Effects Of Species Diversity Research Articles

External and internal driving forces of community and functional group stability in the forest mammal community

Conserving mammal community stability in forest ecosystems is an urgent challenge in the face of global biodiversity threats and complex trophic interaction. However, understanding of the stability of mammal communities and targeted functional groups is still limited, hindering adaptive strategy development. We collected 210 120 camera trap photos across 5897 km 2 within the Amur tiger ( Panthera tigris altaica ) range in China’s natural forests. We decomposed stability into compensatory effects, statistical-averaging effects and population stability. Using structural equation modelling, we explored the impact of external factors, species diversity and vertical effects on the stability of the community and of four functional groups. As external factors, primary productivity increased the stability of top predators, while precipitation had inconsistent effects. Horizontal diversity (richness and evenness) positively impacted community stability. However, the vertical structure of the community, including trophic-level richness and functional groups’ compensatory dynamics, were the largest drivers for maintaining community stability. Horizontal diversity within functional groups and the diversity or biomass of their food resources/consumers both influenced the stability of functional groups. Our results recognize the importance of conserving and even re-establishing vertical trophic structures in forest communities. Acknowledging multiple levels of stability, from functional groups to communities, is an indispensable step for effective conservation strategies.

Effect of sward species diversity combined with a reduction in nitrogen fertilizer on the performances of spring calving grazing dairy cows

The objective of this study was to evaluate the impact of sward diversification combined with a reduction of chemical nitrogen (N) fertilizer on the performance of spring calving grazing dairy cows within a farm systems experiment. Three farmlets were created; a monoculture of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.; PRG) fertilized with 250 kg N/ha (PRG-250N), a PRG - white clover (Trifolium repens; WC) sward fertilized with 125 kg N/ha (PRGWC-125N) and a multispecies sward (MSS) comprising of grasses, legumes and herbs also fertilized with 125 kg N/ha (MSS-125N). Each farmlet had its own herd of dairy cows on a total area of 18.7 ha divided into 20 paddocks. Each herd was comprised of pure Holstein-Friesian (HF) and HF Jersey crossbred (JFX) animals and randomly assigned through the 3 treatments. For 3 years (2021 to 2023), the performances of both swards (grass yield, botanical composition, nutritive value) and grazing animals (milk production and composition, body weight (BW) and body condition score (BCS)) were recorded. There were no significant differences in pasture production or sward nutritive value between sward systems and grazing season length was also similar (264 d). On average over the 3 years, PRGWC-125N contained 150 g/kg DM of legumes and the MSS-125N contained 160 g/kg DM legumes, 130 g/kg DM plantain and 40 g/kg DM chicory. Both individual cow milk and fat plus protein (Milk solids; MS) yield were lower for PRG-250N (5,018 and 452 kg, respectively), intermediate for PRGWC-125N (5,139 and 463 kg, respectively) and highest for MSS-125N (5,297 and 476 kg, respectively) while milk and MS production per hectare from grazing were similar during the study period (11,523 and 1,016 kg/ha, respectively). Breed also had a significant effect with the JFX having lower milk yield but higher fat and protein concentration compared with HF. This resulted in higher MS production per kg of BW for the JFX compared with HF (0.96 and 0.87 kg MS/kg BW, respectively). The results of this study highlight the possibility for more diverse pastures to reduce chemical N fertilizer input requirements and maintain pasture productivity while increasing animal performance within pasture-based spring calving systems.

Tree diversity drives understory carbon storage rather than overstory carbon storage across forest types

Although numerous studies have proposed explanations for the specific and relative effects of stand structure, plant diversity, and environmental conditions on carbon (C) storage in forest ecosystems, understanding how these factors collectively affect C storage in different community layers (trees, shrubs, and herbs) and forest types (mixed, broad-leaved (E), broad-leaved (M), and coniferous forest) continues to pose challenges. To address this, we used structural equation models to quantify the influence of biotic factors (mean DBH, mean height, maximum height, stem density, and basal area) and abiotic factors (elevation and canopy openness), as well as metrics of species diversity (Shannon–Wiener index, Simpson index, and Pielou’s evenness) in various forest types. Our analysis revealed the critical roles of forest types and elevation in explaining a substantial portion of variability in C storage in the overstory layer, with a moderate influence of stand factors (mean DBH and basal area) and a slightly negative impact of tree species diversity (Shannon–Wiener index). Notably, forest height emerged as the primary predictor of C storage in the herb layer. Regression relationships further highlighted the significant contribution of tree species diversity to mean height, understory C storage, and branch biomass within the forest ecosystem. Our insights into tree species diversity, derived from structural equation modeling of C storage in the overstory, suggest that the effects of tree species diversity may be influenced by stem biomass in statistical reasoning within temperate forests. Further research should also integrate tree species diversity with tree components biomass, forest mean height, understory C, and canopy openness to understand complex relationships and maintain healthy and sustainable ecosystems in the face of global climate challenges.

Diversity-biomass relationships are shaped by tree mycorrhizal associations and stand structural diversity at different spatial scales

Diversity-biomass relationships (DBRs) in terrestrial ecosystems tend to vary across spatial scales, but, particularly in hyperdiverse forests, the mechanisms driving these trends remain uncertain. Until now, few have simultaneously investigated the connections between tree species diversity, stand structural diversity, mycorrhizal associations, and ecosystem functioning. In addition, DBRs have only been studied at limited spatial scales, with limited focus on the direct and indirect effects of environmental factors. We addressed these research gaps using a 30-ha forest dynamics plot located in Pu'er City, Southwest China. Through piecewise structural equation models, we quantified the direct effects of tree species diversity (α, β, γ), stand structural diversity, mycorrhizal associations (AM, EcM), and the environmental factors (soil fertility and topography), as well as the indirect effects of the environmental factors on aboveground tree biomass across spatial scales ranging from 400 to 230,400 ​m2. We hypothesized that complex interactions among these factors underpin the variation in DBRs in natural ecosystems across spatial scales. Our results showed that environmental conditions indirectly affected the tree biomass via changes in tree species diversity, and these effects became stronger as the spatial scale increased. At small to moderate spatial scales, environmental factors were more predictive of tree biomass than tree species diversity (or its components); the effects of stand structural diversity on biomass also gradually increased with spatial scale. Conversely, from the intermediate to the largest spatial scales, mycorrhizal associations gradually became the best predictors of DBR dynamics. Our research offers novel empirical evidence demonstrating the importance of environmental conditions, structural diversity, and mycorrhizal associations in shaping cross-scale DBRs. Future comprehensive studies should consider these factors to assess the mechanisms shaping scale-dependent DBRs in complex natural ecosystems.

Soil conditions modify species diversity effects on tree functional trait expression

Examples of positive effects of biodiversity on ecosystem functions have kept accumulating in the last two decades, and functional traits are considered suitable tools to explain their underlying mechanisms. However, traits are rarely studied at the scale where these mechanisms (e.g., complementarity) are likely to originate, that is, between two interacting individuals. In an 18-month greenhouse experiment, we investigated how species diversity (i.e., monospecific or heterospecific tree pairs) affects within-individual leaf traits expression and variation and how this effect is modified by soil conditions. While resource addition through phosphorus fertilization partly strengthened the diversity effects, inoculation of soil microbiota (potentially leading to increased resource accessibility) resulted in counter effects. Hence, in contrast to our expectations, we did not find synergistic effects of the two soil treatments, but we found distinct effects on species following an acquisitive or conservative growth strategy. Overall, our study showed that the effect of species diversity on young trees’ adaptability and resource-use strategy needs to be considered alongside soil biotic and abiotic aspects. The influence of soil conditions on species diversity effects is essential to understand mechanisms behind complementarity at the individual level, which ultimately translate to the community scale.

Stand spatial structural diversity: Developing and validating a novel index

Numerous studies related to the diversity-productivity relationships have mainly focused on the effects of species diversity, function diversity, and nonspatial structural diversity (e.g., variations of diameter), but have overlooked the significant roles of spatial structural diversity. Therefore, the motivation of the present study was to develop a comprehensive index of stand spatial structural diversity (H′) by integrating the strengths of the Shannon-Wiener index and the quaternion joint probability distribution of commonly used neighborhood-based parameters, namely the uniform angle index (W), mingling index (M), diameter dominance index (U) and crowdedness index (C). The application abilities of the index were tested using ten 100 m ×100 m sample plots that were distributed in three different climate zones [4 plots in Greater Khingan Mountains (GKM), 2 plots in Lesser Khingan Mountains (LKM), 4 plots in Changbai Mountains (CBM)] in Heilongjiang Province, northeast China. Meanwhile, the potential driving factors on stand spatial structural diversity were also detected using stepwise regression and hierarchical partitioning techniques based on 3000 simulated stands. The results indicated that the average values of H′ at GKM, LKM, and CBM were 0.8436, 0.8079, and 0.8098, suggesting that the stand spatial structural diversities of the forests in GKM were notably higher than those in LKM and CBM. The characteristics of M, C, and W emerged as the three most influential factors driving stand spatial structural diversity. This study contributes significantly not only by providing an effective index for measuring stand spatial structural diversity, but also by streamlining the complex decision processes associated with optimizing stand spatial structure.

Effects of native species richness on reproduction of invasive Bidens pilosa vary with nutrient supply

BackgroundBoth increasing native species diversity and reducing nutrient availability can increase the ability of native plant communities to resist alien plant invasions. Furthermore, native species diversity and nutrient availability may interact to influence alien plant invasions. So far, however, little is known about the interactive effect of species diversity and nutrient availability on reproduction of alien invasive plants. We constructed native plant communities with one, four or eight species under low and high nutrient supply and then let them be invaded by the invasive alien plant Bidens pilosa.ResultsAt both high and low nutrient supply, increasing native species richness significantly increased aboveground biomass of the native plant community and decreased aboveground biomass and biomass proportion of the invader B. pilosa. Reproductive biomass of B. pilosa decreased significantly with increasing native species richness under high nutrient supply, but this effect was not observed under low nutrient supply. Net biodiversity effect on seed mass of B. pilosa decreased significantly with increasing native species diversity under high nutrient supply, but not under low nutrient supply. This was mainly because the selection effect became dominant with increasing species richness under high nutrient supply.ConclusionsOur study suggest that native species richness and nutrient supply can interact to influence reproduction of invasive alien plant species and that measures to help maintain a high level of native species richness and to reduce nutrient supply could be useful for efficient invasive plant control.

Stand Structure and Functional Traits Determine Productivity of Larix principis-rupprechtii Forests

Forest productivity (FP) depends not only on tree species diversity but also on functional traits, stand structure, and environmental factors; however, causation and relative importance remain controversial. The effects of tree species diversity (species richness), trait community-weighted mean (CWM), forest structure (forest density and maximum DBH), and environmental factors (soil nutrients and elevation) on larch (Larix principis-rupprechtii Mayr) forests’ productivity were investigated, and the relative importance of each factor in determining productivity was quantified. Our results showed that stand structure and functional traits had significant positive effects on the basal area increment (BAI) of larch stands (p < 0.05) and were more important than tree diversity and environmental factors in explaining BAI variations. The contribution ratio of each influencing factor was as follows: stand structure (59%), functional composition (30%), environmental factors (9%), and species diversity (SD) (2%). The biomass ratio hypothesis was more important than the niche complementarity hypothesis in explaining the relationship between species diversity and productivity. The structural equation model showed that environmental factors did not directly affect the BAI in larch forests but indirectly affected the BAI through tree diversity and stand structure. Therefore, in larch forests with low species richness, it is more important to adjust stand structure to maintain overyielding while also considering the influence of environmental factors.

Effects of species diversity on trait expression of the clonal herb Taraxacum officinale and its relation to genotype diversity and phenotypic plasticity.

Plant species respond to varying plant species diversity and associated changes in their abiotic and biotic environment with changes in their phenotype. However, it is not clear to what degree this phenotypic differentiation is due to genotype diversity within populations or phenotypic plasticity of plant individuals. We studied individuals of 16 populations of the clonal herb Taraxacum officinale grown in plant communities of different species richness in a 17-year-old grassland biodiversity experiment (Jena Experiment). We collected 12 individuals in each population to measure phenotypic traits and identify distinct genotypes using microsatellite DNA markers. Plant species richness did not influence population-level genotype and trait diversity. However, it affected the expression of several phenotypic traits, e.g. leaf and inflorescence number, maximum leaf length and seed mass, which increased with increasing plant species richness. Moreover, population-level trait diversity correlated positively with genotype richness for leaf dry matter content (LDMC) and negatively with inflorescence number. For several traits (i.e. seed mass, germination rate, LDMC, specific leaf area (SLA)), a larger portion of variance was explained by genotype identity, while variance in other traits (i.e. number of inflorescences, leaf nitrogen concentration, leaf number, leaf length) resided within genotypes and thus was mostly due to phenotypic plasticity. Overall, our findings show that plant species richness positively affected the population means of some traits related to whole-plant performance, whose variation was achieved through both phenotypic plasticity and genotype composition of a population.

Aboveground biomass stocks of species-rich natural forests in southern China are influenced by stand structural attributes, species richness and precipitation

Forests, the largest terrestrial carbon sinks, play an important role in carbon sequestration and climate change mitigation. Although forest attributes and environmental factors have been shown to impact aboveground biomass, their influence on biomass stocks in species-rich forests in southern China, a biodiversity hotspot, has rarely been investigated. In this study, we characterized the effects of environmental factors, forest structure, and species diversity on aboveground biomass stocks of 30 plots (1 ha each) in natural forests located within seven nature reserves distributed across subtropical and marginal tropical zones in Guangxi, China. Our results indicate that forest aboveground biomass stocks in this region are lower than those in mature tropical and subtropical forests in other regions. Furthermore, we found that aboveground biomass was positively correlated with stand age, mean annual precipitation, elevation, structural attributes and species richness, although not with species evenness. When we compared stands with the same basal area, we found that aboveground biomass stock was higher in communities with a higher coefficient of variation of diameter at breast height. These findings highlight the importance of maintaining forest structural diversity and species richness to promote aboveground biomass accumulation and reveal the potential impacts of precipitation changes resulting from climate warming on the ecosystem services of subtropical and northern tropical forests in China. Notably, many natural forests in southern China are not fully stocked. Therefore, their continued growth will increase their carbon storage over time.

Effects of plant species diversity and density of Acorus calamus and Reineckea carnea on nitrogen removal and plant growth in constructed wetlands during the cold season

Effects of plant species diversity and density of Acorus calamus and Reineckea carnea on nitrogen removal and plant growth in constructed wetlands during the cold season

Resilience of Aboveground Biomass of Secondary Forests Following the Abandonment of Gold Mining Activity in the Southeastern Peruvian Amazon

Amazon rainforests are critical for providing a wide range of ecosystem services. In the Southeastern Peruvian Amazon; however, goldmining activities are causing severe soil degradation and forest loss. We analyzed aboveground biomass (AGB), forest structure, and species diversity recovery during secondary succession in 179 forest plots. Our study provides the first field-based quantification of AGB recovery following the abandonment by two types of goldmining (heavy machinery and suction pumping) in Madre de Dios (Peru). We found that successional secondary forests in areas subjected to suction pumping were more resilient than those in areas subjected to heavy machinery. After 20 years, mean AGB in suction pumping mining areas had reached 56% of reference forest AGB, while in areas of heavy machinery mining it was only 18%. Mining type, stand age, and distance from the forest edge had a significant effect on AGB. The influence of the distance from the forest edge on AGB varies according to mining type because the effects of species diversity on AGB are mediated by the distance from the forest edge. Our results clearly showed the dynamics of AGB recovery across a secondary succession after goldmining, and the contrasting responses of AGB between the two mining types. Our study disentangles the importance of key factors in forest recovery after mining and improves understanding of the resilience of biomass accumulation in these highly degraded ecosystems.

Leaf trait network variations with woody species diversity and habitat heterogeneity in degraded karst forests

Leaf Trait Networks (LTNs) visually display the intricate trait connections in offering insights into how plants adapt to diverse environments. The pervasive environmental heterogeneity can influence plant diversity and functional traits. Various habitats sustain distinct species diversity and leaf trait differentiation, precisely as the degraded karst-heterogenous ecosystem caused by inhomogeneous microhabitats. However, how the LTNs respond to understory habitat heterogeneity and species diversity in degraded karst forests remains unclear. This study selected fifty-three forest plots for plant community survey and habitat investigation in a typical karst topography to visualize LTNs using twenty-one woody leaf traits. LTN architecture variations were analyzed in relation to habitat heterogeneity and species diversity through network-architectural parameters, including edge density, diameter, average path length, and average clustering coefficient, utilizing regression, principal component analysis, and structural equation model. The results showed a 35% variation in modularity across all plots, indicating distinct network architectural modularization differentiation. Network diameter and average path length displayed significant initial decreases followed by increases with ascending PC1 heterogeneity scores, indicating moderate heterogeneity sustained greater network connectivity. In addition, the network diameter, average path length, and average clustering coefficient significantly decreased with increasing species diversity, indicating that high species diversity enables greater connectivity and complexity. Moreover, the habitat heterogeneity significantly affected species diversity directly and affected the average clustering coefficient, diameter, average path length, and edge density indirectly through species diversity effects via SEM pathway analysis. Overall, habitat heterogeneity and woody plant diversity of karst forests significantly influence LTN architectures in degraded karst forests. In conclusion, moderate heterogeneity sustains greater network connectivity while species diversity jointly enhances connectivity and complexity by combining modular regulation of plant functional traits.

Positive effects of tree species diversity on productivity switch to negative after severe drought mortality in a temperate forest experiment.

The synthesis of a large body of evidence from field experiments suggests more diverse plant communities are more productive as well as more resistant to the effects of climatic extremes like drought. However, this view is strongly based on data from grasslands due to the limited empirical evidence from tree diversity experiments. Here we report on the relationship between tree diversity and productivity over 10 years in a field experiment established in 2005 that was then affected by the 2018 mega-drought in central Europe. Across a number of years, tree species diversity and productivity were significantly positively related; however, the slope switched to negative in the year of the drought. Net diversity effects increased through time, with complementarity effects making greater contributions to the net diversity effect than selection effects. Complementarity effects were clearly positive in three- and five-species mixtures before the drought (2012-2016) but were found to decrease in the year of the drought. Selection effects were clearly positive in 2016 and remained positive in the drought year 2018 in two-, three-, and five-species mixtures. The survival of Norway spruce (Picea abies) plummeted in response to the drought, and a negative relationship between species diversity and spruce survival was found. Taken together, our findings suggest that tree diversity per se may not buffer communities against the impacts of extreme drought and that tree species composition and the drought tolerance of tree species (i.e., species identity) will be important determinants of community productivity as the prevalence of drought increases.

How do plant demographic and ecological traits combined with social dynamics and human traits affect woody plant selection for medicinal uses in Benin (West Africa)?

Several hypotheses have been used in ethnobotany to explain the plant's selection criteria by people for their daily needs. Thus, it is important to assess synergy and complementarity among them, especially, those concerning the plant use value, social dynamics and human traits. The study aims to (i) highlight people's socio-economic factors, and plant ecological traits that affect the plant use-availability dynamic (PUD); and (ii) assess the available species diversity effect on ethno-medicinal knowledge diversity in Benin. Ethnobotanical interviews were carried out to quantify the importance of local species in different ecological zones of Benin with 590 traditional medicine actors. Vegetation surveys were done to assess species availability within 337 plots of 50m x 40m or 60m x 30m, depending on the climatic zone, for a total of 61.6ha, established in 15 forests distributed within the 10 phytodistricts of Benin. The plant use availability hypothesis was quantified as a dynamic link between species use value and availability (PUD). A general and mixed linear models were used to assess the significance of each factor's effect on PUD. Pearson correlation test was applied on Shannon diversity index considering inventoried species in the field and those which were cited by people, for the available species diversity effect on ethno-medicinal knowledge diversity assessment. A hundred and twenty woody medicinal plants, mostly trees (68.33%), were sampled. Growth form and its interaction with phytodistrict have a significant effect (p: 0.005) on PUD. The less available trees were the most used in the phytodistricts 3, 4, 8 and 10. PUD varies significantly according to social factors (p: 0.007). Ethnicity, age and main activity were the most quoted social factors which influenced the PUD. Ethnicity and age have various effects considering the phytodistricts. Moreover, the influence of age changes following the main activity. Plant selection did not solely link to the surrounding diversity (r: - 0.293; p: 0.403). Within some phytodistricts, especially those of 3, 4, 8 and 10, the less available tree species were the most requested. It is urgent to reforest vegetation patches in some phytodistricts (3, 4, 8 and 10) of Benin with widely requested and no available species to avoid the extinction of their wild populations. This concerns Cassia sieberiana DC., Anonychium africanum (Guill. & Perr.) C. E.Hughes & G. P. Lewis, Pterocarpus erinaceus Poir., Cola millenii K. Schum., Azadirachta indica A. Juss., Khaya senegalensis (Desr.) A. Juss., Pseudocedrela kotschyi (Schweinf.) Harms, Treculia africana Decne. ex Trécul, Uapaca heudelotii Baill., Vitellaria paradoxa C. F. Gaertn., Kigelia africana (Lam.) Benth. and Newbouldia laevis (P. Beauv.) Seem. ex Bureau.

Spectral asynchrony as a measure of ecosystem response diversity

AbstractSpecies diversity is crucial for promoting ecosystem resilience and stability. Species diversity promotes complementarity in resource use, resulting in a wider range of responses to adverse conditions. This enables populations of different species to fluctuate asynchronously, maintaining ecosystem functioning during extreme climatic events. However, incorporating such mechanisms into conservation decisions and ecosystem modelling requires scalable metrics that represent species diversity, which is currently lacking. To address this, we introduce spectral asynchrony, a metric that captures the spatial heterogeneity of species’ functional responses occurring in distinct pixels. Here, we use remote sensing datasets to investigate the relationship between spectral asynchrony and productivity responses of seasonally dry tropical forests (SDTF) to climatic fluctuations. Our findings reveal that spectral asynchrony is associated with increased resistance and recovery of SDTF productivity in following extreme drought years, as well as greater productivity stability over two decades. Furthermore, higher spectral asynchrony was associated with relatively wetter regions, suggesting that increasing aridity across SDTF could potentially reduce landscape heterogeneity and limit ecosystem resilience to increasing droughts in the future. Spectral asynchrony provides an easily measurable and monitorable metric for assessing ecosystem responses to global changes, reflecting and scaling‐up the effects of species diversity at the local level.

Effects of shrub species dominance and diversity on oak seedling survival in Mediterranean woodlands: The interplay of abiotic conditions and plant traits

Understanding plant species interactions, including facilitation and competition, is fundamental to improve the success of woody seedling establishment. This is particularly important for the restoration of sclerophyllous oak forests, one of the main forest types in Mediterranean Europe currently facing a severe lack of oak natural regeneration. However, the effects of shrub communities dominated by different species and diverse shrub communities on the establishment of Mediterranean oaks remains poorly understood. We conducted a 3-year experimental study in cork oak (Quercus suber L.) woodlands in Portugal to assess the effects of species dominance and diversity of the shrub community and associated abiotic resources on cork oak seedling emergence and survival. We hypothesized that the emergence and survival vary with the identity of the dominant shrub, due to distinct shrub functional traits affecting understory abiotic conditions. Additionally, we predict that the survival of seedlings increases with shrub diversity, driven by net facilitation processes. We sowed 960 cork oak acorns across five replicated microhabitats: four with distinct shrub species dominance and diversity and one without shrub cover. We used Bayesian statistics to model cork oak seedling emergence and survival as a function of microhabitat type and abiotic variables (soil water and temperature, soil characteristics and leaf area index). Seedling emergence and survival varied with species dominance and diversity of the shrub microhabitat. The highest survival was observed in microhabitats characterized by higher shrub diversity, and the lowest survival in microhabitats dominated by Cistus ladanifer. Maximum soil temperature was associated with higher emergence but lower survival in open conditions or areas with sparser shrub cover. Water logging constrained emergence and survival, but higher soil potassium was associated with higher survival, for all microhabitats. Our study shows that interactions between cork oak seedlings and their shrub neighbors are species and community dependent, and that a more diverse shrub composition improves cork oak seedling survival, likely due to distinct shrub traits that ameliorate the physical environment and promote facilitation. Management and restoration of Mediterranean sclerophyllous oak forests need to consider the specificity and diversity of the understory plant community, as well as the different stages of oak early life-cycle, to identify the most favorable conditions for oak establishment. This becomes particularly important under more frequent climatic extremes predicted for Mediterranean Europe.

Positive effects of plant species diversity on organic carbon accumulation in soil aggregates driven by mineral protection in a subtropical forest in southwest China

Positive effects of plant species diversity on organic carbon accumulation in soil aggregates driven by mineral protection in a subtropical forest in southwest China

Shrub expansion raises both aboveground and underground multifunctionality on a subtropical plateau grassland: coupling multitrophic community assembly to multifunctionality and functional trade-off.

Shrubs have expanded into grasslands globally. However, the relative importance of aboveground and underground diversity and the relative importance of underground community assembly and diversity in shaping multifunctionality and functional trade-offs over shrub expansion remains unknown. In this study, aboveground and underground multitrophic communities (abundant and rare archaea, bacteria, fungi, nematodes, and protists) and 208 aboveground and underground ecosystem properties or indicators were measured at three stages (Grass, Mosaic, Shrub) of shrub expansion on the Guizhou subtropical plateau grassland to study multifunctionality and functional trade-offs. The results showed that shrub expansion significantly enhanced aboveground, underground, and entire ecosystem multifunctionality. The functional trade-off intensities of the aboveground, underground, and entire ecosystems showed significant V-shaped changes with shrub expansion. Shrub expansion improved plant species richness and changed the assembly process and species richness of soil abundant and rare subcommunities. Plant species diversity had a greater impact on multifunctionality than soil microbial diversity by more than 16%. The effect of plant species diversity on functional trade-offs was only one-fifth of the effect of soil microbial diversity. The soil microbial species richness did not affect multifunctionality, however, the assembly process of soil microbial communities did. Rather than the assembly process of soil microbial communities, the soil microbial species richness affected functional trade-offs. Our study is the first to couple multitrophic community assemblies to multifunctionality and functional trade-offs. Our results would boost the understanding of the role of aboveground and underground diversity in multifunctionality and functional trade-offs.

Cross-domain diversity effects: linking diatom species richness, intraspecific richness, and biomass production to host-associated bacterial diversity.

Interactions between bacteria and microalgae are important for the functioning of aquatic ecosystems, yet interactions based on the biodiversity of these two taxonomic domains have been scarcely studied. Specifically, it is unclear whether a positive biodiversity-productivity relationship in phytoplankton is largely facilitated by niche partitioning among the phytoplankton organisms themselves or whether associated bacterial communities play an additional role in modifying these diversity effects. Moreover, the effects of intraspecific diversity in phytoplankton communities on bacterial community diversity have not been tested. To address these points, we factorially manipulated both species and intraspecific richness of three diatoms to test the effects of diatom species/strain diversity on biomass production and bacterial diversity in algae-bacteria communities. The results show that diatom intraspecific diversity has significant positive effects on culture biomass and the diversity of the associated free-living bacterial community (0.2-3μm size fraction), which are comparable in magnitude to species diversity effects. However, there were little to no effects of diatom diversity on host-associated bacterial diversity (>3μm size fraction), or of bacterial diversity on biomass production. These results suggest a decoupling of bacterial diversity from the diatom diversity-productivity relationship and provide early insights regarding the relations between diversity across domains in aquatic ecosystems.