Stability Effects Research Articles

Rapid Dynamic Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy Detection of Amoxicillin-Mediated Morphological Changes in a Pathogen for Diagnosis of Clinical Urine Samples.

The swift and stable detection of pathogens in urine samples holds significant implications for the immediate clinical diagnosis and treatment of urinary tract infections (UTIs). In this study, we propose a detection strategy utilizing a hybrid substrate composed of graphene oxide (GO) and silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) for the detection of pathogens subjected to amoxicillin-mediated (amo-mediated) treatment. This strategy employs dynamic surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (D-SERS) for stable and rapid detection, capturing signal variations induced by amo-mediated changes in pathogen morphology. During the 5 min D-SERS detection time window, stable SERS signals were detected for three types of pathogens and four types of pathogens were successfully distinguished using principal component analysis (PCA). In comparison to conventional nanosubstrates, the GO/Ag NP hybrid substrate exhibits outstanding stability and enhancement effects. This approach enables the dual detection of the pathogen cell structure and metabolites, facilitating specific identification of pathogens in the urinary tract, with a detection limit for Escherichia coli reaching 1 × 104 colony-forming units (CFU)/mL, meeting the clinical microbiology laboratory diagnostic standards for UTIs (105 CFU/mL). Testing of 188 clinically collected urine samples using this strategy yielded a sensitivity (SENS) of 86.4% and a specificity (SPC) of 89.7%. This introduces a novel method for diagnosing UTIs, offering broad applications in the field of clinical pathogen detection.

Research Progress on the Impact of Human Chorionic Gonadotropin on Reproductive Performance in Sows

Human chorionic gonadotropin is a glycoprotein hormone produced by human or humanoid syncytiotrophoblasts that differentiate during pregnancy. Due to its superior stability and long-lasting effects compared to luteinizing hormone, it is often used to replace luteinizing hormone to regulate reproductive performance in sows. Human chorionic gonadotropin promotes oocyte maturation, follicle development, and luteinization, thereby increasing conception rates and supporting early embryonic development. In sow reproductive management, the application of human chorionic gonadotropin not only enhances ovulation synchrony but also improves the success rate of embryo implantation by regulating endometrial receptivity and immune mechanisms, significantly enhancing overall reproductive performance. This article primarily reviews the application of human chorionic gonadotropin in sow follicle development, luteal maintenance, and embryo implantation, providing theoretical support for its use in improving reproductive performance in sows.

Prioritization of Eleven-Nineteen-Leukemia Inhibitors as Orally Available Drug Candidates for Acute Myeloid Leukemia.

Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is the second most prevalent and fatal form of leukemia. The growth of AML cells harboring oncogenic MLL rearrangements relies on the YEATS domain-containing protein ENL. Many small molecule inhibitors targeting ENL have been developed. To prioritize these inhibitors for in vivo studies, a NanoBRET system was introduced to evaluate their cellular permeability and potency. This screening identified inhibitor 13 as a promising candidate. This inhibitor has remarkable metabolic stability and potent antiproliferative effects on MLL-fusion leukemia cell lines. In AML-xenografted mice, inhibitor 13 significantly improved survival. Subsequent optimization efforts led to the development of SR-C-107 (R), which exhibited strong activity against AML both at the cellular level (CC50(MOLM-13): 1.25 ± 0.18 μM; CC50(MV4-11): 0.81 ± 0.15 μM) and in vivo. These findings establish SR-C-107 (R) as a compelling candidate for AML treatment and lay the groundwork for the development of next-generation AML inhibitors.

Photogalvanics of the lactic acid reductant - Carmoisine A photosensitizer-CAPB surfactant electrolyte: An optimization, stability and illumination window size effect

The photogalvanic cells presented in this research work are energy devices having dual role of simultaneous solar power generation and storage. The study of photogalvanics of the Lactic acid reductant-Carmoisine A photosensitizer- Cocamidopropyl betaine (CAPB) surfactant-NaOH alkali has been done under artificial illumination for exploring a most suitable combination of photosensitizer, reductant and surfactant for further enhancing the solar harvesting efficiency. This combination of chemicals (Lactic acid-Carmoisine A-CAPB-NaOH) has shown remarkable improvement in the cell performance. The optimum conditions for cell have also been investigated for optimal cell performance. The electrical output of the cell has been found to depend on the cumulative effect of all cell fabrication variables. The observed power is of the order 1012.70 μW with efficiency 28.84 %. The electrical out-put of the photo-galvanic cells is found almost independent of the size of the illumination window. The initial power generated from the cell was ∼309.0 µW (taken as 100 %), and power at the end of 6th day was ∼0.0009 %. This long term study of the cell in post-illuminated dark conditions shows capacity of the cell to store and release the power over long period of time. Therefore, the Lactic acid reductant-Carmoisine A photosensitizer -CAPB surfactant combination is a good alternative for use in the fabrication of highly efficient photogalvanic cells.

Advances in Physics and Chemistry of Transition Metal Dichalcogenide Janus Monolayers: Properties, Applications, and Future Prospects

AbstractJanus transition metal dichalcogenides (JTMDs) have garnered significant interest from the scientific community owing to their remarkable physical and chemical features. The existence of intrinsic dipoles makes them different from conventional transition metal dichalcogenides. These properties are useful in various potential applications, including energy storage, energy generation, and other electronic devices. The JTMDs are considered a hot topic in two dimensional (2D) materials research, making it necessary to understand their fundamental properties and potential use in various applications. This review covers the fundamental difference between Janus and conventional transition metal dichalcogenide‐based 2D materials. This discussion encompasses the characteristics of monolayer, bilayer, and multilayer materials, focusing on their structural stability, electronics properties, optical properties, piezoelectricity, and Rashba effects. The impact of external stimuli such as strain and electric field toward engineering the ground state properties of monolayer JTMDs is discussed. Additionally, various potential applications of Janus monolayers, including gas sensors, catalysis, electrochemical energy storage, thermoelectric, solar cells, and field effect transistors, are highlighted, emphasizing enhancing their performance. Finally, the prospects of Janus 2D materials for next‐generation electronic devices are highlighted.

Effect of Political Stability on International Tourism in Kenya

Purpose: The aim of the study was to analyze the effect of political stability on international tourism in Kenya. Methodology: This study adopted a desk methodology. A desk study research design is commonly known as secondary data collection. This is basically collecting data from existing resources preferably because of its low cost advantage as compared to a field research. Our current study looked into already published studies and reports as the data was easily accessed through online journals and libraries. Findings: Political stability is essential for international tourism in Kenya, as stability fosters a sense of safety that attracts foreign visitors. During peaceful periods, Kenya sees growth in tourist arrivals and revenue, while political unrest, such as the post-election violence in 2007-2008, results in sharp declines as safety concerns deter tourists. Tourism in Kenya is highly sensitive to political fluctuations, with even minor instability affecting tourist perceptions. To sustain and grow its tourism sector, Kenya must prioritize political stability through effective governance, peaceful elections, and strong conflict resolution strategies, which will help build a resilient tourism industry. Unique Contribution to Theory, Practice and Policy: Social conflict theory, political economy theory & the institutional theory may be used to anchor future studies on the effect of political stability on international tourism in Kenya. Implementing robust governance practices, such as transparency, accountability, and anti-corruption measures, will enhance the overall tourist experience and foster trust among potential visitors. Formulating policies that promote good governance and strengthen institutions will create a conducive environment for political stability.

A retarded foam acid fluid system for low-temperature dolomite geothermal reservoir stimulation and its action mechanisms

Acidizing improves geothermal reservoir productivity by dissolving rocks to increase formation permeability, which is achieved by injecting acid fluids into reservoir formations. However, conventional acid fluids either can not achieve effective acidizing or cause geothermal reservoir damages. Foam acid fluids, which have been applied for oil-gas reservoir stimulation, can realize effective acidizing by retarding acid-rock reactions, and can protect reservoirs. Here, a foam acid fluid system is proposed, aiming at achieving efficient acidizing and reservoir protection in low-temperature dolomite geothermal reservoirs. Formic acid (FA) and acetic acid (HAc) are used to replace a portion of hydrochloride (HCl) acid. Alkyl glycine surfactant AGS-12 is added for foaming, while xanthan gum and nano silica particles are used to stabilize foams. Corrosion inhibitor and ferric ion stabilizer are added to inhibit acid corrosion of steel and ferric ion precipitations. The acidizing effect was evaluated through foam stability, dissolution performance, corrosion inhibition performance, and compatibility. Microscopic observation, field emission scanning electron microscope, and numerical simulation were applied to reveal the mechanisms of temporal evolution of foams and acid dissolution behaviors. Results show that the foam acid fluid with 5 wt% FA, 5 wt% HAc and 10 wt% HCl acid has the best foam stability and retardation effect. Compared to non-foam acid fluid, the decrease degree of the cuttings mass change rate in foam acid fluids exceeds 50 %, and foaming primarily retards acid-rock reactions. Simulation results is consistent with the experiment results, demonstrating that the cuttings dissolve less in FA and HAc. Calcium (Ca) content on the cuttings surfaces after acid-rock reactions in foam acid fluids with FA and HAc is less than that after acid-rock reactions in foam acid fluid with sole HCl acid, indicating that FA and HAc inhibit Ca-bearing mineral precipitations, as formate and acetate ions can chelate with Ca2+. The replacement of HCl acid by FA and HAc contributes to a low corrosivity and good compatibility of the foam acid fluids due to a reduced hydrogen ions resulted from partial dissociation of weak acids. This study shows the feasibility of foam acid fluids during geothermal reservoir stimulation with eliminated reservoir damages.

Influence of political stability on the stock market returns and volatility: GARCH and EGARCH approach

Political instability has increased drastically in Pakistan during the last few decades. This may intensify the fear of investors and eventually affect investment decisions. Therefore, the stock market’s reaction to political stability must be explored and appropriate policy measures should be prescribed. This paper examines the effect of political stability on stock market returns and volatility using time series data from Pakistan for the period from January 02, 2004, to May 31, 2018. The study uses the Generalized Autoregressive Conditional Heteroskedastic (GARCH) and Exponential Generalized Autoregressive Conditional Heteroskedastic (EGARCH) models to achieve the main objectives. The findings of the GARCH and EGARCH models confirm that political stability has a positive and significant influence on both stock market returns and volatility in Pakistan. In addition, the EGARCH findings indicate that negative shock (political instability) creates more volatility in the stock market than positive shock (political stability). The results of this study reveal that financial market investors are affected more by political instability. In conclusion, this study suggests that political stability is an essential factor affecting financial market volatility, and it leads to stable financial markets. It also emphasizes that political instability needs to be resolved to achieve stable financial markets.

Study on the stability, functional activity and preservation effect of oregano essential oil Pickering emulsion with different proportions of chicken bone gelatin/bacterial cellulose during storage

In this study, chicken bone gelatin (CBG) was extracted as a new substitute for traditional pig bone gelatin, and bacterial cellulose (BC) was used as the compound to prepare Oregano essential oil (OEO) Pickering emulsion. To explore a protein/polysaccharide emulsion system that can effectively prolong the functional activity of OEO during storage. The results indicated that the variation in CBG and BC content significantly influenced the physicochemical properties of the emulsions. The optimal formulation of OEO Pickering emulsion, prepared with a CBG-BC ratio of 6:2 (v/v), exhibited superior characteristics including appearance, encapsulation efficiency, and stability during preservation. After 7 d of storage at 4 °C, the rheological properties remained stable, with no significant differences observed in antioxidant and antibacterial activities. It was verified in the beef fresh-keeping experiment that the shelf life of beef samples in the 6-2-2 treatment group was 6 d longer than that in the control group and 3 d longer than that in the pure OEO group. This experiment enhanced the utilization of poultry by-products and provided a valuable reference for exploring suitable protein-polysaccharide systems embedding active substances for food preservation.

Comparative efficacy of microimplant-assisted rapid palatal expansion versus surgically assisted rapid palatal expansion in the treatment of maxillary transverse discrepancy

Background: The maxillary transverse discrepancy is an arch-length reduction that has an unsatisfactory effect on the aesthetics of the face and position while resulting in functional damage. Because of these variations, the goal of this study is to assess the efficacy, stability, and potential adverse effects of Microimplant-Assisted Rapid Palatal Expansion (MARPE) and Surgically Assisted Rapid Palatal Expansion (SARPE) in MTD in adolescents and adults. Methods: An electronic search was conducted in five distinct databases, and the findings contained only peer-reviewed literature from 2018 to 2024. Randomised controlled studies comparing the efficacy of MARPE and SARPE in inducing skeletal and dental alterations, treatment stability, and relapse rates were among the study selection criteria. Data extraction included a review of patient demographics, types of therapies provided, outcomes obtained, and side effects noted. Results: The findings of the study demonstrate that both procedures are appropriate for the treatment of MTD, but MARPE provides advantages in terms of morbidity and patient satisfaction, whilst SARPE may provide faster and more stable outcomes in some circumstances. This study encourages doctors to consider individual patient needs before determining which maxillary transverse discrepancy treatment strategy to use. Conclusion: This study discovered that the MARPE has superior skeletal results and stability than the SARPE, albeit with a higher risk of surgical complications. It is critical to ensure that the unique patient population is carefully selected.

Stability effects of alumina fibers on SnO2/Al2O3 NFs for efficient electrocatalytic performance towards CO2 reduction reaction

The weak stability of electrocatalysts seriously hinders the practical application in the field of electrocatalytic CO2 reduction reaction (CO2RR), so how to select catalyst supports and realize the ingenious combination between active sites and supports is still a challenge. In this work, alumina fibers (Al2O3 NFs) were employed to support Sn catalytic active sites with the aid of sol-gel methods and electrospinning. As-obtained SnO2-loaded aluminum oxide nanofibers (SnO2/Al2O3 NFs) catalyst possesses bulk-like SnO2 and nano-SnO2 loaded Al2O3 NFs. Interestingly, nano-SnO2 loaded Al2O3 NFs mainly contributes to the superior electrocatalytic properties towards CO2RR, particularly, faraday efficiency of formic acid (FEHCOOH) can reach 72.8% when the potential is -1.264 V, with HCOOH partial current density of 32.76 mA cm-2, and a long-term catalytic stability can be achieved. This study not only provides a new idea for enhancing the stability of electrocatalysts, but also expands the application field of Al2O3 NFs.

Chemical Space for Peptide-based Antimicrobials.

Multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria represent a global public health threat, and antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), derived from naturally occurring linear or cyclic peptides, can provide the solution. However, most AMPs are sensitive to proteases and have poor pharmacokinetics. The EU-funded ERC Advanced Grant SPACE4AMPS aims to identify new AMPs by applying the concepts of chemical space and ligand-based virtual screening, which are well known for small molecule drug discovery, to the world of peptides. We create virtual libraries of peptides and related molecules and use these approaches to select a few tens of compounds for synthesis and detailed. evaluation of antibacterial, toxicity and stability effects. Recent results and prospects of this ongoing project are presented in this review.

A facile fabrication for the magnetorheological elastomer composed of Fe particles and silicone rubber matrix

Magnetorheological elastomers (MREs), smart materials for sensors, absorbers, and dampers, have attracted great attention. Carbonyl Fe particles integrating an elastomer and additives are often seen. Nonetheless, time-consuming and complicated fabrication processes are encountered, and the carbonyl coating also deteriorates the magnetorheological (MR) effect. This study, to solve these dilemmas, worked on a facile fabrication process, while MREs show proper cyclic stability and good MR effect. The output stress is almost saturated after 30 times of compression. The absolute and relative MR effects of 1.11 MPa and 33.3 % were achieved, and the threshold value is located between 16Fe and 24Fe composites.

Examining the Relationship Between Macroeconomic Indicators and Stock Market Development in Morocco

The literature is still debating the key macroeconomic variables influencing the stock market development. This paper attempts to provide an empirical study to identify the macroeconomic conditions required for the stock market development in a developing country, in this case, Morocco. The goal is to determine whether macroeconomic variables can improve Moroccan stock market development. The purpose of this study, which covers the period 1996-2020, is to determine the macroeconomic factors that contribute the Moroccan stock market development. It examines the impact of economic growth, banking sector development, stock market liquidity, foreign direct investment and macroeconomic stability measured by the Barro’s Misery index. The autoregressive distributed lag approach (ARDL) was estimated, to get both the short and long run coefficients of the macroeconomic variables that determine Moroccan stock market development. The results reveal that stock market liquidity, banking sector development and foreign direct investment effect positively Moroccan’s stock market development, but macroeconomic stability effects it negatively. While the economic growth does not impact it, whether for the short or long run. There have been no relevant studies that have focused on the macroeconomic determinants of the Moroccan stock market in the short and long terms, despite the fact that theoretical and empirical literature offers diverse perspectives on which factors can determine stock market development. By examining the macroeconomic variables that contribute to Moroccan stock market development and introducing the misery index to assess the effects of macroeconomic stability, this study seeks to enrich the literature.

Numerical simulation and risk assessment of toluene tank leakage in petrochemical industries, China.

Large-capacity toluene storage tank leakage accidents can lead to severe casualties and environmental damage. In this study, numerical simulation of the toluene leakage accidents is performed using PHAST and ALOHA softwares across 16 scenarios. The present research focuses on the dispersion of toluene lethal and toxicity clouds, as well as the associated risks from vapor cloud explosions and pool fires resulting from the large-capacity toluene storage tank leakage. Meanwhile, the effects of influential factors such as leakage height, wind speed, ambient temperature, and atmospheric stability on toluene leakage accidents are also discussed, and then the worst-case scenario of the toluene leakage accident is obtained. The effects of wind speed, ambient temperature, leakage height, and atmospheric stability on outcomes such as toxic clouds, vapor dispersion, explosions, and pool fires are also analyzed. The result reveals that toxic cloud dispersion increases with ambient temperature, while the impact of vapor cloud explosions and pool fires decreases with the increase of leak heights. Wind speed significantly affects pool fire spread. The influential factors related to maximizing hazard range including low leak heights, low wind speeds, high temperatures, and stable conditions are obtained. Risk analysis indicates that vapor cloud explosions significantly impact outdoor potential loss of life (PLLoutdoor) compared with other incidents. Scenario 4 within a directional range from 33.8 to 56.3° shows the highest incident frequencies, highlighting its importance for risk monitoring. These findings are crucial for enhancing emergency response strategies and safety protocols in industrial safety management.

Age-Related Changes in Postural Stability in Response to Varying Surface Instability in Young and Middle-Aged Adults.

As individuals transition into middle age, subtle declines in postural control may occur due to gradual reductions in neuromuscular control. The current study aimed to examine the effect of age on bipedal postural control across three support surfaces with varying degrees of instability: a firm surface, a foam pad, and a multiaxial balance board. The effect of surface stability was also assessed. Postural accelerations were recorded using a tri-axial accelerometer placed over the lumbar spine (L5) in 24 young female adults (23.9 ± 5.3 years) and 24 middle-aged female adults (51.4 ± 5.9 years). Sample entropy (SampEn) was used to analyze the complexity of postural control by measuring the regularity of postural acceleration. The main results show significant age-related differences in the mediolateral and anteroposterior acceleration directions (p ≤ 0.012). Young adults exhibit more irregular fluctuations in postural acceleration (high SampEn), reflecting greater efficiency or automaticity in postural control compared to middle-aged adults. Increased surface instability also progressively decreases SampEn in the mediolateral direction (p < 0.001), reflecting less automaticity with increased instability. However, no interaction effects are observed. These findings imply that incorporating balance training on unstable surfaces might help middle-aged adults maintain postural control and prevent future falls.

Top management team stability and maturity mismatch between investment and financing: the moderating effects of state ownership and institutional ownership

PurposeAccording to the resource-based theory, a firm’s unique resources and capabilities are the key to its competitive advantage. This paper aims to investigate the effect of top management team (TMT) stability, an important intangible resource of the firm, on the maturity mismatch between investment and financing of companies. Additionally, we explore the moderating effects of state ownership and institutional ownership in this context.Design/methodology/approachThis study conducts an empirical analysis based on the ordinary least squares (OLS) model with a sample of Chinese companies listed on the Shanghai and Shenzhen stock exchanges from 2010 to 2022.FindingsThe results show that TMT stability significantly mitigates the degree of maturity mismatch. Both state ownership and institutional ownership weaken the negative effect of TMT stability on maturity mismatch. Besides, alleviating financing constraints is a crucial pathway through which TMT stability influences maturity mismatch.Practical implicationsThe findings help firms to effectively retain TMT talents and reduce the occurrence of maturity mismatch.Originality/valueThis paper not only helps to expand the research on the economic effects of TMT stability but also provides new ideas on how to alleviate the maturity mismatch of companies.

Rapid Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry Method for Determination of Total and Free Testosterone in Human Serum and Its Application to Monitoring Biomarker Response of Elite Athletes.

Total testosterone (TT) and free testosterone (FT) are important biochemical markers for anabolism of the human body, and can also serve as early screening indicators for overtraining syndrome (OTS). Presently, there is no fast and reliable serum TT and FT determination method in the field of sport science that can meet the requirements of sports research. Thus, a rapid and accurate determination method for serum TT and FT to fill the gap is needed urgently in sports training. Herein, a simple and reliable liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method for the simultaneous determination of TT and FT in serum was developed and fully validated, followed by the application of professional athletes in training monitoring. Efficient pretreatments based on only one-step liquid-liquid extraction (LLE) for TT and one-step LLE after a 20 min ultrafiltration for FT were adopted in this study, and the isotope internal standard of testosterone-13C3 was used to ensure the reliability of the whole procedure. A linear range of four orders of magnitude with 0.02-100 ng/mL can meet the concentration range requirement between a higher limit for male TT and a lower limit for female FT. The accuracy, precision, stability, and matrix effect were all within the limits of the guidelines. The serum TT and FT levels of 200 professional athletes (98 male athletes and 102 female athletes) were investigated by this method. Serum TT, FT, and FT/TT levels of professional athletes were significantly higher than the general population, and serum TT levels were significantly higher by LC-MS/MS than by a chemiluminescence immunoassay. In conclusion, the LC-MS/MS method for TT and FT measurement developed in this study is time-saving and easy to operate, which can be used as a reliable method for the determination of serum TT and FT in sports training, offering valuable information for monitoring anabolism of athletes and screening OTS in the early stage.

The host tropism of current zoonotic H7N9 viruses depends mainly on an acid-labile hemagglutinin with a single amino acid mutation in the stalk region.

The incidence of human infection by zoonotic avian influenza viruses, especially H5N1 and H7N9 viruses, has increased. Current zoonotic H7N9 avian influenza viruses (identified since 2013) emerged during reassortment of viruses belonging to different subtypes. Despite analyses of their genetic background, we do not know why current H7N9 viruses are zoonotic. Therefore, there is a need to identify the factor(s) responsible for the extended host tropism that enables these viruses to infect humans as well as birds. To identify H7N9-specific amino acids that confer zoonotic properties on H7N9 viruses, we performed multiple alignment of the hemagglutinin (HA) amino acid sequences of A/Shanghai/1/2013 (H7N9) and A/duck/Zhejiang/12/2011(H7N3) (a putative, non- or less zoonotic HA donor to the zoonotic H7N9 virus). We also analyze the function of an H7N9 HA-specific amino acid with respect to HA acid stability, and evaluated the effect of acid stability on viral infectivity and virulence in a mouse model. HA2-116D, preserved in current zoonotic H7N9 viruses, was crucial for loss of HA acid stability. The acid-labile HA protein in H7 viruses played an important role in infection of human airway epithelial cells; HA2-116D contributed to infection and replication of H7 viruses. Finally, HA2-116D served as a H7 virulence factor in mice. These results suggest that acid-labile HA harboring HA2-116D confers zoonotic characteristics on H7N9 virus and that future novel zoonotic avian viruses could emerge from non-zoonotic H7 viruses via acquisition of mutations that remove HA acid stability.

Recent Updates on Diverse Nanoparticles and Nanostructures in Therapeutic and Diagnostic Applications with Special Focus on Smart Protein Nanoparticles: A Review.

Nanomedicine enables advanced therapeutics, diagnostics, and predictive analysis, enhancing treatment outcomes and patient care. The choices and development of high-quality organic nanoparticles with relatively lower toxicity are important for achieving advanced medical goals. Among organic molecules, proteins have been prospected as smart candidates to revolutionize nanomedicine due to their inherent fascinating features. The advent of protein nanoarchitectures, which explore the biomolecular corona, offers new insights into their efficient tissue penetration and therapeutic potential. This review examines various animal- and plant-based protein nanoparticles, highlighting their source, activity, products, and unique biomedical applications in regenerative medicine, targeted therapies, gene and drug delivery, antimicrobial activity, bioimaging, immunological adjuvants, etc. It provides an extensive discussion on recent applications of protein nanoparticles across diverse biomedical fields as well as the evolving landscape of other nanoproducts and nanodevices for sensitive medical procedures. Furthermore, this review introduces different preparation technologies of protein nanoparticles, emphasizing how their design and construction significantly influence loading capacity, stability, and targeting effects. Additionally, we delve into the construction of different user-friendly multifunctional modular bioarchitectures by the assembly of protein nanoparticles (PNPs), marking a significant breakthrough in therapies. This review also considers the challenges of synthetic nanomaterials and the emergence of natural alternatives, which provides insights into protein nanoparticle research.