Effect Of Sodium Bicarbonate Supplementation Research Articles

The Effect of Sodium Bicarbonate Supplementation on Serum Alpha Klotho in Chronic Kidney Disease Patients Stage 3b to 4

Abstract Background Growing evidence suggests that the FGF–Klotho endocrine system also has a crucial role in the pathophysiology of ageing-related disorders, including diabetes, cancer, arteriosclerosis and chronic kidney disease. Aim of the Work The present study aimed to ascertain the potential significance of oral sodium bicarbonate supplementation on soluble α-Klotho serum levels in chronic kidney disease (stage 3b:4) according to CKD-EPI formula. Patients and Methods This was an uncontrolled clinical trial conducted on Inward and OPC patients at El-Demerdash Internal Medicine Hospital. The baseline values of plasma α-klotho were measured in 45 patients having CKD with an estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) of (15:44) mL/min/1.73 m2 (according to CKD-EPI formula) with follow up plasma α-klotho after 3 months of taking sodium bicarbonate tabs orally 0.5 g/12 hrs. Results In our study, 14 (Fourteen) patients with Hypertension, 13 (Thirteen) patients Diabetes, 6 (Six) patients Glomerulus's nephritis, 6 (Six) patients Repeated urinary tract infection, 4 (Four) patient Recurrent stones, 4 (Four) patient Polycystic kidney and 2 (Two) patient Systemic lupus. The Klotho (pg/mL) Before ranged from 296.7 to 976.5 with mean 596.30 ± 202.89 and the Klotho (pg/mL) After ranged from 327.4 to 988.6 with mean 696.16 ± 185.32. The Hco3 before ranged from 17.6 to 22.5 with mean 19.74 ± 1.43 and the Hco3 After ranged from 15 to 28.3 with mean 23.63 ± 3.23. The current study showed that there was non statically significant correlation Between Klotho (pg/mL) and SPB, DPB, Pulse, Temperature, Respiratory rate. The present study showed that there was non statically significant correlation Between Klotho (pg/mL) and Platelets, Urea, Creat, U. creatinine, U. albumin, A/C Ratio, E-GFR, Na, K, Ca, Po4. There was Non statically significant correlation Between Klotho (pg/mL) and Hco3 Before, and there was statically significant Positive correlation Between Klotho (pg/mL)After and Hco3 After. Conclusion There was highly significant difference found between before and after sodium bicarbonate supplementation in terms of Klotho and Hco3 in chronic kidney disease patients stage 3b to 4.

Effect of Sodium Bicarbonate Supplementation on Muscle Performance and Muscle Damage: A Double Blind, Randomized Crossover Study

Sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) has been used as an ergogenic substance during high-intensity exercises. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of NaHCO3 supplementation on external and internal load parameters during isokinetic exercise in trained subjects. Ten subjects were tested on two occasions: after ingesting 0.3 g.kg-1 of body mass of NaHCO3 or placebo. Maximum voluntary isometric contraction was performed before and after a dynamic protocol consisting of 10 series of 10 movements of flexion/extension of the knee extensors at 120° s-1 at an interval of 60 s between series. Outcomes considered were: peak torque (isokinetic dynamometry), blood lactate and creatine concentration (CK), analysis of perceptions of effort (OMNI scale), pain (visual analog scale) and recovery (scale raging 6 to 20). Performance was assessed using peak torque values. Muscle damage was assessed prior and 24 h post exercise. The subjective perceptions of effort, pain and recovery were assessed at different times and the internal load of the session was assessed 30 min post-effort. Although significant reductions in peak torque were noted both in isometric (NaHCO3:-29.11 ± 22.95%, Placebo: −23.51 ± 15.23%; p = 0.38) and isokinetic strength (NaHCO3:-23.0 ± 13.9%, Placebo:-19.6 ± 9.1%; p = 0.09), there was no effect of supplementation on performance (p > 0.05). The blood CK concentrations (NaHCO3: pre:225.3 ± 135.9 U/L, post: 418.4 ± 318.4 U/L; Placebo: pre:238 ± 94.03 U/L, post:486 ± 336.6 U/L) increased after protocol (p = 0.005), however, without differences between conditions. In conclusion, the NaHCO3 did not attribute benefits in performance or in parameters related to the internal load of exercise.

Effects of Sodium Bicarbonate Supplementation in Martial Arts

Abstract The aim of this systematic review was to evaluate the effects of consuming sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) and to gain insight into the nature of any changes in performance following NaHCO3 supplementation among combat sport athletes. The analysis of the results provides compelling evidence in favor of acute or chronic NaHCO3 supplementation as an ergogenic substance which could have an impact on several aspects of performance in judo [23, 31, 32], taekwondo [17, 20], karate [17, 33] [28, 29], wrestling [18, 19], jiu-jitsu [32] and boxing [16]. Acute or chronic NaHCO3 supplementation is effective in the improvement of several variables of physical performance in combat sports during testing and simulated matches. Enhanced performance resulted in the increased capacity of the glycolytic system. However, the positive effects of its use are most often visible following the onset of fatigue. In addition, the use of NaHCO3 is associated with an increased concentration of lactate in the blood. This systematic review provides data relevant for sports professionals and athletes alike regarding the use of NaHCO3 as a supplement, prior or during training and matches.

The effects of sodium bicarbonate supplementation at individual time-to-peak blood bicarbonate on 4-km cycling time trial performance in the heat

ABSTRACT The purpose of this study was to explore the effect of individualised sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) supplementation according to a pre-established individual time-to-peak (TTP) blood bicarbonate (HCO3 −) on 4-km cycling time trial (TT) performance in the heat. Eleven recreationally trained male cyclists (age: 28 ± 6 years, height: 180 ± 6 cm, body mass: 80.5 ± 8.4 kg) volunteered for this study in a randomised, crossover, triple-blind, placebo-controlled design. An initial visit was conducted to determine TTP HCO3 − following 0.2 g.kg−1 body mass (BM) NaHCO3 ingestion. Subsequently, on three separate occasions, participants completed a 4-km cycling TT in the heat (30 degrees centigrade; °C) (relative humidity ∼40%) following ingestion of either NaHCO3 (0.2 g.kg−1 body mass), a sodium chloride placebo (0.2 g.kg−1 BM; PLA) at the predetermined individual TTP HCO3 −, or no supplementation (control; CON) . Absolute peak [HCO3 −] prior to the 4-km cycling TT's was elevated for NaHCO3 compared to PLA (+2.8 mmol.l−1; p = 0.002; g = 2.2) and CON (+2.5 mmol.l−1; p < 0.001; g = 2.1). Completion time following NaHCO3 was 5.6 ± 3.2 s faster than PLA (1.6%; CI: 2.8, 8.3; p = 0.001; g = 0.2) and 4.7 ± 2.8 s faster than CON (1.3%; CI: 2.3, 7.1; p = 0.001; g = 0.2). These results demonstrate that NaHCO3 ingestion at a pre-established individual TTP HCO3 − improves 4-km cycling TT performance in the heat, likely through enhancing buffering capacity. Highlights This is the first time NaHCO3 ingestion has been shown to improve 4-km cycling TT performance in conditions of high ambient heat. A smaller dose of NaHCO3 (0.2 g.kg−1 BM) is ergogenic in the heat, which is smaller than the dose typically ingested for sports performance (0.3 g.kg−1 BM). This is important, as gastrointestinal discomfort is typically lower as the dose reduces. This study suggests that the individualised time-to-peak HCO3 − ingestion strategy with lower doses of NaHCO3 is an ergogenic strategy in conditions of high ambient heat.

Effect of sodium bicarbonate supplementation on two different performance indicators in sports: a systematic review with meta-analysis.

[Purpose]Sodium bicarbonate shows ergogenic potential in physical exercise and sports activities, although there is no strong evidence which performance markers show the greatest benefit from this supplement. This study evaluated the effects of sodium bicarbonate supplementation on time trial performance and time to exhaustion in athletes and sports practitioners.[Methods]A systematic review was conducted using three databases, including 17 clinical trials. Among these clinical trials, 11 were considered eligible for the meta-analysis according to the criteria for the assessment of methodological quality using the PEDro Scale. Time to exhaustion was assessed in six studies, while time trial performance was evaluated in five studies.[Results]A significant beneficial effect of supplementation on time to exhaustion was found in a random effects model (1.48; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.49 to 2.48). There was no significant effect of supplementation on time trial performance in a fixed effects model (slope = −0.75; 95% CI, −2.04 to 0.55) relative to a placebo group.[Conclusion]Sodium bicarbonate has the potential to improve sports performance in general, especially in terms of time to exhaustion.

Effect of sodium bicarbonate supplementation on the renin-angiotensin system in patients with chronic kidney disease and acidosis: a randomized clinical trial

BackgroundAcidosis-induced kidney injury is mediated by the intrarenal renin-angiotensin system, for which urinary renin is a potential marker. Therefore, we hypothesized that sodium bicarbonate supplementation reduces urinary renin excretion in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) and metabolic acidosis.MethodsPatients with CKD stage G4 and plasma bicarbonate 15–24 mmol/l were randomized to receive sodium bicarbonate (3 × 1000 mg/day, ~ 0.5 mEq/kg), sodium chloride (2 × 1,00 mg/day), or no treatment for 4 weeks (n = 15/arm). The effects on urinary renin excretion (primary outcome), other plasma and urine parameters of the renin-angiotensin system, endothelin-1, and proteinuria were analyzed.ResultsForty-five patients were included (62 ± 15 years, eGFR 21 ± 5 ml/min/1.73m2, plasma bicarbonate 21.7 ± 3.3 mmol/l). Sodium bicarbonate supplementation increased plasma bicarbonate (20.8 to 23.8 mmol/l) and reduced urinary ammonium excretion (15 to 8 mmol/day, both P < 0.05). Furthermore, a trend towards lower plasma aldosterone (291 to 204 ng/L, P = 0.07) and potassium (5.1 to 4.8 mmol/l, P = 0.06) was observed in patients receiving sodium bicarbonate. Sodium bicarbonate did not significantly change the urinary excretion of renin, angiotensinogen, aldosterone, endothelin-1, albumin, or α1-microglobulin. Sodium chloride supplementation reduced plasma renin (166 to 122 ng/L), and increased the urinary excretions of angiotensinogen, albumin, and α1-microglobulin (all P < 0.05).ConclusionsDespite correction of acidosis and reduction in urinary ammonium excretion, sodium bicarbonate supplementation did not improve urinary markers of the renin-angiotensin system, endothelin-1, or proteinuria. Possible explanations include bicarbonate dose, short treatment time, or the inability of urinary renin to reflect intrarenal renin-angiotensin system activity.Graphic abstract

Acute Effect of Sodium Bicarbonate Supplementation on Symptoms of Gastrointestinal Discomfort, Acid-Base Balance, and Performance of Jiu-Jitsu Athletes.

The purpose of the present study was to verify the acute effect of sodium bicarbonate supplementation on symptoms of gastrointestinal discomfort, acid-base balance and intermittent isometric handgrip test performance in Jiu-Jitsu athletes. Ten male (22.2 ± 3.9 years; 174 ± 0.07 cm; 74.5 ± 8.9 kg) jiu-jitsu athletes participated in this counterbalanced double-blind crossover study. Two protocols, a) supplementation with 0.3 g.kg-1 of body weight of sodium bicarbonate, and b) supplementation with 0.045 g.kg-1 of body weight of placebo substance, were employed. Gastrointestinal tolerability was assessed by the questionnaire. Blood samples were collected at three time points (baseline, pre-ISO, and post-ISO) to determine the responses of potential hydrogenionic (pH), bicarbonate (HCO3-), base excess (EB) and lactate concentrations. The maximum voluntary contraction test and the intermittent isometric contraction test were also performed. As a result, none of the athletes reported significant gastrointestinal discomfort (p > 0.05). HCO3-, pH, and EB at the pre-ISO and post-ISO moments were significantly higher for the sodium bicarbonate protocol. Lactate concentrations were significantly higher for both post-ISO protocols (p = 0.000). There was no significant difference in the performance of the maximum voluntary contraction test and the intermittent isometric contraction test (p > 0.05). Thus, we conclude that sodium bicarbonate supplementation does not generate adverse responses resulting in gastrointestinal discomfort, and does not benefit performance yet promotes a state of metabolic alkalosis.

The Effect of Sodium Bicarbonate Supplementation on the Decline in Gross Efficiency During a 2000-m Cycling Time Trial

Gross efficiency (GE) declines during high-intensity exercise. Increasing extracellular buffer capacity might diminish the decline in GE and thereby improve performance. To examine if sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) supplementation diminishes the decline in GE during a 2000-m cycling time trial. Sixteen male cyclists and 16 female cyclists completed 4 testing sessions including a maximal incremental test, a familiarization trial, and two 2000-m GE tests. The 2000-m GE tests were performed after ingestion of either NaHCO3 supplements (0.3g/kg body mass) or placebo supplements (amylum solani, magnesium stearate, and sunflower oil capsules). The GE tests were conducted using a double-blind, randomized, crossover design. Power output, gas exchange, and time to complete the 2000-m time trials were recorded. Capillary blood samples were analyzed for blood bicarbonate, pH, and lactate concentration. Data were analyzed using magnitude-based inference. The decrement in GE found after the 2000-m time trial was possibly smaller in the male and female groups after NaHCO3 than with placebo ingestion, with the effect in both groups combined being unclear. The effect on performance was likely trivial for males (placebo 164.2 [5.0]s, NaHCO3 164.3 [5.0]s; Δ0.1; ±0.6%), unclear for females (placebo 178.6 [4.8]s, NaHCO3 178.0 [4.3]s; Δ-0.3; ±0.5%), and very likely trivial when effects were combined. Blood bicarbonate, pH, and lactate concentration were substantially elevated from rest to pretest after NaHCO3 ingestion. NaHCO3 supplementation results in an unclear effect on the decrease in GE during high-intensity exercise and in a very likely trivial effect on performance.

Acute effect of sodium bicarbonate supplementation by resistant training practices

Currently, the use of sodium bicarbonate (SB) as an ergogenic supplement has been linked to improved performance in several high-intensity and short time interval modalities because it is a natural buffer of the body fluids of the human body. This study aimed to evaluate the acute effect of SB supplementation on muscle strength endurance of resistance training practitioners. Crossover clinical trial, placebo-controlled (PL), and single-masked, included 10 trained adult men. The maximum repetition (1RM) and exhaustion tests with 80% 1RM were performed in the extensor chair and direct thread. In all sessions, the volunteers were verbally stimulated, the total maximum repetitions in the exercises and the blood lactate concentration were measured. SB was supplemented at a dose of 0.3 g/kg body mass. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS version 25.0. The Shapiro–Wilk test was used to evaluate the normality of the data, and the Student’s t-test was used for independent and paired samples. The size of the Cohen’s effect was calculated, and the significance level was set at p&lt;0.05. Comparing the supplements, no significant differences were found in all variables tested. However, when comparing pretest and posttest periods, significant differences were found between lactate concentrations, with considerably large effect sizes (&gt; 1.00). SB supplementation by endurance training practitioners induces blood alkalosis, which reduces fatigue and possibly improves muscle strength endurance.&#x0D; Keywords: resistance exercise, ergogenic, metabolic acidosis, muscular fatigue, performance.&#x0D;

Effects of Sodium Bicarbonate Supplementation on Muscular Strength and Endurance: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.

The effects of sodium bicarbonate on muscular strength and muscular endurance are commonly acknowledged as unclear due to the contrasting evidence on the topic. To conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis of studies exploring the acute effects of sodium bicarbonate supplementation on muscular strength and endurance. A search for studies was performed using five databases. Meta-analyses of standardized mean differences (SMDs) were performed using a random-effects model to determine the effects of sodium bicarbonate supplementation on muscular strength (assessed by changes in peak force [N], peak torque [Nm], or maximum load lifted [kg]) and muscular endurance (assessed by changes in the number of repetitions performed, isokinetic total work, or time to maintain isometric force production). Subgroup meta-analyses were conducted for the muscular endurance of small vs. large muscle groups and muscular strength tested in a rested vs. fatigued state. A random-effects meta-regression analysis was used to explore possible trends in the effects of: (a) timing of sodium bicarbonate ingestion; and (b) acute increase in blood bicarbonate concentration (from baseline to pre-exercise), on muscular endurance and muscular strength. Thirteen studies explored the effects of sodium bicarbonate on muscular endurance and 11 on muscular strength. Sodium bicarbonate supplementation was found to be ergogenic for muscular endurance (SMD = 0.37; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.15, 0.59; p = 0.001). The performance-enhancing effects of sodium bicarbonate were significant for both small (SMD = 0.31; 95% CI: 0.04, 0.59; p = 0.025) and large muscle groups (SMD = 0.40; 95% CI: 0.13, 0.66; p = 0.003). Sodium bicarbonate ingestion was not found to enhance muscular strength (SMD = - 0.03; 95% CI: - 0.18, 0.12; p = 0.725). No significant effects were found regardless of whether the testing was carried out in a rested (SMD = 0.02; 95% CI: - 0.09, 0.13; p = 0.694) or fatigued (SMD = - 0.16; 95% CI: - 0.59, 0.28; p = 0.483) state. No significant linear trends in the effects of timing of sodium bicarbonate ingestion or acute increase in blood bicarbonate concentrations on muscular endurance or muscular strength were found. Overall, sodium bicarbonate supplementation acutely improves muscular endurance of small and large muscle groups, but no significant ergogenic effect on muscular strength was found.

Acute effect of sodium bicarbonate supplementation on the performance during CrossFit® training

Abstract Aim: To verify the acute effect of sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) supplementation on performance during CrossFit® workout. Methods: Nine experienced males (30.8 ± 3.5 years; 84.4 ± 9.5 kg; 177.5 ± 4.03 cm; 2.2 ± 1.0 years) in CrossFit® participated in this study. They were allocated to two conditions: a) supplementation with 0.3 g.kg-1 of body weight of NaHCO3 and b) supplementation with 0.045 g.kg-1 of body weight of sodium chloride (NaCl). Blood lactate was analyzed at two different moments: before (lac-pre) and after the training protocol (lac-post). The heart rate (HR) and the rating of perceived exertion (RPE) were also collected every two minutes during the execution of the training protocol, and the RPE was also collected after it was finished. At the end of the training protocol, a questionnaire to measure gastrointestinal side effects (GSE) was answered by the participants. Repetitions performed in the training protocol was computed to evaluate the performance during the workout. Results: The results showed that there were no differences found when comparing the conditions for all parameters. HR and RPE were different in the first few minutes ( 14 minutes) of the workout. The area under the curve of HR and RPE was significantly lower in the NaHCO3 condition. Conclusion: Acute NaHCO3 supplementation did not improve performance during workout ‘Cindy’ in experienced men. Supplementation also did not alter hemodynamic and perceptual parameters, nor did it cause any GSE. However, responses as a function of time were reduced with NaHCO3 supplementation.

Sodium bicarbonate supplementation in resistance exercise performance, perceived exertion and blood lactate concentration

Abstract Aim: The aim was to evaluate the effect of sodium bicarbonate supplementation (NaHCO3) in repetition performance, perceived exertion and blood lactate concentration. Methods: Fourteen trained men (25.14 ± 3.5 years; 85.83 ± 10.18 kg; 1.78 ± 0.06 m; 26.88 ± 3.17 kg/m2) realized two upper-body resistance exercise sessions consisting of 15-RM load and 1 minute of the interval, combining bicarbonate supplementation (BS) or Placebo conditions. Results: After the ANOVA analysis, no difference was found on the total number of repetitions during the session on both BS and Placebo condition (p = 0.11). However, a greater number of total of repetitions on the machine chest fly exercise for BS vs. Placebo condition (p = 0.04) was observed. The perceived exertion increased regardless of the supplementation condition (p < 0.0001). Additionally, for the blood lactate was observed significant increases in BS vs. Placebo condition in the post verification (p = 0.013), corroborated for a bigger area under the curve (AUC) on the BS compared to Placebo (p = 0.026) condition. Conclusion: In conclusion, sodium bicarbonate supplementation was not able to improve performance during a resistance exercise session, except for the single-joint exercise performed with high values of perceived exertion, not altering the perceived exertion, and blood lactate between protocols.

Effects of Sodium Bicarbonate Supplementation on Repeated-sprint Ability in Professional vs. Amateur Soccer Players

Soccer is described within the research as a high-speed and high-intensity intermittent sport exposing players across many levels to a continued physical, physiological, technical, tactical and psychological demands. This variance of stressors encountered during actual training and competitive match-play have shown fatigue to become a prevalent issue, especially following periods of high intensity bouts. As a result this investigation has been developed in order to compare the effects of sodium bicarbonate ingestion (NaHCO3) on professional and amateur soccer player’s RSA (7 x professional players: mean±SD: age 21.7±2.1yrs; weight 79.7±9.5kg; and 7 x amateur players: mean±SD: age 22.8±1.2yrs; weight 79.3±4.9kg). Each player ingested 0.3g.kg-1 NaHCO3 or placebo microcrystalline cellulose (MC) in a randomized, double-blind, crossover order, 90-minutes before the repeated-sprint ability (RSA) test (5 x 6-seconds maximal-effort sprints). No differences were found in La- concentrations among professional or amateur players in MC or NaHCO3 conditions pre-exercise (P&gt;0.05). The NaHCO3 trial revealed significantly higher post-exercise La-concentrations in professional (9.57±1.09vs. 10.77±0.90mmol/L-1) vs. amateur players (10.06±1.45 vs. 10.87±1.25 mmol/L-1). NaHCO3 resulted in significant improvements in mean power output in sprints 2 (512.3±199.4 vs. 547.6±185.3W) and 3 (468.6±209.4 vs. 491.6±199.0W) in amateurs, but no effect in professionals. Therefore, it may be suggested that amateur participants in soccer may benefit from NaHCO3 ingestion more than professional players as a result of their reduced physical conditioning level when compared to professional level players.

The effects of sodium bicarbonate supplementation on asoccer specific conditioning test in division III soccer players

Objectives: This study investigated the performance enhancing effects of bicarbonate ingestion on soccer specific performance. Design: A randomized and double-blinded study. Methods: Division III collegiate male soccer players (N = 7) participated in the study. Participants ingested either an alkaline treatment (.3 g/kg NaHCO3) or placebo (cornflower) 60 min prior to exercise on two separate testing sessions spaced 7 days apart. Distance to fatigue in the Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery Test Level 2 was used to assess performance. Capillary blood was sampled pre-ingestion (PE), 60 min post ingestion (PI), exhaustion (EX), following 15 min of recovery (RC) and analyzed for lactate ([La–]) and pH. Results: No significant ( p > .05) differences between conditions existed for performance. A significant ( p .05) existed between time and condition. pH values at PE and PI were significantly greater than EX and RC in both conditions; however, pH was significantly ( p < .05) greater at PI than PE in treatment but not placebo. Conclusion: Bicarbonate ingestion increased extracellular buffering capacity but does not appear to enhance shuttle run performance in Division III soccer players. (Journal of Trainology 2015;4:19-24)

Effect of Sodium Bicarbonate Supplementation on Fatty Acid Composition of Lambs Fed Concentrate Diets at Different Ambient Temperature Levels

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of ambient temperature and sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO₃) supplementation in diets for growing lambs on meat fatty acids composition. A slaughter study was carried out on 12 male Black Belly Barbados lambs randomly drawn from a prior growth trial (245 days). The lambs were divided into four equal groups and allotted in a 2�2 factorial design. The lambs were allotted at random to two dietary treatments of a basal diet (35: 65 roughage: concentrate) or basal diet supplemented with 4% NaHCO3 at different ambient temperatures (20 and 30�C) in an environment controlled chamber for 10 days. Lambs were slaughtered for carcass evaluation at about 262 days of age (245 days of growth trial, 7 days adaptation and 10 days of experimental period). Samples for fatty acids analysis were taken from the leg muscles and <em>longissimus dorsi</em> region (between the 12th and 13th rib). Ambient temperature influenced (p<0.05, p<0.01, p<0.001and p<0.05) C18:2t isomers, C20:4, C20:3 <em>n</em>-6 and C20:4 <em>n</em>-6 levels on the <em>longissimus dorsi</em> muscle, with higher C20:3 <em>n</em>-6 (p<0.001) but lower C20:4 <em>n</em>-6 (p<0.05) levels in lambs under the higher ambient temperature. The fatty acids C18:1c, C18:2t and C20:5 levels on the leg muscle were also significantly influenced (p<0.01, p<0.001 and p<0.01 resp.) by dietary treatments with higher levels in lambs fed NaHCO₃ diet. These results indicated that NaHCO₃ supplementation at low ambient temperatures significantly decreased fatty acids levels.

Effect of sodium bicarbonate supplementation on carcass characteristics of lambs fed concentrate diets at different ambient temperature levels.

The objective of this study was to investigate the influence of ambient temperatures on carcass characteristics of lambs fed concentrate diets with or without NaHCO3 supplementation. A slaughter study was carried on 12 male Black Belly Barbados lambs randomly drawn from a growth trial (35 weeks). The lambs were divided into four equal groups and allotted in a 2×2 factorial design. The lambs were allotted at random to two dietary treatments of a basal diet (35:65 roughage:concentrate) or basal diet supplemented with 4% NaHCO3 at different ambient temperatures (20°C and 30°C) in an environment controlled chamber for 10 days. Lambs were slaughtered for carcass evaluation at about 262 days of age (245 days of growth trial, 7 days adaptation and 10 days of experimental period). Ambient temperature had significant (p<0.05, p<0.05, p<0.01, and p<0.001) effects on meat color from the ribeye area (REA), fat, leg and longissimus dorsi muscles with higher values recorded for lambs in the lower temperature group than those from the higher ambient temperature group. Significant differences (p<0.05) in shear force value (kg/cm2) recorded on the leg muscles showed higher values (5.32 vs 4.16) in lambs under the lower ambient temperature group compared to the other group. Dietary treatments had significant (p<0.01, p<0.01, and p<0.05) effects on meat color from the REA, fat, and REA fat depth (cm2) with higher values recorded for lambs in the NaHCO3 supplementation group than the non supplemented group. Similarly, dietary treatments had significant differences (p<0.05) in shear force value (kg/cm2) of the leg muscles with the NaHCO3 groups recording higher (5.30 vs 4.60) values than those from the other group. Neither ambient temperature nor dietary treatments had any significant (p>0.05) effects on pH, and water holding capacity on both muscles. These results indicated that NaHCO3 supplementation at low ambient temperatures had caused an increase in carcass characteristics leading to significant effect on meat quality.

Effect of sodium bicarbonate supplementation and 2 different ambient temperatures on growth performance and carcass characteristics of lambs fed concentrate diets

Twenty male Barbados lambs (3 months old) were used to evaluate the effects of sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO 3 ) supplementation on growth performance and carcass characteristics of lambs fed concentrate diets in controlled-environment chambers set at 20 °C and 30 °C. In the 35-week-long growth trial, the animals were divided into 4 groups (n = 5) and fed 2 dietary treatments: a basal diet (35:65 roughage and concentrate) or a basal diet supplemented with 4% NaHCO 3 . Twelve lambs randomly selected from this trial were arranged in a 2 × 2 factorial design for a 10-day-long slaughter and carcass evaluation experiment. Lambs in the 20 °C ambient temperature group had higher (P < 0.001) feed intake (FI, g day -1 ) and body weights (P < 0.01) than those of the other group. The NaHCO 3 -supplemented group had higher (P < 0.05) FI g day -1 and average daily gain (ADG, kg -1 ) (P < 0.01) than the other group. The 30 °C ambient temperature affected half carcass weights, body lengths, and bone lengths (P < 0.05, P < 0.01, and P < 0.01, respectively). In conclusion, incorporation of NaHCO 3 to concentrate diets at a 20 °C ambient temperature increased FI g day -1 and ADG kg -1 , resulting in improved growth performance of the lambs.

Effect of Sodium Bicarbonate Supplementation on 2000-m Rowing Performance

The ability to buffer H+ could be vital to exercise performance, as high concentrations of H+ contribute to the development of fatigue. The authors examined the effect of sodium bicarbonate (SB) supplementation on 2000-m rowing-ergometer performance. Twenty male rowers (age 23 ± 4 y, height 1.85 ± 0.08 m, mass 82.5 ± 8.9 kg, 2000-m personal-best time 409 ± 16 s) completed two 2000-m rowing-ergometer time trials, separated by 48 h. Participants were supplemented before exercise with 0.3 g/kg body mass of SB or a placebo (maltodextrin; PLA). The trials were conducted using a double-blinded, randomized, counterbalanced crossover study design. Time to complete the 2000-m and time taken for each 500-m split were recorded. Blood lactate, bicarbonate, pH, and base excess were determined preexercise, immediately postexercise, and 5 min postexercise. Performance data were analyzed using paired t tests, as well as magnitude-based inferences; hematological data were analyzed using a repeated-measures ANOVA. Using paired t tests, there was no benefit of SB over PLA (P = .095). However, using magnitude-based inferences there was a likely beneficial effect of SB compared with PLA (PLA 412.0 ± 15.1 s, SB 410.7 ± 14.9 s). Furthermore, SB was 0.5 ± 1.2 s faster than PLA in the third 500 m (P = .035; possibly beneficial) and 1.1 ± 1.7 s faster in the fourth 500 m (P = .004; very likely beneficial). All hematological data were different between SB and PLA and were different from preexercise to postexercise. SB supplementation is likely to be beneficial to the performance of those competing in 2000-m rowing events, particularly in the second half of the event.

The effect of sodium bicarbonate supplementation on growth and biochemical composition of marine microalgae cultures

The addition of bicarbonate (NaHCO3; 0, 1, or 2 g L−1) to microalgal cultures has been evaluated for two species (Tetraselmis suecica and Nannochloropsis salina) in respect of growth and biochemical composition. In batch cultures, addition of bicarbonate (1 g L−1) resulted in significantly (P < 0.05) higher final mean cell abundances for both species. No differences in specific growth rates (SGRs) were recorded for T. suecica between treatments; however, increasing bicarbonate addition decreased SGR values in N. salina cultures. Bicarbonate addition (1 g L−1) significantly improved nitrate utilisation from the external media and photosynthetic efficiency (F v /F m ) in both species. For both T. suecica and N. salina, bicarbonate addition significantly increased the cellular concentrations of total pigments (3,432–3,587 and 19–37 fg cell−1, respectively) compared to cultures with no additional bicarbonate (1,727 and 11 fg cell−1, respectively). Moreover, final concentrations of total cellular fatty acids in T. suecica and N. salina cultures supplemented with 2 g L−1 bicarbonate (7.6 ± 1.2 and 1.8 ± 0.1 pg cell−1, respectively) were significantly higher than those cells supplemented with 0 or 1 g L−1 bicarbonate (3.2–3.5 and 0.9–1.0 pg cell−1, respectively). In nitrate-deplete cultures, bicarbonate addition caused species-specific differences in the rate of cellular lipid production, rates of change in fatty acid composition and final lipid levels. In summary, the addition of sodium bicarbonate is a viable strategy to increase cellular abundance and concentrations of pigments and lipids in some microalgae as well as the rate of lipid accumulation in nitrate-deplete cultures.

Effects of Sodium Bicarbonate Supplementation with Acute Caffeine Ingestion on Simulated 3-KM Cycle Performance

Sodium bicarbonate (SB) has been reported to increase extracellular pH and base excess after supplementation. This can delay the onset of fatigue and maintain a more favorable pH for ongoing glycolytic metabolism. Enhanced performance is also associated with caffeine (CAFF) as mediated through the CNS and periphery. There is limited information about the combined use of these two ergogenic aids. PURPOSE: To examine the effects of short-term SB supplementation combined with acute CAFF ingestion on simulated time trial (TT) performance and blood lactate (BL) accumulation in trained male cyclist's. METHODS: Male volunteers (n=16, 38.25 + 5.25 yrs, 60.39 + 5.97 ml/kg/min), in a double-blind, placebo (PL) controlled, crossover protocol, were randomly assigned four treatments (SB+CAFF, CAFF, SB, PL). Subject's personal bicycles were mounted to a stand with a PowerTap SL+ hub, computer, and PowerTap coded heart rate monitor. Day 1 subject's ingested 0.3 g/kg body weight (BW) either (SB) or (PL) in four equal doses. The final dose was taken two hours before TT. Day 2, one hour prior to TT, subjects ingested 6 mg/kg BW either CAFF or PL. After a 15 minute warm-up subjects performed a simulated 3-km TT. Finger prick BL samples were taken prior to and one hour post ingestion of CAFF or PL. Post TT, BL samples were taken immediately after exercise then and at three and ten minutes postexercise. During each TT, time to complete 3-km was measured in addition to average and peak values for power, speed, and heart rate. Data was analyzed using one-way ANOVA (p< 0.05). RESULTS: Mean TT was fastest with SB+CAFF (300.25 + 33.14s), followed by CAFF (306.00 + 31.98s), SB (311.19 + 32.47s) and PL (316.00 + 32.02s). Three minutes post TT, BL concentrations for SB+CAFF (13.72 + 1.92 mmol/L, p<0.05) were higher than PL (11.56 + 0.07 mmol/L, p<0.05). At 10 minutes post TT, BL concentrations were higher for SB+CAFF (11.99 + 2.52 mmol/L, p<0.05) than CAFF (8.15 + 2.09mmol/L, p<0.05), SB (8.99 + 1.97 mmol/L, p<0.05) or PL (7.92 + 2.13 mmol/L, p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: These data show a potential for performance enhancement through the combined supplementation of CAFF and SB as well as significantly higher postexercise BL concentrations.