Effect Of Solution Treatment Temperature Research Articles

Combined experimental and computational investigation of precipitation behaviour and mechanical properties in a novel Cu–Ni–Si–Co alloy: effect of solution treatment temperature

ABSTRACT Cu alloys are extensively utilized in electronics for heat exchangers, electrical conductors, automotive connectors, and electrical contacts. To meet the demands of miniaturization, these alloys must exhibit enhanced strength and electrical conductivity. We investigated the microstructural and precipitation properties of the Cu–Ni–Si–Co alloy at the solution treatment temperature (1,050°C). We subjected the alloy to cold rolling and ageing. The secondary-phase particles dissolved completely at higher temperatures, increasing the concentrations of the Ni, Si, and Co solutes within the Cu matrix. This enhanced supersaturation facilitated higher precipitation during ageing, resulting in fine (Ni,Co)2Si precipitates with a number density of 12.3 × 1010 cm−2. The alloy was strengthened by the Orowan mechanism and exhibited good electrical conductivity. Moreover, nanoscale (Ni,Co)2Si precipitates were formed. We achieved the highest hardness of 251 hV and an electrical conductivity (EC) of 51% International Annealed Copper Standard (IACS).

Effect of Solution Treatment Temperature on Microstructure, Mechanical Properties and Corrosion Resistance of Ultra-High Nitrogen Stainless Steel

Effect of Solution Treatment Temperature on Microstructure, Mechanical Properties and Corrosion Resistance of Ultra-High Nitrogen Stainless Steel

Effect of solution treatment temperature on recrystallisation behaviour of Haynes 282 manufactured through laser powder bed fusion

Effect of solution treatment temperature on recrystallisation behaviour of Haynes 282 manufactured through laser powder bed fusion

Effect of Solution Treatment on Mechanical Properties of Inconel 718 Alloy Formed by SLM

Based on SLM forming process, Inconel 718 alloy powder material was used to design and print test parts, and the test parts were treated with solution treatment. This article explored the effects of solution treatment temperature and time on the mechanical properties of Inconel 718 alloy. The results indicate that the solution treatment can effectively improve the tensile strength, yield strength and density of the parts. When the solution treatment temperature increases, the material brittleness becomes larger, and when the solution treatment time prolongs, the material toughness improves. The density of the material increased with the extension of solution treatment time and the increase of temperature.

Effects of solution treatment on the microstructural evolution and tensile properties of GH 3230 superalloy manufactured by laser melting deposition

GH 3230 is a solution strengthening nickel-based superalloy, which is widely used to fabricate hot components involving service temperatures nearly or above 1100 °C. In this study, GH 3230 samples were fabricated by laser melting deposition (LMD) and the effects of solution treatment temperature ranging from 1200 °C to 1320 °C on the microstructure and tensile properties were investigated. Meanwhile, a comparison of the microstructure and properties of the different additive manufactured specimens and forgings were also made. The microstructure and phase evolution of the samples were examined with optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The results showed that the morphology of grain boundary carbides altered from chain-like to semi-chain short rod by the solution treatment, and the phase composition changed from a large amount of Cr 23 C 6 phases and a small amount of Ni 2 W 4 C phases to a massive number of Ni 2 W 4 C phases. It was found that almost no change occurred with regard to the carbide content and the carbide size varied from 1.09 μm to 0.85 μm with the solution treatment temperature ranging from 1200 °C to 1260 °C. However, when the solution treatment temperature was further increased to 1320 °C, the content of carbides decreased dramatically from 4.35 vol% to 0.5 vol%, and size of carbides decreased from 0.85 μm to 0.80 μm. In general, the solution treatment improved not only the ultimate tensile strength (UTS) but also the elongation (EL) of LMDed samples. The ultimate tensile strength could be increased from 1000 MPa (as-LMDed) to 1062.7 MPa (LMD + HT 1260 °C), and the elongation was enhanced from 16.7% to 24.3%. • Haynes 230 samples were manufactured by laser melting deposition and the effects of heat treatment on the microstructure and properties were studied. • After heat treatment the carbides morphology altered from chain-like to semi-chain short rod and two kinds of carbides changed to one type. • Heat treatment improved both strength and elongation of specimens. The recommended heat treatment temperature was 1260 °C and its strength (1062.7 MPa) was obviously higher than that of forgings + HT 1230 °C (904.0 MPa).

Effect of Solution Treatment Temperature on Microstructure, Mechanical Properties, and Corrosion Resistance of 5A Super Duplex Stainless Steel

Effect of Solution Treatment Temperature on Microstructure, Mechanical Properties, and Corrosion Resistance of 5A Super Duplex Stainless Steel

Effect of solution treatment on duplex stainless steel weld microstructure of deep-penetration TIG welding

The double-layer gas shielded welding method was adopted in this study. The pure argon gas was used in the inner layer, while a small amount of active gas was added to the outer layer. The welding efficiencies and phase ratios in weld microstructure of 2205 duplex stainless steel under different outer shielding gas conditions were compared. Different solution treatment conditions were applied to the welded joints after welding to explore the effect of solution treatment temperature and time on the weld microstructure. The experimental results showed that the welding efficiency could be improved effectively by adding a proper amount of active gas into the outer protective gas. Proper solution treatment could increase the austenite phase proportion in 2205 duplex stainless steel welds. With the increase of the solution temperature and time, the content of austenite gradually increased, the grain became fine, and the two phases were of uniform distribution.

Effect of Solution Treatment Temperature on Microstructure and Properties of Fe-0.72Mn-3.7Al-0.53C Low-Density Cast Steel

In the present research, the microstructure and mechanical properties of low-density Fe-0.72Mn-3.7Al-0.53C steel were investigated after solution treatment at 900 °C, 1000 °C, 1110 °C and 1200 °C for 1 h. The density of steel is about 7.0 g·cm−3 due to the addition of a higher content of aluminum elements. The microstructure was characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and the mechanical behavior was analyzed by room temperature tensile testing. The results show that the microstructure of the steel is ferrite and martensite after solution treatment, and that martensite can be divided into dislocation martensite and twinned martensite according to different substructures. Part of the martensite grows in a mirror-symmetrical manner in order to adjust the strain energy that increases with the system undercooling to form twinned martensite. After solution treatment at different temperatures, the tensile strength and elongation of the steel increased and then decreased with the increase of the solution treatment temperature, and the tensile strength could reach 928.92 MPa, while maintaining excellent toughness and elongation at 5.89%.

Microstructure Evolution of a Nickel‐Based Powder Metallurgy Superalloy Under Different Solution Treatment Temperatures

The effects of solution treatment temperature from 1120 to 1220 °C on the microstructure of a new nickel‐based powder metallurgy (PM) superalloy have been systematically studied. As the solution temperature increased from 1120 to 1160 °C, the grains of γ matrix grow slowly due to the pinning of the primary γ′ phase. With the solution of γ′ phase and carbides between 1160 and 1180 °C, the γ grains enlarge quickly from 6.7 to 32.1 μm, whereas the grain growth slows down from 1180 to 1220 °C owing to the decrease of interface energy of grain boundaries. The grain growth model has been established, and the activation energy of grain growth is calculated to be 298.5 KJ mol−1. After solution treatment above 1170 °C, both the primary γ′ precipitates at the prior particle cores (PPCs) and prior particle boundaries (PPBs) dissolve completely. The size of secondary γ′ precipitates increases linearly with solution temperature, while the size of MC carbides changes slightly. The hardness variation of the samples under different solution temperatures is mainly due to the combined effects of grain size and the size of γ′ precipitates.

Alloy Partitioning Effect on Strength and Toughness of κ-Carbide Strengthened Steels.

Alloy partitioning during heat treatment in a lightweight precipitation hardened steel was investigated using transmission electron microscopy and atom probe tomography. The mechanical properties are discussed as a function of the effect of solution treatment temperature and aging time, giving rise to variations in chemical modulation. A wrought lightweight steel alloy with a nominal composition of Fe-30Mn-9Al-1Si-1C-0.5Mo (wt. %) was solution-treated between 1173–1273 K and aged at 773 K. Lower solution treatment temperatures retained a finer grain size and accelerated age hardening response that also produced an improved work hardening behavior with a tensile strength of −1460 MPa at 0.4 true strain. Atom probe tomography indicated these conditions also had reduced modulation in the Si and Al content due to the reduced aging time preventing silicon from diffusing out of the κ-carbide into the austenite. This work provides the framework for heat-treating lightweight, age hardenable steels with high strength and improved energy absorption.

The effect of solution treatment temperature on SIEM and shape recovery of Fe–Mn–Si shape memory alloy

Solution treatment process is stepwise process in manufacturing of iron based shape memory alloy. It is well known that the grain size of austenite in the solution treatment condition depends on the austenitizing/solutionizing temperature. Moreover, the solution treatment temperature influences the transformation temperatures of SMAs. It has been found by researchers that solution treatment temperature brings about modification in the grain size, the grain boundary angles, and the annealing twins. The major objective of the present work is therefore to assess the influence of modifications in the microstructural features by using different solution treatment temperatures. Optical microscopic studies reveal the microstructural changes brought about by changing the solution treatment temperature. DSC shows that somewhat change of transformation temperatures in regarding to the conjugated solution treatment temperature, but the martensite transformation temperatures are still in the range of ambient temperature. X-ray diffraction results refer to the enhancement of SIEM in the alloy that was solution treated at 1000 °C. TEM observations prove that uniform stacking faults have been generated at the austenite of the alloy that has been solution treated at 1000 °C. In addition, SADP shows that ε-martensite is the domain structure generated after 3.1% pre-strain of the sample that has been solution treated at 1000 °C. The results indicate that solution treatment at an optimal temperature of 1000 °C leads to increase of shape memory effect of iron base shape memory alloy.

Effect of Solution Treatment Temperature on Microstructures and Mechanical Properties of (35.5-x)Ti-49.5Ni-15Hf-xNb (x = 3, 10) (at. %) High Temperature Shape Memory Alloys

In this study, the effects of solution treatment temperature on the microstructures and mechanical properties of (35.5-x)Ti-49.5Ni-15Hf-xNb (x = 3, 10) (at.%) high-temperature shape memory alloys were studied by means of scanning electron microscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, and tensile tests. The microstructures of the solution treated with a 1123 K Ti-49.5Ni-15Hf-3Nb alloy consisted of (Ti, Hf, Nb)2Ni and Nb-rich phases and a B19′ martensite matrix. The solution treated at 1123 K Ti-49.5Ni-15Hf-10Nb alloy consisted of the B19′ martensite matrix and Nb-rich, Hf-rich, and Ni-rich phases. The Ni-rich phases were eliminated by increasing the solution treatment temperature. When the solution treatment temperature was increased from 1123 K to 1273 K, the fracture strain increased from 8.4% to 10.4% and from 11.2% to 22.1% for the Ti-49.5Ni-15Hf-3Nb and Ti-49.5Ni-15Hf-10Nb alloys, respectively, which was ascribed to the elimination of the Ni-rich phase. Ms (B2-B19′ transformation start temperature) also increased from 421.3 K to 439.7 K and from 192.6 K to 299.2 K for the 3Nb and 10Nb alloys, respectively. Superelastic recovery ratios of 62.7% and 78.7% were observed in the 3Nb and 10Nb alloy solutions treated at 1123 K, respectively. The superelastic recovery ratio increased with an increase in solution treatment temperature from 1123 K to 1273 K for both the 3Nb and 10Nb alloys.

On the optimization of temperature and cooling rate to maximize strength and ductility of near α titanium alloy IMI 834

Microstructural features that vary in morphology, topology and size affect the static and dynamic mechanical properties of titanium alloys both individually and synergistically. These microstructural features are in turn influenced by the post deformation heat treatment parameters such as temperature and cooling rate. In the current study, near alpha titanium alloy IMI 834 was subjected to solution treatment followed by cooling in seven different media. Apart from conventional cooling media viz., water, oil, air and furnace, three other cooling medium were identified and used to bridge the large cooling rate gap that exists between air and conventional furnace cooling. The effect of solution treatment temperature and cooling rate on the microstructure and room temperature tensile properties of the alloy has been evaluated and reported here. An attempt has been made here to establish the correlation between the heat treatment parameters and all the resulting tensile properties such as yield strength, ultimate tensile strength, elongation, reduction in area (RA), strain hardening exponent (n), energy under the plastic region or toughness using response surface methodology (RSM) based on general factorial design (GFD). Based on the correlation, the optimum heat treatment parameter viz., temperature and cooling rate that maximizes both strength and ductility of the material has been identified using desirability function approach.

Effects of solution treatment temperature and time on the porosities and mechanical properties of vacuum die-casted and T6 heat-treated Al–Si–Mg alloy

Al–Si–Mg cast alloys can be imparted with a wide range of mechanical properties through heat treatment, thus meeting the required performance of various vehicle components. However, because of the characteristics of the high-pressure die casting process, the gas porosities in the casting can lead to blisters during the solution treatment of die-casting parts. Therefore, systematic studies on the solution temperature and solution time are required to prevent such blisters. In this study, the gas porosity and mechanical properties of T6 heat-treated specimens were evaluated under various solution treatment conditions. As the solution treatment temperature and time increased, the numbers and volume of individual gas porosity increased. On the other hand, there were little changes in the shrinkages upon heat treatment. As solution temperature and time increased, the area fraction of the eutectic Si particles and Mg2Si decreased slightly, whereas the area and sphericity of the eutectic Si and Mg2Si increased. As the solution treatment temperature and time increased, the ultimate tensile strength and yield strength increased, whereas the elongation tended to decrease. However, the maximum UTS and YS were obtained on treatment at 520 °C for 1.5 h.

Effect of solution treatment temperature on microstructure evolution and tensile property of a medium Mn steel having a lamellar structure

The effect of solution treatment temperature on the microstructure and tensile property of an Fe-10.62Mn-2.84Al-0.5Mo-0.177C (wt.%) medium manganese steel is investigated. The steel is subjected to two different solution treatment conditions (900 °C and 1100 °C) followed by the same subsequent heat treatments including intercritical annealing, reheating and carbon partitioning treatment. The final microstructures are characterized by lamellar morphologies of α′ martensite and austenite phases. Our results show that the fractions and compositions of each constituent phases are quite similar between both samples despite the initial difference in solution treatment temperature. However, the finer martensite substructures from the initial solution treatment at 900 °C promote finer lamellar structures after the final heat-treated step. As a result, the steel shows an increase in the yield stress from ~800 MPa to ~930 MPa. Such improvement in yield stresses is discussed based on the Hall-Petch relation and micro-yielding mechanism among the constituent phases. Besides, in-situ observation of the changes in α′ martensite fraction during tensile tests confirms that transformation induced plasticity (TRIP) effect contributes to the work hardening of both samples after yielding.

Effect of solution treatment temperature on grain boundary composition and environmental hydrogen embrittlement of an Al–Zn–Mg–Cu alloy

The effect of solution treatment temperature on hydrogen embrittlement (HE) of an Al–Zn–Mg–Cu alloy was investigated. Slow strain rate tensile tests in humid air and dry nitrogen gas were used to calculate the index of susceptibility to HE. Fracture morphology of the specimens were observed by scanning electron microscope. The grain boundary segregation of Mg, Zn and Cu was investigated using Auger electron spectroscopy for the specimens solution-treated in the temperature range 400–480 °C after fracture by a tensile test inside a vacuum chamber. The results showed that there is a strong correlation among the concentration of Mg, Zn and Cu at grain boundary, the index of susceptibility to HE and the fraction of brittle signatures in the fracture surfaces of the specimens with different solution treatment temperatures. When the segregation of the solutes kept at the minimum (at 440 °C), the HE behavior of the specimen was greatly improved.

Effect of Solution Treatment Temperature on Microstructural Evolution, Precipitation Behavior, and Comprehensive Properties in UNS S32750 Super Duplex Stainless Steel

The changes of microstructures, element distribution, and comprehensive properties were studied to explore their interactions with each other, induced by solution treatment of UNS S32750 super duplex stainless steel. The results showed that the ferrite content improved, while the austenite content declined as the temperature increased. From 900 to 1000 °C, the σ phase existing at α/γ grain boundaries and in ferrite grains gradually dissolved. At 1050 °C, the microstructures consisted of only ferrite and austenite. From 1050 to 1300 °C, the Cr2N precipitated in ferrite and gradually grew and coarsened. The impact energy and pitting potential of UNS S32750 first improved and then weakened, while the hardness is the opposite, owing to the combined effects of element distribution, microstructures, and precipitates. In the presence of the σ phase, the corrosion resistance and mechanical properties of UNS S32750 correspond directly to the σ phase fraction. Subsequently, the rise in temperature promoted γ → α phase transformation, and the elements partitioning ratios of Cr and Mo declined, resulting in reduced toughness and corrosion resistance and a rise in hardness. Consequently, when the solution treatment temperature is 1050 °C, the α/γ ratio of UNS S32750 approached 1:1, with excellent overall properties.

Effect of Solution Treatment Temperature on the Microstructure of Fe-33Ni-19Cr Alloy

The effect of solution treatment temperature on the microstructure, phase present and hardness on Fe-33Ni-19Cr alloy was study in this work. The Fe-33Ni-19Cr alloy was experienced a solution treatment process at six different temperatures which are 950 °C, 1000 °C, 1050 °C, 1100 °C, 1150 °C and 1200 °C for 3 hours soaking time followed by water quench. The average grain size was measured by using linear intercept methods ASTM E112. Microstructure of solution-treated Fe-33Ni-19Cr alloy was characterized by using optical microscope and scanning electron microscope (SEM) equipped with energy dispersive x-ray (EDX) spectrometer. The phase present was analyzed using x-ray diffraction (XRD) technique. The Vickers hardness was used to measure the hardness of solution-treated Fe-33Ni-19Cr alloy. Increasing the solution treatment temperatures were increase the average grain size of solution-treated Fe-33Ni-19Cr alloy. In addition, all samples exhibited an equiaxed matrix grain with slight distribution of precipitates particles. The hardness of solution-treated Fe-33Ni-19Cr alloy was decrease as the solution treatment temperature increase.

The Effect of Solution Treatment Temperature and Quenching Media Variation in Heat Treatment Process Cu-Zn-Al Shape Memory Alloys on Shape Memory Effect and Microstructures

Shape memory alloys (SMAs) are metal alloys with a reversible ability to recover their shape at a certain temperature after being deformed. This ability referred to as Shape Memory Effect (SME). The application of SMAs such as Ni-Ti and Cu-Zn-Al alloys usually used on automotive, biomedical, etc. The commonly used SMA is Ni-Ti because of its superior SME properties than Cu-Zn-Al, even though the price is quite higher. The SME of Cu-Zn-Al might be improved by increasing the presence of the martensite phase in its microstructure by heat treatment. The heat treatment process given to Cu-21Zn-5Al alloy is a homogenizing, annealing, solution treatment process and quenched with brine solution and dry ice. The heat-treated alloys then undergo several examination trough hardness tests, X-Ray Diffraction, metallography, SME test, and Differential Scanning Calorimetry to determine the SME and microstructure of Cu-21Zn-5Al. From the test results, the specimen with temperature treatment solution of 850oC and quenched by brine solution had the highest SME value by 36.67%. All of the microstructure contained α, β, (martensite) and γ phases.

Weibull statistical properties for Rockwell hardness of Incoloy 825 at different heat treatment temperatures

PurposeIn this study, the Incoloy 825 alloy was hot-forged 90% by open die forging, and the Rockwell hardness was measured by change of solution treatment temperature and aging time. The Rockwell hardness was analyzed by the Weibull statistics.Design/methodology/approachThe hot forging process generally involved heating to 1,423 K, to make grain size smaller than required grain size of 50 µm of the Incoloy 825 alloy. Thereafter, after a certain time, a forging ratio of 90% was obtained with a 5,000 ton press. At this time, the finish forging temperature was 1,173 K. To investigate the effect of solution treatment temperature, the material was maintained at 973, 1,073, 1,173 and 1,273 K for 1 h and then water-cooled. To investigate the effect of aging time, the material was water-cooled after holding for 1, 5, 10 and 30 h at 973 K.FindingsThe amount of precipitate increased with aging time, and the size of precipitate became larger. The lower the solution treatment temperature, the longer the aging time, and the Rockwell hardness increased. Shape parameter of solution-treated material increased with increasing temperature, but decreased sharply at 1,273 K. The scale parameter decreased. Shape parameters and the scale parameters of the aging treatment material increased, according to increasing of aging time.Originality/valueThe effect of heat treatment on microstructure and Rockwell hardness, in Incoloy 825 alloy with hot forging of 90% grain size increased and precipitates decreased with increasing solution treatment temperature, precipitate increased and precipitates' size increased with increasing aging time at 973 K. Shape parameter increased but scale parameter decreased. Shape parameters and scale parameters of the aging-treated material increased.