Effects Of Socio-economic Development Research Articles

An integrated simulation framework for NDVI pattern variations with dual society-nature drives: A case study in Baiyangdian Wetland, North China

Due to climate change and socio-economic development, the growth and distribution of wetland vegetation have been destroyed, resulting in a degradation trend of wetland ecosystem. It is critical to simulate variations in the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) patterns under changing environments to guide targeted restoration and protection. Considering that current NDVI pattern simulation focused only on the linear driving forces of nature or society and had a low simulation efficiency, an integrated simulation framework with dual society-nature drives was proposed. In the framework, the spatial and NDVI patterns were simulated by system dynamics-future land use simulation (SD-FLUS) and random forest (RF) models, respectively. Baiyangdian Wetland in North China was taken as a case study, and its typical vegetation—reed—was taken as the simulation object. The NDVI patterns were simulated under the effects of socio-economic development, climate change and ecological protection policies. The results showed that the spatial patterns were affected by social factors, while the NDVI patterns were affected by natural factors. The spatial aggregations of the NDVI were affected by social and natural factors. Besides, the growth space of reeds was easily encroached under the existing development and protection policies. If ecological protection policies were implemented, the reed area would be restored, but the growth status would be poorer, requiring further protection measures and more attention to the growth status of reeds in sensitive areas. This study provides a new research perspective for simulating NDVI patterns and scientific supports for refined management of wetland vegetation.

ВПЛИВ РЕАЛЬНОГО І ФІНАНСОВОГО СЕКТОРІВ ЕКОНОМІКИ НА ЕКОНОМІЧНИЙ РІСТ

The article is devoted to the systematization of economic thought on the features of the real and financial sector of the economy on economic growth, given that the functioning of one sector involves interaction with participants in another sector, and features and trends of interaction of these sectors determine the level, direction and effectiveness of socio-economic development. The importance of the real and financial sectors in the economic system is determined. The functions of the real and financial sectors, ways of their interaction and current trends are identified. It is established that the real and financial sectors act both as subjects and as objects of influence on each other and on economic growth in general. In economic thought there is an opinion that such an impact, depending on the specific economic conditions, may be positive, negative, neutral or non-existent, which accordingly affects the proportionality of macroeconomic processes and development. The negative impact of the financial sector is most pronounced in a weak economy, as it depends on a number of macroeconomic factors, while in developed countries, on the contrary, can create favorable conditions for investment and capital inflows into the real sector. Also the main ideas of economic theory on the influence of both sectors of the economy on the proportionality of macroeconomic processes and opportunities for economic growth are considered. The reasons for the disproportionate development of the real and financial sectors of the economy are identified. The complexity of the balanced relationship between the financial and real sectors of the economy, which has a corresponding effect on macroeconomic stability, has been confirmed. This is due to the socio-economic nature and institutional form of interaction between the real and financial sectors, which change with the development of the economic system. It was found that the type of level of development and proportionality of the real and financial sectors of the economy is determined primarily by the level of development of the economic system and requires an individual approach to analysis in a particular country.

Financial capacity of territorial communities in the context of evaluating the results of administrative and financial decentralization

The article investigates the theoretical foundations of the financial capacity of territorial communities. Parameters of estimation of territorial communities’ financial capacity in the context of achievement of administrative-financial decentralization results are characterized. The necessity of improvement of criteria of territorial communities’ financial capacity is determined in terms of identification of sources of personal income tax, number of operating enterprises in the territory of the territorial community and the number of payers. Attention is paid to the need of improvement of the methodological basis for calculating the taxability index by taking into account the size of the able-bodied population, the median distribution of income tax per capita weighted by the population, and inclusion in the calculation of Kyiv city budget. The peculiarities of formation and use of financial resources of the territorial communities of Lviv and Poltava regions are clarified. The scientific and methodological approach to the evaluation of the financial capacity of territorial communities is improved by determining the priority of their expenditures, the interdependence of their own revenues and transfers with the financing of public services at the level of territorial communities. The directions of increasing the efficiency of functioning of territorial communities are outlined. Based on the assessment of the interdependence of the amount of generated financial resources and the financing of public services at the level of the territorial communities of Poltava region, it is determined that the growth of own revenues should be ensured for their proper functioning, first of all, through efficient use of their own financial and economic potential; parity in the ratio of economic and social expenditures in order to generate long-term positive effects of socio-economic development of territorial communities; diversification of functional expenditures for comprehensive provision of public services at the level of territorial communities.

Severe mental disorders in rural China: a longitudinal survey

BackgroundLittle is known about the change in long-term prevalence of mental disorders during a period of sustained rapid socioeconomic development. Here we explore the prevalence change of severe mental disorders in a 21-year longitudinal study in a rural area of China. MethodsEpidemiological surveys of mental disorders were done in May, 1994, and October, 2015, in six townships (total population 170 174 in 2015) in Xinjin County, Chengdu, China. Psychoses Screening Schedule (PSS) together with key informant method for household survey and general psychiatric interview were administered to identify the persons with severe mental disorders according to International Classification of Mental and Behavioural Disorders-10 (ICD-10) criteria. FindingsAmong all persons aged 15 years and older, the age-standardised lifetime prevalence of all mental disorders increased 48·2% from 870·1 per 100 000 population (95% CI 811·3–928·9 per 100 000 population) in 1994 to 1289·4 per 100 000 population (1218·0–1360·8 per 100 000 population) in 2015. The age-standardised lifetime prevalence of schizophrenia was the highest among all mental disorders and remained relatively stable from 1994 (416·0 per 100 000 population) to 2015 (427·9 per 100 000 population). Between 1994 and 2015, the age-standardised lifetime prevalence increased for affective disorders (41%), alcohol dependence and alcoholism (373·8%), drug and substance abuse (1809%), and mental disorder plus cerebrovascular disease (214%), brain trauma (388%), and senile dementia (126%). Moreover, age-standardised lifetime prevalence was significantly higher in men (1465·5 per 100 000 population) than in women (1179·0 per 100 000) in 2015 (p<0·0001). InterpretationVarious mental disorders in people living in the rural community display different trends from 1994 to 2015. Although the age-standardised lifetime prevalence of all causes disorders increased from 1994 to 2015, the prevalence of schizophrenia remained relatively stable. Prevalence of affective disorders, alcohol dependence and alcoholism, drug and substance abuse, senile dementia, and other organic disorders increased sharply, possibly indicating the effect of socioeconomic development on mental disorders. Mental health policy and services should be improved and adjusted according to the prevalence change of mental disorders. The limitations of this study include: (1) the sample investigated was from one rural area of China; (2) only two surveys were done; and (3) as many young people in this rural area might move to work temporarily in urban areas, the final reported prevalence might underestimate the true prevalence in young people. FundingThe investigation in 1994 was supported in part by the China Medical Board of New York (CMB, 92-557, to MZX). The investigation in 2015 was supported in part by Seed Funding Programme for Basic Research (HKU, 2014-2016, to MSR), Seed Funding Programme for Applied Research (HKU, 2014-2016, to MSR), Strategic Research Theme (SRT): Contemporary China Seed Funding (HKU, 2014-2016, to MSR), Small Project Funding (HKU, 2014-2016, to CLWC), and Mental Health Research in Chengdu, China (Dept. Matching Fund, 2015-2017, to MSR).

Impacts of household coal and biomass combustion on indoor and ambient air quality in China: Current status and implication

This review briefly introduces current status of indoor and ambient air pollution originating from household coal and biomass combustion in mainland China. Owing to low combustion efficiency, emissions of CO, PM2.5, black carbon (BC), and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons have significant adverse consequences for indoor and ambient air qualities, resulting in relative contributions of more than one-third in all anthropogenic emissions. Their contributions are higher in less economically developed regions, such as Guizhou (61% PM2.5, 80% BC), than that in more developed regions, such as Shanghai (4% PM2.5, 17% BC). Chimneys can reduce ~80% indoor PM2.5 level when burning dirty solid fuels, such as plant materials. Due to spending more time near stoves, housewives suffer much more (~2 times) PM2.5 than the adult men, especially in winter in northern China (~4 times). Improvement of stove combustion/thermal efficiencies and solid fuel quality are the two essential methods to reduce pollutant emissions. PM2.5 and BC emission factors (EFs) have been identified to increase with volatile matter content in traditional stove combustion. EFs of dirty fuels are two orders higher than that of clean ones. Switching to clean ones, such as semi-coke briquette, was identified to be a feasible path for reducing >90% PM2.5 and BC emissions. Otherwise, improvement of thermal and combustion efficiencies by using under-fire technology can reduce ~50% CO2, 87% NH3, and 80% PM2.5 and BC emissions regardless of volatile matter content in solid fuel. However, there are still some knowledge gaps, such as, inventory for the temporal impact of household combustion on air quality, statistic data for deployed clean solid fuels and advanced stoves, and the effect of socioeconomic development. Additionally, further technology research for reducing air pollution emissions is urgently needed, especially low cost and clean stove when burning any type of solid fuel. Furthermore, emission-abatement oriented policy should base on sound scientific evidence to significantly reduce pollutant emissions.

Analysis of Multi-Scale Changes in Arable Land and Scale Effects of the Driving Factors in the Loess Areas in Northern Shaanxi, China

In this study, statistical data on the national economic and social development, including the year-end actual area of arable land, the crop yield per unit area and 10 factors, were obtained for the period between 1980 and 2010 and used to analyze the factors driving changes in the arable land of the Loess Plateau in northern Shaanxi, China. The following areas of arable land, which represent different spatial scales, were investigated: the Baota District, the city of Yan’an, and the Northern Shaanxi region. The scale effects of the factors driving the changes to the arable land were analyzed using a canonical correlation analysis and a principal component analysis. Because it was difficult to quantify the impact of the national government policies on the arable land changes, the contributions of the national government policies to the changes in arable land were analyzed qualitatively. The primary conclusions of the study were as follows: between 1980 and 2010, the arable land area decreased. The trends of the year-end actual arable land proportion of the total area in the northern Shaanxi region and Yan’an City were broadly consistent, whereas the proportion in the Baota District had no obvious similarity with the northern Shaanxi region and Yan’an City. Remarkably different factors were shown to influence the changes in the arable land at different scales. Environmental factors exerted a greater effect for smaller scale arable land areas (the Baota District). The effect of socio-economic development was a major driving factor for the changes in the arable land area at the city and regional scales. At smaller scales, population change, urbanization and socio-economic development affected the crop yield per unit area either directly or indirectly. Socio-economic development and the modernization of agricultural technology had a greater effect on the crop yield per unit area at the large-scales. Furthermore, the qualitative analysis indicated that government policies had a more significant impact on the large-scale arable land areas.

An investigation into the cultural and religious determinants of national competitiveness

PurposeThis paper aims to empirically investigate the effects of cultural and religious factors on national competitiveness.Design/methodology/approachFirst, the concepts of national competitiveness, cultural values and religiosity are defined. Then, the relationships between these concepts are discussed and the hypotheses, variables, and theoretical models are presented. Finally, the empirical tests are conducted, the results are examined, and the theoretical/practical implications are discussed.FindingsThe empirical results show that controlling for the effects of socioeconomic development, culture and religiosity still have important implications for national competitiveness. More specifically, it is found that Autonomy, Hierarchy and Mastery cultural dimensions are likely to foster national competitiveness, but Conservatism, Egalitarianism and Harmony dimensions tend to impede national competitiveness. Additionally, it is found that regardless of the religious denomination, religiosity by itself remains a very serious hindrance to national competitiveness.Research limitations/implicationsThis study has a limited scope as it relies on a narrow conceptualization of culture and religiosity. Moreover, this study relies solely on the national level data and fails to detect the effects of intra‐national variations.Practical implicationsThe findings of this study bring valuable insights into the cultural and religious determinants of national competitiveness. Considering the reliability of data and the variety of countries included, the results might have important theoretical and managerial implications.Originality/valueThe chief contribution of this study resides in encompassing theories from various disciplines such as sociology, political science, anthropology, and business management to investigate the cultural and religious determinants of national competitiveness.

TRENDS IN DELAYED AND NON-MARRIAGE IN PENINSULAR MALAYSIA

The marriage pattern in Malaysia has changed dramatically since the 1940s. The general trend is one of increasing age at marriage and non-marriage. Between 1970 and 2000, the singulate mean age at marriage among men and women increased about three years each, from 25.5 years and 22.0 years to 28.8 years and 25.3 years, respectively. During the same period, the proportion of never married among those aged 30–34 doubled from 12 per cent to 25 per cent among males and from 6 per cent to 12 per cent among females. This paper uses data from population censuses to examine the trends and correlates of delayed marriage for the three main ethnic groups in Peninsular Malaysia. Data from sample surveys are also used to shed some light on contemporary marriage behaviour. Malaysia has made great strides in socio-economic development that benefited all segments of society. However, the effects of socio-economic development on marriage postponement and non-marriage have been stronger for non-Malays than for Malays. This can probably be explained by socio-cultural and religious practices.

The effects of socioeconomic development on worldwide hepatitis A virus seroprevalence patterns

Hepatitis A virus (HAV) infection confers long-term immunity, so mathematical analysis of age-specific seroprevalence in populations can reveal changes in the infection rate over time. HAV transmission is related to access to clean drinking water, personal hygiene and public sanitation. We used an SIR (susceptible-infectious-recovered) compartmental model with age structure to fit a time-dependent logistic function for HAV force of infection for 157 published age-seroprevalence data sets. We then fit linear regression models for socioeconomic variables and infection rate. The proportion of the population with access to clean drinking water, the value of the human development index (HDI), and per capita gross domestic product (GDP) are all inverse predictors of HAV infection rates. Declining infection rates were observed in 65.6% of the surveys. Discussion This work demonstrates the utility of HAV seroprevalence studies to reveal patterns of change in force of infection and to assess the association between socioeconomic risk factors and transmission rates.

Effects of Socio-Economic Development on the Water Environment in Wuxi City, Taihu Watershed

With the rapid social economic development, the ecological environment in Wuxi city has been worsened during the past 20 years, the pollution of water resource is especially serious and the water quality was decreased by one class in every 5 to 10 years. This paper studied the main factors and reasons of the effects of the social economic development on the water environment, especially Taihu Lake. Some measures to improve the water environment are suggested, i.e. , the adjustment of industrial structures, improvement of recycle utilition rate of water resources, administration of sewage in the market economy and environment education to the people and so on.

Women's Labour Force Participation and Socioeconomic Development: Influences of Local Context and Individual Characteristics in Brazil

We address several key hypotheses about the effects of socioeconomic development on women's labour force participation during the transition from agriculture to industrialism. To this end, we explore differences in women's labour force participation in Brazil by education, marital status, age, and urban or rural residence. We also show how socioeconomic development affects the overall level of women's participation and the differentials by education, etc. Our data are drawn from a large 1973 PNAD (Pequisa Nacional por Amostra de Domicilos) survey conducted by the Brazilian census bureau. Socioeconomic development in different parts of Brazil ranges from pre-industrial agriculture to heavy industry. Using logistic regression, we show that the general level of women's labour force participation does not change with the level of development. Highly educated women are much more likely than the less educated to be in the labour force (net of other influences); this difference is substantially greater than in post-industrial societies. Somewhat surprisingly, the influence of education is the same across the range of development levels in Brazil. Single women are more likely to be in the labour force than married women, and the difference grows during development. Age has a curvilinear relationship to labour force participation, and the old are much less likely to participate in more developed places. Rural women are slightly more likely to be in the labour force at all levels of development.

The effects of socio-economic development on student academic performance and life plans: A cross-national analysis

This paper investigates the independent effects of country-level socio-economic variables, home background variables, and school variables on science knowledge and career plans. The data are taken from standardized questionnaires and tests in eighteen countries conducted by the International Association for the Evaluation of Educational Achievement (IEA) on national random samples of students. Country-level variables were added to the individual student files, all samples were reduced to approximately equal size for each country, and the data from the countries were pooled, giving a total sample size of 18,000 students. PLS path modelling procedures with latent variables were applied. The main findings show that the level of socioeconomic development exercises an independent positive effect on academic performance in science, but a negative effect on the career orientation of students. These findings are discussed in the context of variations in the relationship between education and employment choice across different development levels of countries. Possible social consequences and policy implications are suggested.

Modernization Value Change and Fertility in the Soviet Union

This study is concerned with the complex linkages among modernization value change demographic change and public policy in the USSR. It has two objectives. First it explores the relationship between value change and fertility. Second it examines the impact of public policies both intended and unintended on family values and fertility The first part of the book examines the impact of modernization and value change on fertility. In 1 a theoretical framework for analysis of the Soviet fertility transition is presented the hypotheses to be tested are described previous work is reviewed and the data sources are discussed. The relevant data are analyzed in the next two chapters. Chapter 2 explores patterns of social and demographic modernization since the turn of the century. Hypotheses involving linkages between modernization the erosion of traditional family values and natality are tested for the European areas of the USSR. In 3 the focus is on explaining current fertility differentials between nationality groups and regions. The second part considers how public policy has affected family values and fertility. The main focus of 4 is on the effects of socioeconomic development on traditional family values in the south of the USSR. 5 surveys the consequences of Soviet demographic policy and 6 presents a predictive model of Soviet fertility trends. Particular attention is paid to differences among the various peoples and regions constituting the USSR. (EXCERPT)

The effect of socio-economic development on household travel behavior in Saudi Arabia

Over the last 15 yr, the urban areas of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia have changed beyond recognition. Population and economic growth have revolutionized land-use patterns and urban forms. Household structural dynamics in terms of income, car ownership and composition have assumed different dimensions. Such changes have ensured an ever increasing demand for urban travel. The objectives of this research study were two-fold: (a) to construct a profile of the socio-economic and travel behavior of individual households in Riyadh, and (b) to compare these traits with those of households in the United States. A systematic random sample of 2250 households was home-interviewed and data on their socio-economic and trip-making behavior obtained. The relative impact of the socio-economic variables on household travel behavior is then discussed. A comparison is also made between household traits in Riyadh and in the U.S. The results may be utilized in the development of plans, programs and policies for the improvement of transportation systems in urban areas of the Kingdom.

An interactive contextual model of migration in Ilocos Norte, the Philippines

This paper develops and estimates an interactive contextual model of migration in Ilocos Norte, the Philippines. It focuses on how contextual features alter the effects of family class status and community development level on the family's migration decisions. The model estimates show a curvilinear relation between class status and migration, but the pattern differs in accordance with the prevalence of migration from the community in the past. In addition, the effects of socioeconomic development and agricultural commercialization patterns vary with context. These results demonstrate the importance of using interactive models for analyzing the contextual influences on migration.

The demographic effect of socioeconomic development in guam

SummaryGuam has experienced a dramatic socioeconomic development since the end of World War II, accompanied by one of the most rapid fertility declines on record. Although Guam has a very low mortality, comparable to that of the United States, its fertility is higher than in most countries with the same income level. It is suggested that the current high fertility results from the pro-natalist pressures associated with Roman Catholicism. The emigration of residents has been completely offset by immigration from the Orient and, to a lesser extent, the United States. Rural-to-urban migration, mainly from the south to the north, did not start until the late 1950s. Since the end of World War II, the military and alien population has accounted for approximately 40% of the total population and has had substantial demographic, political, and socioeconomic effects.

The Effects of Socioeconomic Development on Draw-A-Man Scores in Turkey.

The Goodenough Draw-a-Man Test was administered to 218 fifth grade boys and girls from rural and urban areas in Turkey. The three rural villages varied in their degree of remoteness from the city and in their levels of modernization. The urban children belonged to lower and middle SES groups. The level of socioeconomic development was found to be the main factor explaining the variation in the obtained IQ; rural children from the most remote village had the lowest scores, and urban middle-class children had the highest. The results were interpreted in terms of environmental deprivation and stimulation.

Dimensions of State Politics, Economics, and Public Policy

A question often posed by students of American state politics is: “Do state political systems leave a distinctive imprint on patterns of public policy?” Prior to recent years the nearly automatic response of political scientists was an unqualified “yes.” More recent research has led to a qualified but increasingly confident “no.”Several recent publications have explored relationships between various indices of state politics, socio-economic characteristics, and public policy. The general conclusion has been that central features of the political system such as electoral and institutional circumstances do not explain much of the variation in policy. There are occasionally high correlations between individual measures of voter turnout, party competitiveness, or the character of state legislatures and some aspects of governmental spending. But these political-policy correlations seem to disappear when the effect of socioeconomic development is controlled.These are disturbing findings. They have not gone unchallenged. But the challenges, rather than reassuring those who have asserted the relevance of parties, voting patterns, and government structures, have demonstrated that the burden of proof now rests on those who hypothesize a politics-policy relationship. The problem has not been resolved.Part of the problem may rest on the conceptualization and measurement of the central variables. Electoral balance or alternation in office is not “inter-party competition,” except in the most mechanical sense. Compare Massachusetts' loose-knit party structure to the centralization of Connecticut's. “Party competition” is not the same as “party organization.” And party competition, voting habits, and patterns of apportionment fall far short of being equivalents of “political systems.”

Dimensions of State Politics, Economics, and Public Policy

A question often posed by students of American state politics is: “Do state political systems leave a distinctive imprint on patterns of public policy?” Prior to recent years the nearly automatic response of political scientists was an unqualified “yes.” More recent research has led to a qualified but increasingly confident “no.”Several recent publications have explored relationships between various indices of state politics, socio-economic characteristics, and public policy. The general conclusion has been that central features of the political system such as electoral and institutional circumstances do not explain much of the variation in policy. There are occasionally high correlations between individual measures of voter turnout, party competitiveness, or the character of state legislatures and some aspects of governmental spending. But these political-policy correlations seem to disappear when the effect of socioeconomic development is controlled.These are disturbing findings. They have not gone unchallenged. But the challenges, rather than reassuring those who have asserted the relevance of parties, voting patterns, and government structures, have demonstrated that the burden of proof now rests on those who hypothesize a politics-policy relationship. The problem has not been resolved.Part of the problem may rest on the conceptualization and measurement of the central variables. Electoral balance or alternation in office is not “inter-party competition,” except in the most mechanical sense. Compare Massachusetts' loose-knit party structure to the centralization of Connecticut's. “Party competition” is not the same as “party organization.” And party competition, voting habits, and patterns of apportionment fall far short of being equivalents of “political systems.”