Side Effects In Group Research Articles

Effect of Alpha-Blocker on Distal Ureteric Calculi: A Comparative Study

Introduction Silodosin is a recently introduced selective alpha- blocker in Medical Expulsive Therapy for the management of distal ureteric calculi. The efficacy and safety of silodosin compared to tamsulosin are controversial, however the former is considered to be more effective. The objective of the study is to assess the efficacy and safety of silodosin compared to tamsulosin in the treatment of ureteral stones less than 10mm.  Methods This prospective randomized study was conducted in the Department of General Surgery, Navodaya Medical College, Raichur, Karnataka. Sixty patients were included in the study who presented with abdominal or loin pain and were diagnosed with unilateral solitary distal ureteric stone measuring <10mm with no complications. Participants in Group I received Tablet Silodosin 8mg OD until the passage of stone or up to two weeks, and Group II received Tablet Tamsulosin 0.4mg OD until the passage of stone or up to two weeks. Analgesic Tablet Diclofenac sodium 50mg was given to both patients on demand.  Results A total of 60 patients were included in the study, divided into 30 patients in each group of Silodosin and tamsulosin respectively. In Group I (silodosin), out of 30 patients, 25 patients expelled the calculus, whereas in Group II (tamsulosin), out of 30 patients, 15 patients expelled the calculus. Group I showed a significantly higher rate of expulsion, with a p-value of 0.005. Stone expulsion time was notably shorter in Group I compared to Group II, with averages of 4.73 days versus 6.33 days (p=0.009). Additionally, analgesic use during the medical expulsive therapy was lower in Group I, averaging 8.25 compared to 4.13 (p=0.0001) in the tamsulosin group. Significant differences were observed in the outcomes such as stone expulsion time, and analgesic requirement. However, no significant differences were found when comparing the groups based on age, gender, stone size, and side of the ureter involved. The 20 patients who failed the medical management underwent ureterorenoscopy with 100% clearance. 3 patients in Group II experienced orthostatic hypotension, and zero patients experienced any side effects in Group I. Compared to tamsulosin, silodosin provides significantly higher stone expulsion rates, fewer colic episodes, and shorter stone expulsion duration than tamsulosin.

Analysis of the Adsorption Behavior of Phenanthrene on Microplastics Based on Two-Dimensional Correlation Spectroscopy.

Microplastics (MPs), an emerging pollutant, widely co-occur with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the environment. Therefore, the interaction between MPs and PAHs has been the focus of much attention in recent years. In this study, three types of MPs, i.e., polypropylene, polystyrene, and poly(vinyl chloride), with the same main chain were selected as the adsorbents, with phenanthrene (PHE) as the representative PAHs. The adsorption mechanisms were explored from the perspective of the molecular spectral level using a combination of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) with a two-dimensional correlation technique. The adsorption kinetics results showed that the adsorption of PHE on the three MPs was dominated by chemisorption. However, the FT-IR analysis results indicated that no new covalent bond was created during the adsorption process. Based on the above research, a generalized two-dimensional (2D) correlation spectral technique was employed to investigate the sequence of functional group changes during the adsorption process for different MPs. Furthermore, the hybrid 2D correlation spectral technique explored the effect of side groups attached to the main chain molecules of MPs on adsorption. The results showed that for all three MPs, the functional groups in the side chain have a higher affinity for PHE, which is due to their higher hydrophobicity. This study provides a feasible way to analyze the adsorption of pollutants on MPs, and the results are important for understanding the adsorption interaction between PAHs and MPs in the aquatic environment.

Effect of side group and crosslinking on the copolyesters as solvent-free pressure-sensitive adhesives

Pressure-sensitive adhesives (PSAs) are extensively employed in various applications due to their ability to instantly adhere upon the application of light pressure. Towards a sustainable future is the major driving force for the development of PSAs without solvent. In this study, a two-step melt polycondensation method was used to synthesize a series of copolyesters with varying contents of propanediol (PDO), 2-methyl-1,3-propanediol (MPO), and glycerol. These copolyesters were composed of different molar ratios of PDO/MPO (80/20, 50/50, and 20/80, respectively) and varying glycerol loading in polymer backbone (0, 0.5, and 1.0 mol%, respectively). The influence of the short side group from MPO and the slight crosslinking from glycerol on the thermal and rheological behavior of the copolyesters was investigated. The glass-transition temperature of these copolyesters range from −58.0 to −52.1 °C. Furthermore, the adhesive strength of these copolyesters was evaluated through T-peel and 180° peel testing. The 180° peel strength ranged from 81.1 to 600.6 Pa, while the T-peel strength ranged of 52.5–156.6 Pa. By adjusting the balance of side group and crosslinking content, it was possible to control the relationship between cohesion, adhesion, and tack. This study provides a potential material design for polyester-based and solvent-free PSAs.

To Compare the Side Effect of Dexmedetomidine and Clonidine as an Adjuvant to Intrathecal Bupivacaine in Patients Undergoing Total Abdominal Hysterectomy

Background: Addition of adjuvants to routinely used intrathecal drugs is cornerstone in safe and effective prolongation of single shot spinal block for gynecological surgery. In resource deficient countries, where epidural anaesthesia is usually not used because of cost factor, adjuvants are routinely used to prolong the effect of regional anaesthesia. Alpha 2 agonists are considered best drugs as adjuvants, but there is inconclusive data in literature about the block characteristic, dose at which to be used and side effect after use of these drugs.
 Methods: A prospective randomized single blind study was conducted in the Department of Anaesthesia IGMC SHIMLA at Kamla Nehru state hospital.
 Results: Hypotension was seen in 5 patients of Group C and 4 patients of Group D. Three patients in both the groups required 2 doses of Inj mephenteramine and 2 patients in Group C and 1 in Group D required single dose of Vasopressor (Inj mephentermine). (p=0.83). Five patients had bradycardia, 3 Nausea and 3 had shivering in Group C, while only 2 patients had side effects in Group D i.e one patient had bradycardia and another nausea, vomiting. (p= 0.657)
 Conclusion: We observed hypotension, bradycardia, nausea vomiting and post operative shivering in our patients during the study period but there was no statistical significance achieved amongst the groups. (p>0.05).

Comparison of Oral Azathioprine and Oral Mini Pulse Steroid in the Treatment of Vitiligo: An Open-Label Randomized Controlled Trial.

Vitiligo is a common acquired depigmentory skin disorder supposed to be of autoimmune aetiology. Different immunosuppressants have been tried with varying success. Azathioprine has been less studied in vitiligo. To study the efficacy of oral azathioprine and compare with systemic steroid in the treatment of vitiligo. It was an interventional study with multi-armed (three), parallel group, an open-label, randomized controlled trial with allocation ratio of 1:1:1. Patients of vitiligo aged between 18 and 60 years having more than 5% body surface involvement were included in the study. Patients were divided into three groups. Group A-patients received oral azathioprine 50 mg OD daily, group B-patients received combination of oral azathioprine 50 mg OD and PUVASOL and group C-patients received combination of betamethasone oral mini pulse (OMP) and PUVASOL. All the groups were treated for 1 year. Repigmentation was evaluated by vitiligo area severity index (VASI), and stabilization was evaluated by vitiligo disease activity (VIDA). Group A, group B and group C showed 24.24%, 53.24% and 47.28% improvement in VASI score, respectively, at the end of 1 year. Group B and group C showed statistically significant superior repigmentation as compared to azathioprine monotherapy. Though azathioprine and betamethasone showed equivalent efficacy, azathioprine has a better safety profile. Side effects were minimal in azathioprine groups, whereas 50% patients developed various side effects in group C. Azathioprine is safe and effective option in the treatment of vitiligo.

Constructing high-performance low-temperature curable PI materials by manipulating the side group effects of diamine

To date, low-temperature curable polyimide (PI) materials have been in great demand in the field of advanced packaging.

Optimization of silicone rubber materials for high voltage switchgear and study on characteristic gas of thermal decomposition

In this paper, three kinds of silicone rubber materials, methyl silicone rubber, phenyl silicone rubber and fluorosilicone rubber, are used as the research object, contact angle tester, thermal conductivity tester, insulation resistance tester, differential scanning calorimeter and thermogravimetric analyzer to explore the effect of side groups on the properties of silicone rubber. The results show that the thermal conductivity of three kinds of silicone rubber materials is poor, but they all have good hydrophobicity, insulation and thermal stability. Among them, phenyl silicone rubber shows better hydrophobicity and thermal stability. In addition, the type and relative content of characteristic gases of thermal decomposition of silicone rubber materials at different temperatures are analyzed in detail by gas chromatography mass spectrometer. The results show that C6H18O3Si3 and C8H24O4Si4 are the common characteristic gases of thermal decomposition of three kinds of silicone rubber.

Excitation of phenanthridines in aqueous solution: Comparative theoretical analysis

To elucidate the effect of side groups on the excitation of phenanthridines, six compounds were studied by DFT/TD-DFT: ethidium (E), dimidium (D), desphenylethidium (DE), desphenyldimidium (DD), dideaminoethidium (DDE), and dideaminodesphenylethidium (DDDE). Ten hybrid functionals were used with different contributions to the “exact” Hartree-Fock exchange, including those with long-range correction (B3LYP, APFD, PBE0, M06, M05, BMK, MN15, CAM-B3LYP, MN12SX, and ωB97XD). As a result, the best agreement with the experiment was given by the BMK functional in combination with the 6–311++G(d,p) basis set and the IEFPCM solvent model. The main structural change upon excitation of E, D, and DDE was a significant decrease in the dihedral φ between the phenyl ring and the chromophore. In the φ range from ≈75° to ≈105°, the rotation of the phenyl ring relative to the chromophore is almost unimpeded, but it becomes very difficult at |Δφ|>45°. HOMOs change significantly with the addition/removal of amino groups. At the same time, LUMOs are the same for all studied phenanthridines. HOMOs do not cover the side groups attached to the N5 atom. LUMOs cover these groups slightly. This feature explains the small differences in the absorption maxima λmax between E, D, DE, and DD, as well as between DDE and DDDE. The photoinduced shifts of electron densities have a complex form and quantitatively depend on the side groups. The dipole moments of dyes with phenyl rings increase upon excitation, while the lack of phenyl rings leads to a photoinduced decrease of dipole moments. From this feature, in particular, it follows that the negative solvatochromism of E is determined by hydrogen bonds with the solvent, and not by dipole–dipole interactions.

Analysis of Intradermal Tranexamic Acid (Ta) vs Triple Combination (Hydroquinone 4%, Tretinoin 0.05%, Fluocinolone Acetonide 0.01%) Therapy for Melasma

Objective: Purpose of this study aims to compare the efficacy of intradermal tranexamic acid (Ta) therapy for the treatment of melasma with that of a fluocinolone-based triple combination therapy (Hydroquinone 4%, Tretinoin 0.05%, Fluocinolone Acetonide 0.01%). Study Design: Comparative study Place and Duration: Islamic Internatiomal Medical College Rawalpindi & Shahida Islam Medical Institute, Lodhran during the period from June ,2021 to December 2021. Methods: There were 150 cases presented, including both sexes. All of the patients who were hospitalised for treatment had melasma. After obtaining agreement in writing, a thorough demographic profile was obtained. The patients were randomly split in half. Group A was treated with a fluocinolone-based triple combination (4% Hydroquinone, 0.05% Tretinoin, and 0.01% Fluocinolone Acetonide), while group B was treated with intradermal tranexamic acid (Ta). Effectiveness was measured by contrasting the two sets of results. Results: We found that 80 (53.3%) patients were females and 70 (46.7%) patients were females. Among 150 cases, 75 (50%) had age 18-30 years, 50 (33.3%) patients had age 31-40 years and 25 (16.7%) patients had age > 40 years. Frequency of mixed melasma was higher among all cases followed by dermal and epidermal plasma. Frequency of malar-type melasma was significantly higher. We found that reduction in MASI score in group B was higher 1.9 from baseline 14.7 as compared to group A 6.1. Post-treatment we found side effects in group A and there was no any adverse outcomes observed in group B. Conclusion: In this study, we found that intradermal tranexamic acid (TA) was an effective and safe technique for treating melasma, with no clinically relevant side effects and a substantial reduction in the MASI score. Keywords: Melasma, MASI, Triple combination, Intradermal tranexamic acid

Side-Group Effect on the Slow Relaxations of {Dy2} Single-Molecule Magnets with Confined N2O6 Donors.

Deep insights into and substantial enhancement of the effective anisotropy energy barrier for magnetization reversal (Ueff) are vitally important for the technological applications of dysprosium(III)-based single-molecule magnets (Dy-SMMs). To fully refine the ligand-field effect on spin relaxation, four centrosymmetric {Dy2} entities with formula [Dy2(CH3OH)2L2(RCOO)2] (H2L = 2-hydroxy-N'-((pyridin-2-yl)methylene)benzohydrazide) have been solvothermally prepared by varying the side groups of carboxylate coligands (RCOO-, R = CF3 for 1, H for 2, CH3 for 3, and Cp2Fe for 4). Structural analyses reveal that all of the DyIII carriers in 1-4 have the same N2O6 donor environments, and the non-coordinative R groups attached to the equatorial carboxylate bridges have not substantially changed the binding ability of the shortest Dy-Ophenolate bonds located at the axial position of the ligand field. Interestingly, the side groups have monotonically decreased the zero-field Ueff barriers of these weak antiferromagnetically coupled {Dy2} analogues from 721 K down to 379 K. Further electronic structure calculations demonstrate that the main magnetic axes of 1-4 are highly dominated by these comparable Dy-Ophenolate short bonds, and the g tensors have produced gradually increased transverse components responsible significantly for the decreased Ueff barriers. Additionally, thermally assisted relaxations occur preferably through the second (for 1) and the first (for 2-4) Kramer doublets. These interesting findings afford a new side-group effect to comprehensively understand the magnetostructural relationships and advance the rational design of high-performance Dy-SMMs.

Influence of Molecular Chain Side Group on the Electrical Properties of Silicone Rubber and Mechanism Analysis

Influence mechanism of side group types on the macroscopic electrical properties of silicone rubber (SiR) are analyzed based on the experimental comparison and the molecular simulation. The insulation properties of SiR with different side group types (vinyl, phenyl, and trifluoropropyl), as well as binary compound SiR (vinyl/phenyl and vinyl/trifluoropropyl) are compared and studied experimentally. Further, the effect of side groups on the movement of the molecular chain is analyzed by calculating the free volume, the mean square displacement (MSD), and the end distances. Then the mechanism of its influence on the macroscopic properties of SiR was studied. The experimental results indicated that the resistance and breakdown performance of the phenyl SiR surpasses both vinyl SiR and fluorosilicone rubber owing to the conjugated structure of benzene ring, which has a high electron affinity and reduces free charges and carrier migration rate. Besides, when 10wt% phenyl SiR was mixed into vinyl SiR, the resistivity increased by one order of magnitude, and the breakdown field strength increased by about 8%. In the aspect of dielectric properties, the fluorosilicone rubber is more qualified than the vinyl SiR and the phenyl SiR due to the addition of trifluoropropyl as a polar group to the non-polar dielectric SiR to boost its dielectric constant and dielectric loss. The molecular simulation results indicated that the SiR containing phenyl has a tiny free volume and weak molecular chain movement, the fluorosilicone rubber has the strongest molecular chain movement. The work has important guiding significance for improving and modifying SiR in power equipment.

Piridin İçeren Rutenyum Komplekslerinin Sentezi, Karakterizasyonu, Fotofiziksel ve Elektrokimyasal Özellikleri

New pyridine based ruthenium complexes with different substituents were synthesized and characterized by Uv-Visible, fluorescence, FTIR and NMR spectroscopies. The substituents and solvent effects of the synthesized compounds on photoluminescence properties have been investigated. The compounds exhibit solvatochromic effect in different solvents. The electrochemical studies of the compounds were performed by cyclic voltammetry. The HOMO and LUMO energy levels are in the range (-5.51)-(-5.52) eV and (-3.04)-(-3.07) eV, respectively. These results indicate that there is no an important effect of side groups on electrochemical properties.

Effect of side groups on the properties of silicon‐containing arylacetylene resins

AbstractFour silicon‐containing arylacetylene resins were synthesized by polycondensation of Grignard reagent of m‐diethynylbenzene with methylethyldichlorosilane, dimethyldichlorosilane, methylphenyldichlorosilane, and diphenyldichlorosilane, respectively. The structures of the resins were verified by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. The solubility, crystallinity, and rheological character of the resins were characterized. The curing behavior was traced by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and FTIR analyses. The effect of the side groups on the silicon atom on the properties was investigated. The results show that the resins with asymmetrical side groups display better processability (wide processing window) as compared with those with symmetrical side groups. The resin with side phenyl groups shows higher flexural strength but lower thermal stability as compared with those without side phenyl groups. Meanwhile, the side phenyl groups also enhance the temperature at which secondary relaxation occurs.

Effects of photo-isomerizable side groups on the phase and mechanical properties of main-chain nematic elastomers

A series of main-chain nematic liquid crystal elastomers containing various photo-isomerizable side groups branching from the main chain were synthesized. The effects of the side groups on the thermal phase and mechanical properties were explored.

Polybutadiene Vitrimers with Tunable Epoxy Ratios: Preparation and Properties.

Traditional crosslinked diene rubber has excellent thermal–mechanical properties and solvent resistance, yet it is incapable of being recycled via universal molding or injecting. Vitrimers, a new class of covalently crosslinked polymer networks, can be topologically rearranged with the associative exchange mechanism, endowing them with thermoplasticity. Introducing the concept of vitrimers into crosslinked networks for the recycling of rubbers is currently an attractive research topic. However, designing tailored rubber vitrimers still remains a challenge. Herein, polybutadiene (PB) vitrimers with different structures were prepared via partial epoxidation of double bonds and ring-opening esterification reactions. Their mechanical and relaxation properties were investigated. It was found that the increasing crosslinking density can increase tensile strength and activation energy for altering the network topology. The influence of side-group effects on their relaxation properties shows that an increase in the number of epoxy groups on the polybutadiene chain can increase the chance of an effective exchange of disulfide units. This work provides a simple network design which can tune vitrimer properties via altering the crosslinking density and side-group effects.

Polyaniline-based gas sensors: DFT study on the effect of side groups

Polyaniline (PANI) derivatives are promising compounds for chemical sensor applications due to their low relative cost and high versatility of synthesis. However, at the same time that the great chemical versatility of these compounds allows the design of a number of derivatives, it is difficult to identify optimized materials only via trial and error. Here we present a theoretical study on the opto-electronic responses of PANI derivatives in relation to a series of gaseous compounds. Distinct branched PANI-based compounds were designed considering specific side groups, rationalized by Hammett indexes, and investigated via density functional theory (DFT). The results indicate that the presence of side groups can modulate the local reactivity and electronic properties of the compounds, tuning their capability to detect chemical species. In particular, higher reactivity on accessible side groups are obtained for the derivatives PANI-CCH, PANI-CN and PANI-NO2, facilitating their interaction with analytes.

Efficacy of the new Direct Acting Antiviral drugs in the treatment of Thalassemic HCV patients

Abstract Background and Objectives B-thalassemia major patients are susceptible to Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) infection owing to life-long dependency for blood-transfusion. Moreover, this patient population is at risk of progression of liver fibrosis or development of cirrhosis as a consequence of both iron overload and HCV infection. However, patients with haemoglobinopathies and CHC have been excluded from the major clinical trials that led to the approval of DAAs, Hence, at present, limited experience is available regarding the safety and efficacy of DAAs in this population which is traditionally considered difficult to treat. Hence, this study was carried out to evaluate efficacy and safety of the combination regimen of sofosbuvir and daclatasvir for HCV infection in B-thalassemia major patients. Methods This study was conducted on 200 subjects divided into two groups, first group contains150 HCVThalassemic patients while the second group contains 50 HCV only patients. Each group was classified into easy to treat or difficult to treat and received sofosbuvir 400mg + daclatasvir 60mg once/day for the duration of 12 or 24 weeks according to the NCCVH Hepatitis C treatment protocol 2015. Sustained virological response at post-treatment week-12 (SVR-12) was defined as negative HCV-RNA at week-12 post treatment. Results In group (I), successful SVR was achieved in all patients (100%) in subgroup (Ia) while in subgroup (Ib) 12 patients didn’t achieve SVR (15.38%), 4 patients stopped due to side effects(5.13%) and 62 patient achieved SVR (79.49) with overall successful SVR of 134 out of 150 HCV-Thalassemic patients in group (I) (89.33%). in group (II), 2 patients didn’t achieve SVR (5.71%)and 33 patients achieved SVR (94.29%) in subgroup (IIa) while in subgroup (IIb) 2 patients didn’t achieve SVR (13.33%) and 13 patients achieved SVR (86.67%) with overall successful SVR of 46out of 50 HCV only patients in group (II) (92%). few patients suffered from minor side effects that didn’t require cessation of treatment but 4 patients developed major side effects in group (Ib) that required cessation of treatment. There were marked improvement in liver enzymes, Fib4 score, hemoglobin level and transfusion requirements in HCVThalassemic group after treatment. Conclusion A combination of sofosbuvir and daclatasvir is an efficacious and tolerable treatment regimen with negligible side effects for patients with thalassemia major and HCV infection.

Cisplatin combined with capecitabine-induced chemotherapy for local nasopharyngeal carcinoma can improve the quality of life and reduce toxic and side effects

BackgroundThis study was designed to probe into the effect of cisplatin combined with capecitabine on nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC).MethodsA total of 136 NPC patients treated for the first time in our hospital from January 2016 to March 2017 were collected and divided into two groups: A and B. Among them, 66 in group A were treated with cisplatin intravenous drip, while 70 in group B were treated with capecitabine on the basis of group A. The efficacy, toxic and side effects, and quality of life of the two groups were observed.ResultsThe short-term efficacy of group B was better than that of group A (p<0.05). The toxic and side effects of group B were lower than that of group A (p<0.05). The quality of life in group B was higher than that in group A (p<0.05).ConclusionsCisplatin combined with capecitabine-induced chemotherapy for local NPC can improve the quality of life and reduce the toxic and side effects.

Effect of Side Groups on the Hydrolytic Stability of Thiolated and Disulfide Cross-linked Polyaspartamides

Thiolated polyaspartamides either with N,N-dimethyl-2-aminoethyl (DME), N,N-dimethyl-3-aminopropyl (DMP) or 2-hydroxyethyl (HE) side groups were synthesized to study the effect of side groups on the hydrolytic stability of these polymers. The chemical structure of linear polymers was confirmed by 1H NMR spectroscopy, while thiol content was determined by Ellman's assay. Hydrolytic stability of thiolated polyaspartamides was studied by viscosity measurements and results suggested main-chain degradation in the presence of DME side groups. Polyaspartamides with DMP or HE side groups showed considerable stability. Thiolated polyaspartamides were converted to their disulfide cross-linked hydrogels and the gelation process was followed by oscillatory rheology. Time-dependence of dynamic moduli indicated the degradation of hydrogels containing DME side groups, while stable moduli were observed for hydrogels containing DMP or HE side groups. This structure-dependent aqueous degradation of polyaspartamides can be useful in different biomedical fields.

The effect of side group on the dynamic behavior of anthracyclines on DOPG lipid membranes revealed by second harmonic generation and fluorescence

In this work we use two-photon fluorescence (TPF) and surface-sensitive second harmonic generation (SHG) techniques to investigate the interaction of the lipid membrane with anthracyclines of different side groups including DOX (Doxorubicin), DNR (Daunorubicin), IDA (Idarubicin) and MIT (Mitoxantrone). It is observed that DOX, DNR and IDA molecules which are with one charged side group behave similarly. They lean on the lipid membrane in the adsorption and then embed in it with the dipole orientation pointing to the same direction. On contrary, MIT molecules with two charged side groups firstly adsorb at the lipid surface with the anthracene part pointing to the water phase, then flip and embed in the lipid membrane. It is revealed that most of the anthracyclines on the lipid surface are close to the head group of the lipid molecules in the membrane. It is also observed that although a higher hydrophobicity of the anthracyclines results in a higher tendency for them to penetrate across the lipid bilayer, it may not necessarily result in a faster embedding of the drug molecules in the lipid membrane.