Effect Of Soil Drainage Research Articles

Effect of soil drainage on Peruvian watergrass biochemical response and control by glyphosate

AbstractPeruvian watergrass (Luziola peruviana J.F. Gmel.) is a perennial weed often found in paddy fields in the southern region of Brazil. Its chemical control is performed mainly by herbicides such as glyphosate in burndown, whose efficacy depends on soil moisture. Under excess‐water soil conditions, glyphosate efficacy is reduced, probably due to reduced translocation and the involvement of photoassimilates partition. Furthermore, little is known about the stress tolerance of these plants subjected to water deficit. Based on that, we performed experiments to verify the effect of soil moisture on the biochemical parameters of Peruvian watergrass and glyphosate translocation to the stolon and roots. Total soluble sugars, sucrose, starch, and glyphosate concentrations in leaves, culms, roots, and glyphosate partitioning were quantified. The malondialdehyde content and the lipid peroxidation increased with the drainage. Under drainage conditions, superoxide production was higher in roots than leaves, while peroxide production was lower in roots than leaves. The electrolyte leakage increased with the drainage and glyphosate application. The total soluble sugar content varied in each organ with a significant increase in the culm 14 days after application in the draining treatment. Sucrose varied considerably and reached its maximum concentration at 21 days after herbicide application. The starch accumulation in the culm was 7 days after applying the highest glyphosate dose. The presence of glyphosate in the roots subjected to soil drainage indicates the movement of this herbicide. In conclusion, soil drainage profoundly impacts Peruvian watergrass physiology, increasing the photoassimilates and glyphosate translocation to the stolon and root. This explains why glyphosate efficacy is higher under drainage conditions.

Partially drained uplift behaviour of plant roots in dilative soils

A large volume of research reporting the pull-out behaviour of root systems is available, but no study has considered the effects of soil drainage. This work implemented a modified three-dimensional embedded beam element model in a finite element platform that solved model equations by using a fully hydromechanically coupled algorithm. The model was validated against published centrifuge pull-out tests on root analogues, and the validated model was then applied to study parametrically the influence of the ratio of uplift rate to soil hydraulic conductivity on pull-out behaviour. The results demonstrated that the model can well capture the prepeak behaviour of the root systems up to the peak pull-out resistance. The generation of negative pore–water pressure ( p e x) owing to soil dilation upon root–soil interfacial shearing was the major reason for increased pull-out resistances under partially drained conditions. Compared with other root systems, root systems with smaller branch angles and deeper branch depths mobilised considerably more significant plastic deviatoric strains in the soil in their vicinity, generating more negative p e x. Hyperbolic dimensionless backbone curves were derived to explain the transitional pull-out behaviours of root systems of different geometries under drainage conditions that ranged from fully drained to undrained.

Effect of Soil Drainage on California Bearing Ratio of Soaked Clay

The quality of pavement is affected mostly by the type of subgrade soil, and in many countries, the subgrade soil is clay. The California Bearing Ratio CBR of clay is generally very low which leads to a thicker layer of pavement and sub base materials. This increase in quantities leads to a significant increase in cost. Since the use of the clay as subgrade is inevitable, many private and public institutions searched on a way to increase its CBR, but most of the conducted studies focused on increasing clay CBR by reinforcing the clay either by geogrids or by fibers which are very expensive. One common finding in all the studies was that the CBR of unsoaked clay is higher than CBR of soaked one which means that CBR of clay is affected by its moisture content. In our work, the objective is to increase the CBR of clay by draining it instead of reinforcing it. Drainage can be obtained by adding a layer of granular soil between clay layers. Sand was used as granular soil for the sake of its workability in the CBR mold and for its relatively small particles size. Our aim is to verify if sandy layer can play a drainage role for the clayey soil and to also find the most efficient position of the sandy layer. We collected six soils from different regions to cover as much as possible the different clay types in Lebanon. For each soil, we found CBR values for clay alone and clay with layer of sand and compared them. Identification tests were necessary in order to build our analysis. At the end, from the results and analysis, we found the position of the sandy layer which increases most the clay CBR and we proved that the existence of sandy layer is beneficial for CBR of clay.

Landform and phosphorus effects on nitrogen fixed by annual clovers and its contribution to succeeding cereals in the Ethiopian highlands

Poor drainage of Vertisols and nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) deficiencies are some of the major constraints to food and feed production in the Ethiopian highlands. The effects of soil drainage and P supply on N fixation by annual Trifolium species and their residual value to succeeding crops was investigated in field experiments on Vertisols at Addis Ababa and Ginchi. In one experiment, the Trifolium spp. fixed 55–122 kg N/ha when P fertiliser was applied, and the increase in grain yields of oats following different clovers ranged from 20% for T. steudneri to 55% for T. rueppellianum compared with yields of continuous oats. In another experiment, landform treatments designed to effect drainage had no significant effects on N fixation and clover dry matter, or on yields of wheat following the clovers. Phosphorus applied at 50 kg P/ha increased N fixation from 11 to 72 kg N/ha on the broadbed-and-furrow landform and from 10 to 64 kg N/ha on the flat landform, and herbage yield responded similarly. Only the wheat following P-applied clover, particularly when supplemented with N fertiliser at 50 kg N/ha, had significantly higher wheat grain yields compared with continuous wheat grown without N fertiliser. These results confirm the critical importance of P in increasing the productivity of clovers in the Ethiopian highlands.

The Effect of Soil Drainage on Phosphorus Status and Availability to Corn in Long‐term Manure‐amended Soils

AbstractThe effect of soil drainage on phosphorus (P) transformation and availability in soils was examined in a field that received annual manure applications for more than 20 years. The soil in the field ranged from well‐drained Briscot loam (Typic Fluvaquents) to poorly drained Schalcar muck (Terric Medisprists) and was planted with corn (Zea mays L.) in 1979. Ten weeks after planting, soil and plant tissue samples were collected for P analysis.Manure applications increased the P content of the soils considerably. Most of the added P from manure remained in the surface soils (0 to 30 cm), though some downward movement of P did occur. Poor soil drainage increased the accumulation of P in the organic matter (NaOCl‐extractable) and in the amorphous Fe‐Al oxide (oxalate‐extractable) soil fractions, but reduced the amount of P in the acid (0.5N H2SO4)‐soluble soil fraction. Drainage affected the P desorption and availability to corn plants as well. The poorly drained Schalcar muck soil, for instance, had less P extractable by dilute HCl‐H2SO4 or NaHCO3 solution than the well‐drained Briscot loam soil, despite the higher total P content of the muck soil. The rate of P desorption by NaHCO3 can be described by two zero‐order rate equations after an initial rapid desorption. The rate constant of desorption for the poorly drained soil (0.058 µg ml−1 min−1) was lower than for the well‐drained soil (0.082 µg ml−1 min−1).The marked influence of soil drainage on P availability and transformation in the manure‐amended soils observed in this study suggests that the selection of appropriate soils for manure disposal is necessary for better recycling of this nutrient by plants.

THE EFFECT OF DRAINAGE, ROTATION AND FERTILIZER ON CORN YIELD, PLANT HEIGHT, LEAF NUTRIENT COMPOSITION AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF BROOKSTON CLAY SOIL IN SOUTHWESTERN ONTARIO

Yield of corn on Brookston clay increased 0.45 t∙ha−1∙yr−1 as distance from subsurface drain was reduced by 2 m (2.5 vs. 0.5 m). Yield increases associated with this drain-spacing interval were significant [Formula: see text] in eight of the individual years 1971–1980. While drain spacing affected yield and plant height, it had little effect on plant leaf percent NPK, soil porosity and compaction. Variation in soil measurements appeared to be primarily due to climate and rotation. Analysis of the yield data suggests that the effects of soil drainage, crop rotation and use of fertilizer are primarily additive, and that each of these practices is essential to achieving high yields of corn on southwestern Ontario clay soils. The response of rotation corn to applied fertilizer was lower than that of continuous corn, indicating that adjustment of N application in accordance with cropping history of soil may be cost effective.

RATE OF SOIL DRAINAGE FOLLOWING AN IRRIGATION.: II. EFFECTS ON DETERMINATION OF RATE OF CONSUMPTIVE USE

An investigation was conducted to determine the effects of soil drainage and other factors on consumptive use as measured by the soil sampling procedure. Four pairs of adjoining plots were established in four different fields in which the soil varied from coarse loamy sand to clay loam. One plot of each pair was kept in crop and the other was kept bare and covered. They were irrigated thoroughly, and their soil was sampled periodically for 20 days or longer to determine the soil moisture contents. Between samplings the bare plot was kept covered with a tarpaulin. The following results were obtained:1. No really satisfactory method was developed for separating consumptive use from drainage during the initial period of 2 or more days following an irrigation. During this initial period, consumptive use occurred largely at the expense of free water that would otherwise have drained away. This situation continued longer with a fine-textured soil than with a coarse-textured soil.2. By the procedure used in these tests, consumptive use was separated from drainage satisfactorily following the initial period after irrigation. After this initial period the rate of consumptive use decreased with time until the end of each test.3. The rate of drainage was less in the cropped plots than in the covered plots, but the rate of total moisture reduction was greater.4. When the total moisture lost from a bare covered plot was deducted from that lost from a cropped plot, the values thus obtained for consumptive use were much too low.5. When the total moisture lost from the cropped plots was used as a measure of consumptive use, the results were often much too high.It is concluded that no reliable method has yet been developed for routine determination of the rate of consumptive use by soil sampling.

Studies on Soils of Peaty Paddy Field (Part 13) : Effects of Soil Drainage on Growth of Rice Plant and Change of Weed Association

Studies on Soils of Peaty Paddy Field (Part 13) : Effects of Soil Drainage on Growth of Rice Plant and Change of Weed Association