Effect Of Soaking In Water Research Articles

Comparative study on the environmental impact of Portland cement paste that mixed with naphthalene or carboxylate based polymer solutions

The environmental impact is now a valuable coefficient for any human activity. The effect of solar UV radiation on the cement samples was limited and contained in the thin surface layer of the samples. In general, viscocrete was the most effective in protecting cement against solar ultraviolet radiation, where cement samples treated with the two polymers used separately showed greater compressive strength values than those recorded for samples treated with sikament polymer. This study is important since the mechanical properties of cement and concrete at early stages are important in the field of civil engineering. The effect of soaking in water on the ability of the cement to withstand the pressure on it was also studied, and several physical measurements were applied to samples of untreated cement and samples mixed with the mentioned polymers. These measurements included measuring the porosity, density, and total dissolved solids by X-ray diffraction, FTIR, and line scan EDX. These measurements were carried out on cement samples before, after, after soaking in water, as well as on cement samples mixed with polymers. The measurements were extended to the soaking water. So, adding two types of polymers (Sikament and Viscocrete) separately to cement could protect concrete constructions against serious environmental impacts. The EDX analysis of the samples used in this study showed that the Egyptian sources of raw materials used in the cement industry are rich sources of rare chemical elements. The importance of adding two types of polymers, Sikament and ViscoCrete, separately to cement protects concrete construction against environmental impacts, which is our main highlight, significance, and advice of this work. Decrease the water reduction percentage and increase the compressive strength for portend cement paste to 0.5 % viscocrete using 15 W and 30 W UV lamps, with a maximum value of 127.52 MPa for 0.5 % viscocrete at the 30 W lamp. Higher UV lamp exposure at 45-watt lamp decreases the compressive strength after exposure than others. The total porosity percentage of all used percentages of Sikament polymer addition is greater than that using viscocrete polymer with a 0.75 % Sikament high value of 7.60 (total porosity) TP%. The conductivity EC of the cement treated with polymer samples shows a smaller increase in the case of viscocrete polymer than that of Sikament, with a value of 404 uS using 0.5 % and 0.75 % viscocrete, which is supported by TdS measurements with values of 202 ppm for 0.5 % and 0.75 % viscocrete, respectively. The EDX results for cement polymer mixtures prove that both polymers used extract many elements from the cement paste and protect human beings from their dangers, like Sb, Na, Zr, Hf, Rb, Mo., Ti, P, Cu, Er, Cl, In, and Te,Te with greater efficiency for the Viscocrete polymer than the Sikament one. Many factors affecting the cement's compressive strength and mechanical properties are the innovation of this work, which deals with the impact of some materials affecting it. The main target is to discuss the effect of different polymers on some properties of cement paste. Other properties can be discussed in near future, like the void volume effect, packing density, Van der Waals volume, and apparent molar volumes. The polymer contents have the largest effect on increasing the compressive strength of cement paste, followed by the w/c ratio and curing time.

Effect of Water Soaking on Physical and Engineering Properties of Paddy (Basmati-370)

Physical and engineering properties of paddy seeds plays a crucial role in designing and development of drum’s orifice shape and size in drum seeder. The physical and engineering properties of dry, soaked (12 hours soaking) and pregerminated (24 hours soaking + 12 hours incubation) paddy (Bsmati-370) seeds were studied to finalize these dimensions. The average value for; length, width, thickness and equivalent diameter (mm) varies from 9.95 to 10.55, 10.98 to 11.61, 12.01 to 12.53 mm; 1.95 to 2.12, 2.41 to 2.57, 2.67 to 2.90 mm; 1.70 to 1.74, 2.06 to 2.18, 2.29 to 2.48 mm; and 3.07 to 3.20, 3.55 to 3.68, 3.81 to 4.11 mm for dry, soaked and pre germinated seeds respectively. The aspect ratio and sphericity were found to be 0.19, 0.24, 0.28 and 30, 32.88 and 34.70% for dry, soaked and pregerminated seeds respectively. There was an increase in volume, aspect ratio and terminal velocity by 21, 26.31 and 15.31 % and 39.98, 47.36 and 18.91% for soaked seed and pre germinated seed over the dry seed respectively.

Effect of Water Soaking on the Microstructure and Spontaneous Combustion Characteristics of Bituminous Coal During Low−Temperature Oxidation

ABSTRACT The effects of water soaking on the microstructure and spontaneous combustion characteristics of coal samples were investigated by scanning electronic microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrometer, and temperature programmed testing system (TPTS). The SEM results showed that the pore structures on the surface of water−soaked coal were more developed than raw coal, the pores increased and enlarged, and the phenomenon of water absorption swelling occurred. At the same time, water soaking had a certain influence on the functional groups in coal. The results of FTIR clearly illustrated that the surface functional groups of water−soaked coal were more active, and the contents of functional groups such as hydroxyl, methylene, aliphatic ether and aromatic ether all increased to varying degrees. During the low−temperature oxidation process, the analysis results of TPTS indicated that the oxygen consumption rate and the production of CO, C2H4, and other gases of water−soaked coal were higher. Based on the analysis method of CO, CO/CO2 and C2H4 gas growth rate, the three peaks of the curve obtained correspond to the characteristic temperatures of each oxidation stage of the coal samples. The critical temperature, dry cracking temperature and fission temperature of water−soaked coal were 60 ± 10 ℃, 90 ± 10 ℃ and 120 ± 10 ℃, respectively, which was 10 ℃ lower than raw coal. The apparent activation energy (E a) of coal was calculated by the CO model and fitted in sections. It can be seen that the E a of water−soaked coal at different stages of low−temperature oxidation was lower, and the maximum difference was 2.1 kJ/mol. Therefore, from the above results, it inferred that the activity of bituminous coal became stronger after soaking in water, which may be due to the effect of soaking on the surface structure and active groups of coal, thus showing a higher risk of spontaneous combustion.

Effects of relative humidity and particle hygroscopicity on the initial efficiency and aging characteristics of electret HVAC filter media

Because of the low pressure drop, electret filter media are widely used in indoor environments to remove particles for air quality control. The effects of water soaking, air relative humidity (RH), and particle hygroscopicity on the filtration performances of fresh and aged media, i.e., size-fractioned efficiency, however remains unclear. Electret media from a commercial high-efficiency particulate air (HEPA) filter, a commercial Heating, Ventilating, and Air Conditioning (HVAC) filter with minimum efficiency reporting value of 13 (MERV13) and a homemade filter (CM) were investigated in this work. In the initial test, the performance of above three media were evaluated at 10, 60 and 90% RHs. In the aged test, the media performances were characterized at 30, 60 and 80%, and using three different sample particles, i.e., hygroscopic NaCl, non-hygroscopic SiC, and NaCl + SiC mixture). In addition to clean filters, the collection efficiency and pressure drop of used MERV13 electret media, which had been utilized in a house for few months, were evaluated. SEM analysis was conducted to examine particle loading characteristics. The major finding of this study is that operating the filtration systems having electret media at ~60% RH can greatly enhance the particle holding capacity and minimize the efficiency decline. The result of this study provides the insights of the RH effects on the performance of electret media.

Effect of soaking of Ficus natalensis Hochst. leaves in different solutions on intake, digestibility and nitrogen balance in goats

This study evaluated the effectiveness of soaking Ficus natalensis leaves in bamboo charcoal or bamboo ash solutions to improve intake, digestibility and nitrogen utilization by goats. The leaves were prepared in four different ways (four treatments) prior to being fed to eight goats as the sole diet in a double 4 × 4 Latin square design. The four treatments were: Charcoal (F. natalensis leaves soaked in bamboo charcoal solution for 24 h); Ash (F. natalensis leaves soaked in bamboo ash solution for 24 h); Water (F. natalensis leaves soaked in water for 24 h); and Control (non-soaked fresh F. natalensis leaves). Daily feed intake, digestibility of dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM) and crude protein (CP) as well as nitrogen utilization by the goats were determined. Soaking (Charcoal, Ash and Water treatments) did not improve (P > 0.05) intake of F. natalensis leaves; however soaking in the bamboo ash solution significantly reduced (P 0.05) on OM and CP digestibility Similarly, soaking either in water or bamboo charcoal solution significantly improved (P < 0.05) nitrogen (N) utilization; with lower (P < 0.05) faecal and urinary N excretions as well as higher (P < 0.05) N retention values than the control treatment (non-soaked leaves). There is a need for further studies to determine effect of soaking in water or bamboo charcoal solution on goat performance (average daily gain) and slaughter, carcass and organoleptic characteristics of goat meat.

Hyphaene petersiana dormancy and germination

Hyphaene petersiana is a naturally occurring palm tree in Zimbabwe. The tree provides an important supplementary source of income to the communities where it is found, with a high demand for foliage for making baskets and sap for wine making. Propagation is both by vegetative and sexual methods, however, sexual propagation is constrained by the inherent dormancy of the seeds. Breaking seed dormancy is also the first step towards developing a conservation programme for the tree. The effect of water soaking (for 12, 24 and 48 hours), chemical scarification (sulphuric acid for 10 minutes), de-husking (tegument removal), sand papering as well as chemical treatment (thiourea and potassium nitrate) were compared with untreated seeds (control). No germination was observed for seeds treated with sulphuric acid. Water soaking for 12 hours gave the highest germination (71.7%) although not significantly different to other treatments.

Some Mechanical Properties of Cement Treated Base (CTB) Incorporating Waste Portland Cement Concrete Under Different Corresponding Conditions

This research represents a trial of understanding and improving mechanical properties of base or subbase granular materials, used in pavement construction, stabilized with Portland cement known as cement treated base (CTB) in terms of density, optimum water content (O.W.C), and compression Strength of three curing ages (3, 7, 28) days under different situations. Different Portland cement percent of (0, 5, 7, 10, 12, and 15) % by weight were added to selected base course granular materials (type B according to local standard specification in Iraq). Results showed that the density of mixture increase with increasing added cement percent, while O.W.C takes its maximum value around 7% cement content, and compression strength increase with increasing cement content and curing age. Then effect of replacing 50% of natural granular materials by waste Portland cement concrete (WPCC) was investigated on the results of (0, 7&amp; 15)% cement content on density, O.W.C and compression strength in the three curing ages. Results reveled although density of mixture cooperating WPCC for 0% cement content was higher, CTB of natural granular material were denser. On the other hand compressive strength decrease in case of using WPCC for all percent cement added and curing ages. Finally, effect of soaking in water on CTB with (7 &amp;15)% cement compressive strength of three curing ages was studied, under three period of soaking (1 week, 2 weeks, &amp;one month). Test results exposed that, CTB Compressive strength increase with increasing soaking period but still less than that of un-soaked and for all curing ages. For each test stage mathematics relationships with acceptable correlation were presented proofing test results tendency.

Effects of water soaking and/or sodium polystyrene sulfonate addition on potassium content of foods

In this study, we determined, by atomic absorption spectrophotometry, the potassium amount leached by soaking or boiling foods identified by children suffering from chronic renal failure as “pleasure food” and that they cannot eat because of their low-potassium diet, and evaluated whether addition of sodium polystyrene sulfonate resin (i.e. Kayexalate®) during soaking or boiling modulated potassium loss. A significant amount of potassium content was removed by soaking (16% for chocolate and potato, 26% for apple, 37% for tomato and 41% for banana) or boiling in a large amount of water (73% for potato). Although Kayexalate® efficiently dose-dependently removed potassium from drinks (by 48% to 73%), resin addition during soaking or boiling did not eliminate more potassium from solid foods. Our results therefore provide useful information for dietitians who elaborate menus for people on potassium-restricted diets and would give an interesting alternative to the systematic elimination of all potassium-rich foods from their diet.

Effects of water soaking and outdoor exposure on modulus of rupture and internal bond strength of particleboard

Phenol–formaldehyde resin-bonded particleboard (PF board) and isocyanate resin-bonded particleboard (MDI board) were soaked in water at 40, 70 and 100 °C, and the relationships between soaking conditions and board properties were analyzed. The relationships between the deterioration of board properties resulting from water soaking and those arising from outdoor exposure were also analyzed. At 100 °C, the modulus of rupture (MOR) and internal bond strength (IB) of the PF board decreased significantly within the first hour, and subsequently constant values were shown with increasing soaking time. This low constant value was defined as the lower limit. At 70 °C, both the MOR and IB decreased with increasing soaking time, and reached the lower limit. At 40 °C, however, neither decreased significantly with increasing soaking time and neither reached the lower limit. The MOR of the MDI board showed the same trend as the PF board. However, the IB of the MDI board showed a different trend to the PF board, that is, the lower limit of IB required extensive soaking, even at 100 °C. The MOR and IB of both the PF and MDI boards reached the lower limit when thickness change peaked. On the other hand, the MOR and IB for outdoor exposure were lower than those for water soaking, even at the same thickness change. The MOR and IB of water soaking decreased owing to the collapse of the bonding points caused by board swelling. On the other hand, the board properties of outdoor exposure decreased owing to the collapse of the bonding points, and biodegradation also added to the decrease.

Effects of water soaking and outdoor exposure on nail joint properties of particleboard

Phenol-formaldehyde resin-bonded particleboard (PF board) and isocyanate resin-bonded particleboard (MDI board) were soaked in water at 40, 70 and 100 °C, and the relationships between soaking conditions and nail joint properties were analyzed. The soaking time to reach the lower limit of nail-head pull-through (NHPT) of the PF board was 2 h at 100 °C, while it took 168 h at 70 °C. The soaking time to reach the lower limit of lateral nail resistance (LNR) of the PF board was 24 h at 100 °C, but it did not take 168 h at 70 °C to reach it. The lower limits of NHPT and LNR for the MDI board were higher than those for the PF board. For the PF board, there was a high correlation between modulus of rupture, internal bond strength and nail joint properties. Based on the results of water soaking and outdoor exposure, it was shown that thickness change has a significant effect on NHPT and LNR, and that the reduction in NHPT and LNR results from the collapse of bonding points owing to swelling of the board.

Effects of Water Soaking on Bread-Making Quality of Brown Rice Flour

Effects of Water Soaking on Bread-Making Quality of Brown Rice Flour

Effect of Soaking in Water, Alkali and Acetic Acid to Remove Polyphenol from Kernel of Two Iranian Acorn Varieties

The acorn is an edible nut of oak trees (Quercus spp.) that had been used for human nutrition for a long time. Besides nutritious components, acorn contains considerable amounts of phenolic substances. At present study, two different varieties of Iranian oak acorns, namely, Q. branti var. persica (Qb) and Qcastaneifolia var. castaneifolia (Qc) were used. The total polyphenol content measured in two varieties were 9.11 and 4.33 (gr TAE/ 100 gr d.b), respectively. The effects of various processing methods such as soaking in water (at 25 and 50°C), acetic acid and sodium hydroxide (0.1, 0.5 and 1M) and sodium chloride (1, 5 and 10%) for 6, 12, 18 and 24 hours on the polyphenol removal from acorns were investigated. Repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) was applied (P<0.005). All processes caused a significant (P≤0.05) decrease in the polyphenol contents as compared to the raw samples. In water soaking, the percentage of reduction increased for two varieties as the soaking time and temperature increased. In soaking treatments of Qb samples, maximum reduction of the polyphenols was observed in 0.5M NaOH solution for 12h. On the other hand, in Qc samples, soaking in 0.1M NaOH solution, for 18h resulted in significant (P<0.05) decrease in polyphenol compounds. Keywords: Acetic Acid -Acorn Fruit- Hydroxide Sodium- Polyphenol Compound- Soaking

Soaking Time and Water Temperature Impact on Creeping Bentgrass Seed Germination

Seed deterioration, and therefore seed germination potential, are highly influenced by relative humidity and temperature. However, limited species-specific information is available about the effect of long-term soaking in water on seed germination potential. Knowing the potential fate of a creeping bentgrass seed that falls in an irrigation canal is important for the study of transgene flow in this species at the landscape level. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the effect of soaking time and water temperature on germination of creeping bentgrass seed and to assess how fast a panicle could be moved in an irrigation canal. Germination was determined for seeds from panicles of three cultivars of creeping bentgrass that were soaked in water for up to 17 wk at two water temperatures, 4 and 20 C. Creeping bentgrass seeds did not lose their ability to germinate after 17 wk in water at 20 C and, although reduced, germination was still 46% after 17 wk in water at 4 C. The reduction in germination in seeds from panicles kept in water at 4 C was due to the induction of secondary dormancy, which was overcome by dry seed storage at room temperature. We quantified that a panicle that falls in an irrigation canal has the potential to travel downstream at an average rate of 19 m min−1and move seeds that could potentially establish seedlings elsewhere. Therefore, movement of creeping bentgrass seed by water has to be considered as a means of gene flow.

Nutritional quality of legume seeds as affected by some physical treatments, Part 1: Protein quality evaluation

The effect of water soaking, boiling, roasting, microwave cooking, autoclaving, fermentation and micronization on the nutritional quality of cowpea, pea and kidney bean was investigated. Pea seeds showed the highest crude fat, crude fiber and the lowest moisture contents while kidney bean had the lowest crude fat and the highest crude protein and ash contents. Glu and Asp were the main amino acids in all legumes while Cys and Met contents were the lowest. The protein efficiency ratio (PER), protein chemical score (CS) and the essential amino acid index (EAAI) of raw seeds ranged from 2.15 to 2.95, 39.07 to 68.30, and 55.49 to 62.84, respectively. Soaking, boiling, microwave cooking and autoclaving increased the total essential amino acids in all samples. Furthermore, raw and treated samples showed higher Lys content than the reference protein. Autoclaving was the most effective in improving protein quality followed by micronization, microwave cooking and fermentation. In addition, in vitro protein digestibility was improved after soaking, boiling, microwave cooking, autoclaving and fermentation but was reduced after roasting and micronization.

Effect of Soaking in Water and Rumen Digeta Solutions on Metabolizable Energy Content and Chemical Composition of Barley Seeds for Use in Poultry Diet

An experiment was carried out to evaluate the effect of soaking in water and different rumen digesta solutions on nutritional value of dry barley seeds. Treatments were included distilled water as control and rumen digesta that diluted with distilled water to obtain 20, 40 and 60% digesta solutions. Solutions have added to 10 kg of barley seed samples to achieve final 30% moisture content. After 21 days the chemical composition and energy content of barley seed were determined. Gross energy of barley seeds did not affected by different experimental treatments. Use of 20% rumen digesta solution resulted to a significant (p<0.01) increase in AME and AMEn content of barley seeds. Barley seed that treated with 40% of rumen digesta solution had highest TME and TMEn content and its different from seeds that treated with 60 and 100% rumen digesta solutions was significant (p<0.05). The chemical composition such as dry matter, crud protein, crude fat, crud fiber, ash and NFE were found to be similar and there was no significant difference. However, soaking in rumen digesta solutions increased crud protein, ether extract, crude fiber and ash content of barley seeds numerically.

Effects of water-soaking on the extraction of pesticide residue from powdered brown rice and wheat samples

Effects of water-soaking on the extraction of pesticide residue from powdered brown rice and wheat samples

ＵＶ検出イオンクロマトグラフィーによる野菜及び鶏卵に使用された亜塩素酸ナトリウムの分析と水浸漬効果

ＵＶ検出イオンクロマトグラフィーによる野菜及び鶏卵に使用された亜塩素酸ナトリウムの分析と水浸漬効果

Distribution of Free Amino Acids in the Rice Kernel and Kernel Fractions and the Effect of Water Soaking on the Distribution

The distribution of free amino acids within the milled-rice kernel was determined using the flours prepared consecutively by abrasive milling from the outer to the inner layers of the kernel. All free amino acids except arginine were present in the greatest quantities in the outermost layer of the 5%-milled kernel with a decreasing concentration gradient toward the center. Water soaking of the flours brought about increases in the contents of most amino acids and decreases in the glutamate and taurine contents. Taking into account the discriminative localization at the peripheral region of the milled-rice kernel and changes in contents during water soaking, glutamate, gamma-aminobutyric acid (Gaba), and arginine can be assumed to contribute to the taste of cooked rice. Gaba content in the germ increased remarkably with soaking under a slightly acidic condition, which indicates the potential for rice germ to be included in the diet of people with hypertension

Effect of soaking in water or in sodium carbonate on tannin content and in vitro protein digestibility of sorghum cultivars

SummaryInvestigation of two sorghum cultivars showed that although the tannin content of untreated seeds were 3.1 and 0.6% for Karamaka and Mugud cultivars, respectively, their in vitro protein digestibility (IVPD) is very similar (89% and 90% respectively). Extractable tannin content was markedly reduced by steeping whole seeds in water or Na2CO3 solution and by incubating them for up to 24 h at 30°C or up to 20min at 100°C. With both cultivars, the percentage tannin extracted increases with time, temperature, and 2CO3 concentration, with an increase in the percentage in vitro protein digestibility', but the degree of change differed between the two cultivars studied.Conditions have been observed which combine a low energy‐input, short‐time treatment with high protein digestibility of the treated grain.

Time-dependent mechanical properties of high-strength cements

A high-strength cement paste based on aluminous cement with the addition of water-soluble polymer was found to have a flexural strength which increased at about 12 MPa per decade increase in strain rate over the range 10−6 to 10−2 sec−1. The effect of soaking in water was to markedly reduce the strength. Swelling occurred on soaking in water for both Portland and aluminous cement-based pastes but was more gradual for the latter. Wetting swelling and drying shrinkage increased with polymer content for Portland-based pastes. Creep and stress relaxation in one type of Portland cement-based paste and in aluminous cement-based paste were markedly increased by soaking, but in a second type of Portland-based paste there was little effect. These effects are attributed to the polymer content of the pastes and its distribution in the pastes.