Effect Of Soil Bulk Density Research Articles

Effect of Soil Bulk Density on Water Infiltration in Layered Soil

Abstract: The optimal design of various irrigation systems requires knowledge and a deep understanding of various soil properties. Water infiltration in the soil is among the most prominent of these characteristics. Ten laboratory experiments were conducted to study the effect of the bulk density of stratified soils (two-layered soils), Where sandy loam soil, and clay soil were used. Three bulk density values were adopted for each soil, and experiments were conducted in different sequences. New empirical relationships were derived to calculate the cumulative infiltration depth and the depth of the wetting front in terms of time and the basic infiltration rate of the soil. The results revealed a high agreement between the values measured in the laboratory and those estimated from the proposed empirical equations for infiltration and wetting front depths with a coefficient of determination of 0.96 and 0.98, respectively. The results showed that the infiltration and wetting front depths increased with the cumulative infiltration time and the soil bulk density reduction, regardless of the soil location in the upper or lower layer within the stratified soil. It was also found that the infiltration rate was affected by the density of the upper stratum more than its influence by the change in the density of the lower stratum.

Different plant species exhibit contrasting root traits and penetration to variation in soil bulk density of clayey red soil

AbstractHigh bulk density reduces yields in almost every soil and management system worldwide. Using pioneer plants was one of the practical solutions to remediate the adverse effects from high bulk density. The objectives of this research were to investigate the effect of soil bulk density on root traits and penetration of different pioneer plants (rape [Brassica napus L. cv. Huashuang 4]; deep rape [Brassica napus L. cv. Xinan 28]; lucerne [Medicago sativa L. cv. Ladino]; vetiver [Chrysopogon zizanioides L. cv. Wild]) under controlled and field conditions. Replicated field and laboratory studies were conducted in a soil composition of high clay percentage, high oxides content, and low organic matter content. Seedling and matured root traits of four plants under contrasting bulk density in controlled study and field were analyzed. Under controlled situations, soil with a bulk density of 1.4 g cm–3 had thicker roots (higher diameter) than soil with a bulk density of 1.2 g cm–3, whereas soil with a bulk density of 1.6 g cm–3 had reduced root lengths (RL), branch number, root tip angle, and root elongation rate than soil with a bulk density of 1.4 g cm–3. Similar changes of root diameter (RD) and root length density (RLD) with bulk density also appeared in the field. Generally, the penetration ability of plant species displayed in the order of vetiver > lucerne > deep rape > rape. Vetiver showed the highest penetrating ability due to its high RD (0.7 mm in field), percentage of medium roots (20–50%) and RLD, and small root tip angle to ensure penetration through hard layers. The results demonstrated that vetiver will be an effective pioneer plant for red soil management.

The roots of blue carbon: responses of mangrove stilt roots to variation in soil bulk density.

Mangroves harbour large soil organic carbon (C) pools. These C stocks are attributed to the production and slow decomposition of the below-ground biomass. Novel in-growth containers were used to assess the effect of soil bulk density (BD: 0.4, 0.8 and 1.2 g cm-3) on morphological, anatomical and chemical traits of the below-ground fraction of aerial roots of the mangrove Rhizophora stylosa. Dense soils increased total root biomass and primary root diameter, while the primary root length decreased. Furthermore, high soil BD reduced aerenchyma lacunae and led to the formation of structural features such as fibrous strands. These morphological and anatomical changes were not reflected in tissue chemistry, with lignin levels averaging 17.0 ± 0.6%, although roots grown in high BD had higher nitrogen levels. This likely affects decomposition rates. Thus, variation in soil BD has major implications for C sequestration in Rhizophora-dominated mangroves.

Effects of soil bulk density on growth, physiology and quality of Glechoma longituba

Through the determination of the growth, physiological and active components of Glechoma longituba, the effect of soil bulk density on growth and quality of G. longituba was explored. Through pot experiment, six different bulk density treatments were set for 0.8, 0.9, 1.0, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3 g·cm⁻³ , the growth index, physiological index and the content of active components were determined. The results showed that the growth indexes and biomass of G. longituba firstly increased and then decreased with the increase of soil bulk density. The dry weight of G. longituba achieved the maximum 5.70 g in the treatment of 1.0 g·cm⁻³ . The photosynthetic pigments, soluble sugars and free amino acids firstly increased and then decreased with the increase of soil bulk density. The suitable soil bulk density was beneficial to the accumulation of photosynthetic pigment, soluble protein and free amino acid synthesis. The content of malondialdehyde increased gradually with the increase of soil bulk density. The contents of ethanol-soluble extractives of G. longituba were greater than 25%, meeting its quality criterionin Chinese Pharmacopoeia 2015, achieved the maximum of 40.66% in the treatment of 1.0 g·cm⁻³ . The total flavonoids content of G. longituba increased gradually with the increase of soil bulk density, triterpenic acid and phenolic acids decreased gradually with the increase of soil bulk density. Soil bulk density has a significant effect on the growth and quality of G. longituba, and it is conducive to the growth and its medicinal quality at the soil bulk density of 1.0 g·cm⁻³.

Effect of soil bulk density on forest tree seedlings

Abstract The paper presents the results of an analysis of the influence of soil bulk density in a forest nursery plot on the growth and quality parameters of Scots pine and European beech seedlings. Particular density variants were obtained using a tractor device exerting controlled pressure on the soil, while field examinations were performed on an area of ‘Kłaj’ forest nursery in Niepołomice Forest District. Three series of plots were prepared for each species, applying a unit pressure of the values of 50, 100, 150, 200, 250 kPa, corresponding to the dry bulk density in the range of 1.03-1.19 g cm-3, and control plots without the pressure. Seeds of the examined species were sown on the prepared plots, and after 6 months of growth the seedlings were subjected to biometric analysis determining differentiation in root neck diameter, length of the above-ground part and root system, as well as dry mass of particular parts of the plant. The quality of the seedlings was also determined using the method of Schmidt-Vogt. The results obtained show that the change in dry bulk density soil significantly affected most of the growth parameters of the examined seedlings. Especially high negative correlations were obtained for the length and dry mass of the root system. A significant influence of dry bulk density variant on all growth parameters of Scots pine seedlings, and on some parameters of European beech was demonstrated. An increase in soil bulk density clearly caused also a deterioration of European beech seedlings quality

The effect of soil bulk density on rill erosion - results of experimental studies

The effect of soil bulk density on rill erosion - results of experimental studies

Exploring the interacting effect of soil texture and bulk density on root system development in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.)

Knowledge of the responses of root systems in horizoned heterogeneous soil is vital to optimise uptake of water and nutrients to maximise crop productivity. We explored the interacting effects of soil bulk density and texture on the development of root systems in tomato.Two main techniques were employed, X-ray micro-Computed Tomography (μCT), to provide non-destructive, three-dimensional (3D) images of root systems in situ and destructive root washing followed by WinRHIZO® scanning. Solanum lycopersicum L. cv. Ailsa Craig plants were grown in soil columns for 10 days to measure the effect of soil compaction on selected root traits. Treatments included bulk density (1.2–1.6Mgm−3), soil texture (loamy sand and clay loam) and the effects of layering.The effect of bulk density on root growth was greatest 3 days after transplanting (DAT) in both soil types. The effect of soil texture was not apparent at this stage, but was significant at 10 DAT for most root and shoot variables. The influence of bulk density differed between soil types as increasing compaction promoted plant growth in clay loam but retarded root growth in loamy sand.We observed that at 3 DAT root growth is primarily influenced by bulk density but by 10 DAT a switch in the processes regulating root growth occurs and the texture of the soil becomes very influential. Future investigations of root growth must consider soil physical properties individually and at specific time points, as their importance changes as the root system becomes established. Here we have demonstrated both positive and negative impacts across a wide range of bulk density treatments in different soil textures on root growth. This illustrates the importance of understanding the complex nature of root–soil interactions, especially for agricultural practices such as seedbed preparation.

Computer programming for prediction of soil bulk density effect on trencher design parameters

A computer program was developed in C++ language to predict the effect of soil bulk density on draft force on bottoms, share thickness, stresses distribution and maximum deflection on standards, bending stresses distribution on side plates, diameter of shear pins, and tensile stress on hitch bar. ?It was found that, as soil bulk density increased, stresses distribution and maximum deflection on standards, bending stresses distribution on side plates, diameter of shear pins, and tensile stress on hitch bar increased. ?The diameter of shear pin should be larger to meet wide range of soil density. Keywords: trencher, computer program, soil, draft force, bulk density, prediction DOI: 10.3965/j.issn.1934-6344.2011.04.042-049 ? Citation: Mohamed Hassan Dahab, Moayed Mohamed balal. ?Computer programming for prediction of soil bulk density effect on trencher design parameters. ?Int J Agric & Biol Eng, 2011; 4(4): 42

Effect of Soil Bulk Density on Wetting Front AdvanceUnder a Trickle Line Source

Effect of Soil Bulk Density on Wetting Front AdvanceUnder a Trickle Line Source

Faixa de umidade menos limitante ao crescimento vegetal e sua relação com a densidade do solo ao longo do perfil de um latossolo roxo

Quando um solo sofre qualquer tipo de manejo, sua estrutura é afetada, acarretando, normalmente, aumento na sua densidade com conseqüente diminuição da sua porosidade e alteração na distribuição do diâmetro dos seus poros. Este trabalho foi realizado com o objetivo de avaliar o efeito da densidade do solo sobre a disponibilidade de água às plantas. As atividades de campo foram realizadas em uma área localizada no município de Guaíra - SP em um Latossolo roxo ácrico de textura argilosa. Para avaliação, três áreas adjacentes com os seguintes usos e manejos foram selecionadas: mata, plantio direto sequeiro e plantio direto irrigado. Coletaram-se amostras de 0,1 em 0,1m até 1,0m de profundidade. Essas amostras foram submetidas a diferentes tensões para determinação da retenção de água e, posteriormente, submetidas à avaliação da resistência à penetração. Para o cálculo da água disponível, utilizou-se o conceito de faixa de umidade menos limitante ao crescimento vegetal (FUML) em cuja quantificação se consideram, além da capacidade de campo e do ponto de murchamento permanente, também as umidades correspondentes aos valores limitantes da resistência à penetração e da porosidade de aeração do solo. Os resultados indicaram que o aumento na densidade do Latossolo Roxo até 1,11Mg m-3 aumenta a armazenagem de água no solo, bem como a sua disponibilidade às culturas; para valores superiores de densidade diminuem a disponibilidade de água.

Soil Physical Properties and Potato Yield in No-till, Subsurface-till, and Conventional-till Systems

Conservation tillage using residue from a cover crop grown before potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) production has been infrequently and inconclusively studied. The objectives of this study were to 1) conduct a field study to evaluate soil physical properties, and potato growth and yield, in conventional-tillage (CT), no-tillage (NT), and subsurface-tillage (SST) systems and 2) conduct a greenhouse study to evaluate the effect of soil bulk density (ρb) on potato growth and yield. Potatoes (`Atlantic') were planted into residue of sorghum-sudangrass [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench × S. sudanense (Piper) Staph] at two sites in eastern North Carolina—Plymouth into Portsmouth fine sandy loam and Lewiston into Norfolk sandy loam. Potatoes in the NT and SST system emerged more slowly than potatoesplanted conventionally. There were no differences in plant population or size by 8 weeks after planting at Plymouth, but plant population and size were less in NT and SST systems at Lewiston. Reducing tillage also affected soil compaction, increased soil moisture early in the season at both sites, and increased ρb at Lewiston. Yield of U.S. No. 1 potatoes planted in NT and SST systems were comparable to potatoes planted in a CT system at Plymouth, but were less than potatoes planted in a CT system at Lewiston. There were no differences in yield between potatoes planted with NT and SST. In the greenhouse study, ρb did not affect leaf area or tuber yield or tuber grade. Specific sites and soils may allow for comparable potato production with no or SST, but further research, conducted on different soil types would promote further understanding of the impacts of reducing tillage in potato production.

Effect of soil bulk density on inhibition of hydrolysis of surface‐applied granular urea containing phenyl phosphorodiamidate in unsaturated soil

Abstract Soil bulk density markedly influences hydrolysis of surface‐applied granular urea that is vulnerable to serious ammonia volatilization losses. In order to decrease the ammonia losses by retarding urea hydrolysis, several chemicals have been tested for their soil urease inhibition properties. Phenyl phosphorodiamidate (PPDA) is a potent soil urease inhibitor. Laboratory studies using soil column incubations were conducted to investigate the effect of soil bulk density on inhibition of hydrolysis of surface‐applied urea granules (=20 mg of urea/granule) containing 1% PPDA in unsaturated soils. The increase in soil bulk density (from 0.69 to 1.50 Mg/m3) markedly increased the rate of hydrolysis of surface‐applied urea granules and significantly decreased the apparent urease inhibition by PPDA present in the granules. These results are attributed to the probable spatial separation of urea and PPDA because of the differences in diffusive transports in unsaturated soils caused in part by differences in...

Effect of Soil Bulk Density and Soil Texture on Root Growth

Effect of Soil Bulk Density and Soil Texture on Root Growth

Effect of soil bulk density on hydrolysis of surface-applied urea in unsaturated soils

In situ hydrolysis of broadcast urea occurs in unsaturated soils with different bulk densities. The effect of increasing soil bulk densities on the hydrolysis of urea was studied in open and in covered unsaturated soil columns incubated at 30°C. An increase in bulk density from 0.8 to 1.4 Mg/m3 markedly increased the hydrolysis of surface-applied urea in soils containing water > 6% up to near field capacity. Increased diffusion of urea to sorbed soil urease with an increase in bulk density may have enhanced formation of urease-urea complexes and therefore increased the hydrolysis. As urea diffused farther in more dense soils, the retarding effects of high urea concentration gradients on the hydrolysis probably decreased. In light-textured soils, increases in the bulk density had no apparent effect on the hydrolysis of surface-applied urea when evaporation occurred.

Simulation of effects of soil bulk density and p addition on k uptake by soybeans

Abstract Increasing soil bulk density has been shown to reduce root growth and decrease K uptake by soybeans (Glycine max L. Merrill). Changing soil bulk density also affects soil buffer power, b, and effective diffusion coefficient, De, which affect K influx. The relative decrease in K uptake due to reduced root growth as compared to reduced K influx is not known. Addition of P may affect root growth and P influx properties of plant roots. The objectives of this paper were (1) to use the Cushman mechanistic model to simulate the effect of changing soil bulk density and soil P on K uptake by soybeans, and (2) to determine the parameters that are changed by changes in bulk density and added P and their effect on K uptake. Plant and soil data of an experiment where Williams soybeans were grown for 21 days in pots of Raub (Aquic Argiudoll) silt loam with factorial treatments of two rates of K (0 and 100 mg K kg‐1 soil), two rates of P (0 and 100 mg P kg‐1 soil), and two bulk densities (1.25 and 1.45 g cm‐3 )...

An approximate method of estimating soil water diffusivity for different soil bulk densities

The effect of soil bulk density on soil water diffusivity and on infiltration is studied using data from 13 soils, widely ranging in texture. It is shown for horizontal infiltration of water into initially air dry soil that although changes in the slopes of plots of the distance to the wetting front as a function of square root of infiltration time corresponding to different bulk density values actually depend on soil type, they may be considered independent. Hence a generalized exponential equation is developed which expresses the soil water diffusivity of any soil as a function of soil water content and soil bulk density, knowing only the rate at which the wetting front advances for only one value of the bulk density.

Effect of Soil Bulk Density and Soil Water Pressure on Emergence of Grass Seedlings1

AbstractMoisture was the most important factor influencing the emergence of common bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.) and weeping lovegrass (Eragrostis curvula (Schrad.) Nees.) in a clay soil over the range of bulk density and soil water pressure investigated. Both grasses exhibited approximately the same emergence at the −1/3 and −1‐bar soil water pressures. Of those soil strengths and oxygen diffusion rates encountered, none limited seedling emergence of either grass. Small correlation was found between soil strength and seedling emergence.