social anxiety disorder.

Causes and consequences of stereotypes: interest stereotypes reduce adolescent girls’ motivation to enroll in computer science classes

Motivating girls to enroll in computer science (CS) courses is critically important. Stereotypes that girls are less interested than boys in CS may deter girls. Three preregistered experimental studies (N = 1,053) examined causal links between gender-interest stereotypes and middle school students’ CS motivation. Experiment 1 showed that stereotypes reduced girls’ motivation to enroll, mediated by a lower sense of belonging. Experiment 2 showed that underrepresentation is a cue to stereotypes. Experiment 3 demonstrated that providing information about other girls’ interest countered stereotypes and promoted motivation. Directly addressing stereotypes may be instrumental in promoting equity for all in CS.

Ageism on LinkedIn: Discrimination towards older applicants during LinkedIn screening

Building on impression formation theories and the stereotype content model, this study examined age bias in LinkedIn screening, which is an understudied topic despite the aging workforce. An experimental study among 366 HR professionals considered the effects of LinkedIn recommendations (warmth/competence) and recruiters' age stereotypes on older applicants' job suitability ratings. First, we investigated and found that LinkedIn screening is prone to bias against older applicants. Furthermore, although having a recommendation on LinkedIn stressing competence or warmth is beneficial for both younger and older applicants, younger applicants benefited more from a recommendation reflecting their competence compared to older applicants. Second, recruiters' positive stereotypes regarding older workers' competence positively influenced job suitability ratings of older job applicants. This positive effect of recruiters' stereotypes was not affected by counter-stereotypical information emphasized through a recommendation. Understanding how applicants' LinkedIn profile affect recruiters’ hiring outcomes might help organizations to develop policies for fair selection procedures.

Skin tone effects on others' pain estimation: Moderation by a colour stereotype

AbstractWe tested whether skin tone would influence pain estimation and whether a colour stereotype (i.e., “darker‐is‐stronger”) moderates the relationship. We manipulated targets' skin tone into three levels (darker/medium/lighter). Participants estimated how much physical or emotional pain the targets would feel in various adverse situations and answered how much they believed objects with darker colours are stronger. Although the differences in estimated pain between the three skin tone conditions were not statistically significant, we found the moderation effect of the colour stereotype on the relationship between skin tone and pain estimation (for physical pain only). Specifically, participants with a stronger colour stereotype expected that darker‐skinned targets would feel less physical pain than lighter skinned ones.

Accountant Stereotypes in Korean Dramas

Purpose: The objective of this study is to investigate how Korean dramas portray stereotypical images of accountants, which is expected to provide literature that explores popular culture in accounting research.Method: This research used a qualitative approach with the thematic analysis method. Four Korean dramas were selected based on ratings and the role of the accountant profession in the dramas for both main and supporting characters. Findings: The results of the study showed that accountants are described as professional, intelligent, and honest beancounters. Positive and negative stereotypes in Korean dramas as popular culture might influence the career option of becoming accountants. This research has been unable to explain why there has been declining interest in the accountant profession. Future studies could involve examining the effect of accountant stereotypes as portrayed in Korean dramas on their viewers.Originality/Value: The visualization of accountants in Korean dramas is considered a new and interesting topic to be investigated. Some previous studies had involved this topic, and there is still some room for improvement. This study is expected to improve some areas, particularly the methods and findings of related topics.

Space-focused stereotypes of immigrant neighbourhoods.

Recent research suggests that stereotypes are not only applied to social groups but also to the physical spaces that social groups inhabit. We present three experiments investigating space-focused stereotype content and valence regarding immigrant and non-immigrant neighbourhoods. In Study 1a (N = 198), a pre-registered online experiment, we observed that participants associate more negative characteristics with immigrant neighbourhoods than with middle-class neighbourhoods. Whereas they imagined immigrant neighbourhoods as crime-ridden, dirty and dangerous, they imagined middle-class neighbourhoods to be quiet, clean and safe. Furthermore, whereas stereotype valence regarding immigrant neighbourhoods was negative, stereotype valence regarding middle-class neighbourhoods was positive, suggesting large effects. These results were replicated in Study 1b (N = 274), examining stereotypes of immigrant versus majority-German neighbourhoods. In Study 2 (N = 209), a pre-registered online experiment, we observed that space-focused stereotypes were more negative when cultural stereotypes rather than personal beliefs were assessed. Exploratory analyses revealed that, compared with majority-German neighbourhoods, participants imagined immigrant neighbourhoods to be lower in socioeconomic status and also reported feeling less psychologically connected to these neighbourhoods, regardless of whether space-focused stereotypes were personally endorsed or not. Lastly, a mega-analysis across studies suggested that effects of stereotypes of immigrant in comparison to non-immigrant places were very large (ds = 1.70). Together, the present findings indicate that mere differences in descriptions of places with reference to their demographic composition are sufficient to elicit large differences in associated stereotype content and valence.

Effects of Age Stereotypes of Older Workers on Job Performance and Intergenerational Knowledge Transfer Intention and Mediating Mechanisms.

The workforce is aging with the population aging. How to effectively manage and motivate older workers is significant for elderly human resources development and the sustainable development of enterprises in organizations. Age stereotypes of older workers refer to people's beliefs and expectations about a specific group of 45-65-year-olds in the workplace. This paper examines the effect of age stereotypes of older workers on job performance and intergenerational knowledge transfer intention. This study carried out two research designs, a questionnaire survey and an experimental study, to explore the effects of positive and negative age stereotypes of older workers on job performance and intergenerational knowledge transfer intention within an organizational context and underlying mediating mechanisms. The results showed that positive stereotypes of older workers significantly positively affected job performance and intergenerational knowledge transfer intention. In comparison, negative stereotypes of older workers significantly negatively affected job performance and intergenerational knowledge transfer intention, and self-perception of aging substantially mediates the effects. This study broadens the research field on the impact of positive and negative age stereotypes on older workers in organizational contexts. This study guides organizations in reducing age discrimination, creating an inclusive workplace environment, and achieving the successful aging of older workers.

Effects of Gender Stereotypes on Career Aspirations in Adolescents in Kenya

Purpose: The aim of the study was to analyze the effects of gender stereotypes on career aspirations in adolescents in Kenya. Methodology: This study adopted a desk methodology. A desk study research design is commonly known as secondary data collection. This is basically collecting data from existing resources preferably because of its low cost advantage as compared to a field research. Our current study looked into already published studies and reports as the data was easily accessed through online journals and libraries. Findings: A study in Kenya found that gender stereotypes strongly shape adolescents' career aspirations. Boys lean towards traditionally masculine careers like engineering, while girls are inclined towards feminine roles like nursing. Societal and familial pressures also limit career choices based on gender norms. This highlights the importance of interventions to challenge stereotypes and promote gender equality in education and career opportunities. Unique Contribution to Theory, Practice and Policy: Social cognitive career theory (SCCT), social role theory & intersectionality theory may be used to anchor future studies on effects of gender stereotypes on career aspirations in adolescents in Kenya. Schools and educational institutions should implement gender-sensitive career counseling programs that challenge traditional gender stereotypes and promote diverse career options for both boys and girls. Policymakers should develop and implement inclusive education policies that promote gender equality and challenge gender stereotypes within the educational system.

Describing the Stereotype Lift efforts of librarians: A case study of female librarians

Purpose. This research delves into the stereotype-laden environment faced by female librarians and the efforts undertaken to counteract these stereotypes. In situations where the worth or ability of an outgroup is questioned, stereotype lift makes people perform better.Methodology. This study utilized qualitative research with a single-case study approach. The participants of the study were five female librarians working within the Zamboanga Peninsula, Philippines. The interview guide questions were used to gather their responses alongside observation and some documents. Permission from the school president was secured first before going to the library, which was also similarly done for online participants. The librarians were in terms of their physical characteristics, emotions, and how they catered to the patrons and researchers. In addition, ocular visits were conducted in which researchers took photos of what could help support the observation. After having the necessary data, Category Construction was utilized to analyze it.Results and discussion. The findings revealed the stereotypes the respondents received: stern and sedentary workers. These stereotypes unveiled how it affects their work performance by remaining unaffected and becoming more approachable. With these effects encountered, the female librarians were able to come up with two strategies for dealing with the stereotypes: remaining calm and positively changing oneself. The librarians also promoted equity, diversity, and inclusion by providing equal treatment to all and organizing a club for book lovers.Conclusions. The effect of stereotypes on librarians was not manifested since some of them perceived it as usual, while some let it change them to better librarians.

Attributions of Sexual Assault: Effects of Victim and Perpetrator Stereotypes, Presentation Order, and Participant Characteristics.

Research on sexual assault has shown that victim, perpetrator, and participant characteristics can influence evaluations of an assault. However, the studies have not examined a possible main effect or interactions from respectively introducing the victim or perpetrator first in an assault description, and previous studies have used participant samples with little diversity. We conducted two studies with factorial between-groups designs that varied presentation order in addition to victim and perpetrator stereotypicality and then assessed the impacts on participants' judgments of sexual assault scenarios. We used the online marketplace Prolific to collect large, diverse samples of participants, and in the second study, we collected roughly equal sample sizes of individuals who identified as Black females/males and White females/males. Our results indicate that multiple factors-including victim and perpetrator stereotypicality, presentation order, and participants' gender identities-significantly influenced judgments of the sexual assault, and there were numerous interactions. The results provide strongest support for a spreading activation model in which each factor can influence a participant's judgment of the other factors and the overall scenario. As such, the findings may bear on the legal handling of sexual assault cases as well as suggesting how different presentation formats and emphases in media coverage may sway the court of public opinion.

Not Tough Enough? Gender Stereotypes and Vote Choice in Switzerland

ABSTRACT While many studies examine the effect of gender stereotypes on electoral chances of women candidates in the U.S. little research investigates this relationship outside two-party systems and experimental designs. This article examines the relationship between gender stereotypes and vote choice for women candidates in the Swiss federal election of 2019. Our regression analyses show that voters holding male issue stereotypes are less likely to elect women candidates, while voters holding female issue stereotypes are more likely to elect women candidates. Interaction effects suggest differing effects depending on a respondent’s age, political knowledge, and the candidate’s party position.

The golden-mean fallacy: A medium-attractiveness face predicts less funding on a crowdfunding platform

We examine the effects of facial attractiveness stereotyping in reward-based crowdfunding decisions. Our findings indicate that to a certain extent, a project creator's facial attractiveness is a valid heuristic cue that influences the evaluation of the project's future potential. Based on a large dataset, we propose a U-shaped relationship between project creators’ facial attractiveness and crowdfunding performance. The results imply that potential backers believe that projects initiated by creators whose facial attractiveness is either high or low (vs. medium) have greater future potential, leading to better crowdfunding performance. Additionally, we find that the effects of attractiveness are moderated by the narrative person used in the project introduction and by project updates on the project's progress schedule. Specifically, the U-shaped effect is stronger when attractive (vs. less attractive) project creators describe their projects in first- (vs. third-) person narration, and the effects of facial attractiveness are also enhanced by project updates. Our findings suggest that facial attractiveness is an actionable funding tool, thereby extending our understanding of the complex effect of facial attractiveness in funding.

South African attitudes towards refugee settlement: Examining the importance of threat perceptions

Abstract Compared to many other countries, South Africa has quite a liberal refugee settlement policy. But public hostility towards refugees in the country is a serious obstacle to refugee protection. To understand what is driving anti-refugee sentiment amongst the masses, this study investigates refugee settlement policy preferences in the post-apartheid nation. Data from the 2020 round of the nationally representative South African Social Attitudes Survey (N = 3133) was used. Different possible drivers of policy preferences were tested. Data analysis showed that there was a robust relationship between immigrant threat perceptions and policy preferences. This finding is consistent with integrated threat theory, highlighting the damaging effects of widespread negative stereotypes about immigrants in the country. Other notable drivers of attitudes identified include economic anxiety and religiosity. Subjective knowledge, by contrast, only had a weak effect on attitude formation. The study concludes by discussing future research opportunities on anti-refugee sentiment in an African context.

Deconstructing Stereotypes in the Liminal Phases: A Postcolonial Feminist Analysis of An Educated Woman in Prostitution

Postcolonial Indians’ psyche has been colonised by the long effects of colonial and patriarchal stereotypes. Stereotypes work as a master’s tool in hindering the freedom of postcolonial Indian women. Due to the impact of this two-fold domination (colonial and patriarchal stereotypes) in the lives of postcolonial Indian women, they are forced to endure their sufferings and are oppressed to remain passive. Postcolonial feminism theory uncovers the unknown struggles endured by various voiceless categories and unrecognised social divisions of third world women. The memoir, An Educated Woman in Prostitution, was chosen for the study as it documents the traumatic life transition of a young girl choosing sex work as her identity in the Indian context. The effects of socio-political principles and dogmatic patriarchal stereotypes constructed around sex workers are transparently discussed in the text. The article employs Arnold van Gennep’s anthropological concepts, the three phases of liminality (preliminal, liminal and postliminal) from The Rites of Passage, to closely observe the life transitions and decisions made by the protagonist. The study utilises these phases of liminality to trace the survival strategies employed by the protagonist and other female characters in dismantling stereotypes and gaining freedom of choice. Conclusively, the study employs a qualitative analysis of Manada Devi’s memoir, drawing upon the theoretical exploration of liminal phases and stereotypes from a postcolonial feminist standpoint. The study identifies the transitional phase during which the protagonist breaks stereotypes and reintegrates into society with a new identity.

Brand Stereotypes: On the relationships with gendered brand personality and agentic and communal values in fostering Consumer–Brand identification

This research draws on social identity theory and social role theory of gender stereotypes to investigate the role of brand gender personality (masculine and feminine) on generating brand warmth and competence, and how consumers’ agentic and communal values condition the effects of brand stereotypes on consumer–brand identification. The theoretical model is tested via two different studies. In the first study (N = 490), 21 brands across different product categories are used to test the theoretical model. Then, a second study (N = 469) corroborates the previously identified relationships and further shows that the effect of brand stereotypes on consumer–brand identification is moderated by agentic and communal motivations. The present study contributes to research on brand stereotyping while providing managerial insights that can be used to enhance the relationship between brands and consumers.