Effects Of Secondhand Smoke Exposure Research Articles

Bridging Differences in Cohort Analyses of the Relationship between Secondhand Smoke Exposure during Pregnancy and Birth Weight: The Transportability Framework in the ECHO Program.

Estimates for the effects of environmental exposures on health outcomes, including secondhand smoke (SHS) exposure, often present considerable variability across studies. Knowledge of the reasons behind these differences can aid our understanding of effects in specific populations as well as inform practices of combining data from multiple studies. This study aimed to assess the presence of effect modification by measured sociodemographic characteristics on the effect of SHS exposure during pregnancy on birth weights that may drive differences observed across cohorts. We also aimed to quantify the extent to which differences in the cohort mean effects observed across cohorts in the Environmental influences on Child Health Outcomes (ECHO) consortium are due to differing distributions of these characteristics. We assessed the presence of effect modification and transportability of effect estimates across five ECHO cohorts in a total of 6,771 mother-offspring dyads. We assessed the presence of effect modification via gradient boosting of regression trees based on the H-statistic. We estimated individual cohort effects using linear models and targeted maximum likelihood estimation (TMLE). We then estimated transported effects from one cohort to each of the remaining cohorts using a robust nonparametric estimation approach relying on TMLE estimators and compared them to the original effect estimates for these cohorts. Observed effect estimates varied across the five cohorts, ranging from significantly lower birth weight associated with exposure [; 95% confidence interval (CI): , ] to higher birth weight with wide CIs, including the null (; 95% CI: , 99.8). Transported effect estimates only minimally explained differences in the point estimates for two out of the four cohort pairs. Our findings of weak to moderate evidence of effect modification and transportability indicate that unmeasured individual-level and contextual factors and sources of bias may be responsible for differences in the effect estimates observed across ECHO cohorts. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP13961.

The effect of secondhand smoke exposure on dental caries and gingival health among schoolchildren in Damascus, Syria: a cross-sectional study

ObjectiveThis study aimed to evaluate the effect of secondhand smoke on dental caries and gingival health among schoolchildren in Damascus, Syria.Materials and methodsThis was a cross-sectional study. It was carried out at government schools in Damascus, Syria. This study included healthy children aged 10 to 13 years old. Schoolchildren were interviewed to answer the researcher-administered questionnaire to obtain answers regarding demographic information and family smoking behavior. A dental examination was performed by a dentist, and the number of decayed (D), missing (M), and filled (F) permanent teeth (DMFT) was scored based on the World Health Organization (WHO) 1997. A gingival examination was performed using the modified gingival index (MGI) and Silness-Leo plaque index (PI) to assess gingival inflammation and plaque accumulation, respectively.ResultsA total of 284 schoolchildren participated. More than half (61.26%) of them were exposed to secondhand smoke (SHS), and about half of them (52.11%) resided in a house with at least one cigarette smoked in a day. About one-third of the passive smokers (33.30%) had poor plaque control, with a statistically significant difference from non-passive smokers (p < 0.05). The multivariate regression model showed that the number of smokers at home was significantly associated with the DMFT score, dental plaque accumulation, and gingival inflammation (p < 0.1). However, the number of cigarettes smoked at home in a day was not a predictor for dental caries and gingival status (p = 1.000).ConclusionsWithin the limitations of this study, the number of smokers at home appears to have more adverse effects on children’s oral health compared to the quantity of smoke inhaled. In addition, SHSe was associated with more dental plaque accumulation among schoolchildren.

The Effect of Secondhand Smoke Exposure on Bronchus Airway Inflammation in COPD

The Effect of Secondhand Smoke Exposure on Bronchus Airway Inflammation in COPD

Effects of Secondhand Smoke Exposure on Children's Future Health.

Effects of Secondhand Smoke Exposure on Children's Future Health.

Secondhand Smoke Exposure and the Risk of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Many studies have shown that active smoking leads to an increasing incidence of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). However, studies interested in the effects of secondhand smoke exposure (SHS exposure) on COPD were less or underappreciated. A systematic review and meta-analysis was conducted to investigate the association between SHS exposure and the risk of COPD. Three databases (PubMed, Embase and Web of Science) were searched to obtain data. After assessing the study quality, stratified analyses were performed according to the region, gender, and duration of exposure. Cochran's Q and I2 were utilized for heterogeneity assessment. To assess publication bias, we used a funnel plot and Egger's test. A total of 15 studies (6 cross-sectional studies, 6 case-control studies, and 3 cohort studies) with 25,592 participants were involved in this meta-analysis. This study showed that SHS exposure was associated with an increased risk of COPD (odds ratio (OR): 2.25, 95% CI: 1.40-3.62, I2 = 98%, p < 0.01 for heterogeneity based on a random-effects analysis model), especially in those with a longer time exposure of more than 5 years was 4.38 (95% CI: 1.28-15.00, I2 = 89%, p < 0.01 for heterogeneity based on a random-effects analysis model). In addition, SHS exposure also increases the risk of COPD in women (odds ratio (OR): 2.02, 95% CI: 1.52-2.67, I2 = 0%, p = 0.89 for heterogeneity based on a random-effects analysis model). The findings suggest that SHS exposure is associated with the risk of COPD, especially for individuals with a long time exposed. Prospero CRD42022329421.

Tobacco Smoke Exposure in Pregnant Dogs: Maternal and Newborn Cotinine Levels: A Pilot Study.

Active and passive smoking in pregnant women is associated with perinatal morbidity and mortality risk, including abortion, preterm birth, low birthweight, and malformations. No data are available on intrauterine exposure to smoking during pregnancy in dogs. This study aimed to fill this gap by exploring the detectability and quantity of cotinine, the major metabolite of nicotine, in maternal (serum and hair) and newborn (amniotic fluid and hair) biospecimens collected at birth in dogs. For this purpose, twelve pregnant bitches, six exposed to the owner's smoke and six unexposed, were enrolled. A further six non-pregnant bitches exposed to passive smoke were included to investigate the role of pregnancy status on cotinine uptake. Exposed dogs, dams, and puppies had greater cotinine concentrations than unexposed ones. Although without statistical significance, serum and hair cotinine concentrations were higher in pregnant compared to non-pregnant bitches, suggesting a different sensitivity to tobacco smoke exposure during gestation. The present results provide evidence for cotinine transplacental passage in the dog. It is conceivable that fragile patients such as pregnant, lactating, and neonate dogs may be more susceptible to the harmful effects of second-hand smoke exposure. Owners should be sensitized to the risk of smoke exposure for their pets.

The smoke-free home study: study protocol for a cluster randomized controlled trial of a smoke-free home intervention in permanent supportive housing

BackgroundFormerly chronically homeless adults who live in permanent supportive housing (PSH) have high prevalence of smoking. It is uncommon to find smoke-free policies in PSH because of the concern that such policies contradict PSH’s harm reduction framework and could increase homelessness should residents lose their housing because of the policy. However, in the absence of such policies, non-smoking PSH residents face the harmful effects of secondhand smoke exposure while residents who smoke see increased risks from high rates of smoking throughout their residence. Our pilot work highlighted the feasibility and acceptability of an intervention designed to promote voluntary adoption of a smoke-free home. Here we report a protocol for a cluster randomized controlled trial of the smoke-free home intervention for formerly chronically homeless residents in PSH.MethodsThe smoke-free home intervention provides face-to-face counseling and instruction to PSH residents on how to adopt a smoke-free home and offers training for PSH staff on how to refer residents to tobacco cessation services. We will randomize 20 PSH sites in the San Francisco Bay Area to either the intervention or wait-list control arms. We will enroll 400 PSH residents who smoke cigarettes in their housing unit and 120 PSH staff who work at the sites. At baseline, three- and six-months follow-up, we will ask residents to report their tobacco use and cessation behaviors and adoption of smoke-free homes. We will ask staff to answer questions on their knowledge, attitudes, practices, and barriers related to supporting residents’ smoking cessation. The primary outcome for PSH residents is adoption of smoke-free homes for 90 days or more at six-months follow-up, and the secondary outcome is point prevalence tobacco abstinence. The primary outcome for PSH staff is change in Smoking Knowledge Attitudes Practices survey score.DiscussionVoluntary adoption of smoke-free homes is a promising approach for reducing exposure to secondhand smoke and reducing tobacco use among a population facing high rates of tobacco-related disease, and is aligned with PSH’s harm reduction framework. Findings from this study have the potential to inform adoption of tobacco control policies among vulnerable populations most at risk for smoking-related harms.Trial registrationThis study was registered with the U.S. National Institute of Health Clinical Trials register on April 22, 2021: NCT04855357.

The Effects of Second-hand Smoke Exposure on Asthma Symptoms in Children

Objective − The aim of study was to evaluate the effects of parental smoking and tobacco smoke exposure (TSE) on asthma symptoms in children, and to raise awareness of the detrimental effects of TSE for asthmatic children.Methods − A modified and validated questionnaire on TSE was completed by 76 parents and their children who were being treated at Srebrnjak Children’s Hospital for asthma. Patients filled in a standardized ACT questionnaire about their asthma symptoms, whereas parental smoking data were derived from a questionnaire filled in by the parents. The answers were structured as ordinal and categorical variables. The non-parametric Mann-Whitney U test and Kruskal-Wallis test were performed.Results −There are statistically significant differences in the frequency of asthma symptoms in children depending on whether household members smoked cigarettes, with statistically significant differences in the frequency of asthma symptoms in children depending on whether their parents smoked cigarettes outside the house, only in one/certain room or everywhere in the house. 34.1% of smoking parents vs 9.4% of nonsmoking parents allow smoking in a car while the child is riding in it. 40.9% of parents who smoke vs 21.9% of non-smoking parents believe that their child is exposed to tobacco smoke somewhere other than in their household or car.Conclusion − TSE is associated with more symptoms and worse asthma control in asthmatic children.

From the pages of AllergyWatch

For this edition of From the Pages of AllergyWatch, I have chosen articles from the May to June 2022 AllergyWatch. The first article, with comments from Dr Lee, provides additional insight into hereditary alpha tryptasemia (HαT). The next article, with comments from Dr Knox, reports data from an asthma cohort revealing a much higher incidence of asthma in children in various ethnicities. The last article, with comments from Dr Joshi, evaluates the effect of secondhand smoke exposure on airlines in flight attendants even years after exposure stopped.

The interaction effects of secondhand smoke exposure and overweight on the prevalence of hypertension in Chinese coke oven workers and NHANES participants (2013-2016).

The prevalence of hypertension may be affected by environmental pollution and personal behavior. We aimed to evaluate the interaction effects of secondhand smoke exposure and overweight on hypertension. In this cross-sectional study, a total of 627 workers from a coking plant in China and 1011 individuals from the NHANES database in the United States from 2013 to 2016 were selected as the research participants. The concentrations of 11 urinary polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) metabolites and 3 tobacco metabolites were measured. An interaction effect was tested in the modified Poisson regression models. For smokers among Chinese coke oven workers, the only statistically significant positive association was with hypertension in the highest tertile of nicotine metabolized ratio (NMR) (PR: 1.539, 95% CI: 1.013-2.337). Nonsmoking Chinese workers with 3rd tertile urinary nicotine levels were associated with a 114.8% significantly increased prevalence of hypertension (PR: 2.148, 95% CI: 1.025-4.500) compared to nonsmokers 1st tertile with nicotine levels. Association between tobacco exposure and hypertension is possibly modified by PAHs exposure (PR: 2.335, 95% CI: 0.933-5.841). Nonsmokers in the NHANES database with high urinary nicotine levels were associated with a 17.3% significantly increased prevalence of hypertension (PR: 1.173, 95% CI: 1.028-1.338) compared to those with low nicotine levels. We observed that overweight people with high nicotine levels had a significantly higher likelihood of hypertension than no overweight people with low nicotine levels among nonsmoking Chinese coke oven workers and NHANES participants (PR=4.686, 95% CI: 1.488-14.754; PR=1.251, 95% CI: 1.039-1.506). Tobacco exposure and overweight are important risk factors for hypertension, and secondhand smoke exposure and overweight have an interactive effect on the incidence of hypertension in nonsmoking Chinese coke oven workers and NHANES participants.

Household second-hand smoke exposure and stunted growth among Chinese school-age children

Few studies have examined the impacts of second-hand smoke exposure on children’s growth during childhood. This study aims to assess the association between heights of school-age children and their after-birth second-hand smoke exposures at home. It included 41,439 children aged 6–17 years recruited from 30 provinces in mainland China using a multi-stage stratified random sampling approach. The heights of children were measured following the standard protocol, and the household second-hand smoke exposure was investigated using a questionnaire through face-to-face interviews. Effects of secondhand smoke exposure were examined using multivariable linear and logistic regressions, adjusting for covariates and potential confounding factors. The results showed that children exposed to household second-hand smoke were lower in height than unexposed children [ β = -2.897, 95 % confidence interval (CI): -3.090, -2.703] and were at higher risk of stunting [Odds ratio (OR) =1.520, 95% CI: 1.318, 1.753]. The effects of second-hand smoke exposure did not differ by gender but were age-related and peaked in the 6–8y group (OR=3.708, 95 % CI: 2.572, 5.346). The risk of stunting increased with increasing second-hand smoke exposure duration, i.e., risk of stunting was 1.246 (CI: 1.053, 1.474), 1.904 (CI: 1.572–2.305) and 3.263 (CI: 2.203, 4.833) for the children exposed to second-hand smoke 1–10 min/d, 11–55 min/d and no less than 56 min/d, respectively, suggesting a dose–response relationship. This study indicated that household exposure to second-hand smoke impedes the growth of school-age children, and the findings warrant the need for promoting smoking-free homes. • 41439 children aged 6–17 years recruited from 30 provinces in mainland China. • Association between second-hand smoke and stunted growth was studied. • Children exposed to household second-hand smoke were lower in height. • The risk of stunting increased with longer second-hand smoke exposure duration. • First national study in China evidencing negative impact of second-hand smoke on children’s growth.

Effect of Second-Hand Smoke Exposure on Establishing Urinary Cotinine-Based Optimal Cut-Off Values for Smoking Status Classification in Korean Adults.

Regulations for banning smoking in indoor public places and workplaces have increased worldwide in recent years. A consecutive Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) between 2008 and 2018 showed a trend toward significant decreases in self-reported tobacco smoke exposure and measured urinary cotinine concentrations. We established and compared each optimal cut-off value for assessing the effect of second-hand smoke (SHS) exposure on establishing urinary cotinine-based cut-off values for smoking status classification in a population setting controlled for racial and cultural diversity, using four KNHANES datasets consisting of the 2008, 2011, 2014, and 2018 surveys. A total of 18,229 Korean participants aged >19 years with measured urinary cotinine concentrations were enrolled. Self-reports of current smoking status showed that the prevalence of current smokers decreased from 22.9% to 18.2% between 2008 and 2018. During this period, the median value of urinary cotinine in nonsmokers decreased from 5.86 µg/L to 0.48 µg/L, whereas the median value showed no remarkable decrease in current smokers. The AUC-based optimal cut-off values of urinary cotinine concentration for distinguishing current smokers from nonsmokers decreased from 86.5 µg/L to 11.5 µg/L. Our study showed that decreased SHS exposure would result in decreased optimal cut-off values for distinguishing current smokers from nonsmokers. In addition, the study suggests that the range of urinary cotinine concentration to define SHS exposure for the trend monitoring of populationof SHS exposure is appropriate between 0.30 µg/L and 100 µg/L. In addition, our study showed the importance of determination of cotinine concentration, which would have allowed us to avoid mistakes in qualification to the study group in an increased use of e-cigarette setting.

A Matched Analysis of the Association Between Federally Mandated Smoke-Free Housing Policies and Health Outcomes Among Medicaid-Enrolled Children in Subsidized Housing, New York City, 2015-2019.

Smoke-free housing policies are intended to reduce the deleterious health effects of secondhand smoke exposure, but there is limited evidence regarding their health impacts. We examined associations between implementation of a federal smoke-free housing rule by the New York City Housing Authority (NYCHA) and pediatric Medicaid claims for asthma, lower respiratory tract infections, and upper respiratory tract infections in the early post-policy intervention period. We used geocoded address data to match children living in tax lots with NYCHA buildings (exposed to the policy) to children living in lots with other subsidized housing (unexposed to the policy). We constructed longitudinal difference-in-differences models to assess relative changes in monthly rates of claims between November 1, 2015, and December 31, 2019 (the policy was introduced on July 30, 2018). We also examined effect modification by baseline age group (≤2, 3-6, or 7-15 years). In New York City, introduction of a smoke-free policy was not associated with lower rates of Medicaid claims for any outcomes in the early postpolicy period. Exposure to the smoke-free policy was associated with slightly higher than expected rates of outpatient upper respiratory tract infection claims (incidence rate ratio=1.05, 95% confidence interval:1.01, 1.08), a result most pronounced among children aged 3-6 years. Ongoing monitoring is essential to understanding long-term health impacts of smoke-free housing policies.

The effect of secondhand smoke exposure on self-satisfaction and perceived freedom of life choice

Objective: The present study aims to examine whether secondhand smoke exposure (SHSE) in university students can affect three indices of self-satisfaction related to depression as indiced by appearance, weight, and freedom of life choice. Participants: We collected data from 740 nonsmoking students in the summer of 2018, of which 57.84% were exposed to secondhand smoke. Methods: Depressive symptoms, SHSE, smoking status, weight satisfaction, appearance satisfaction, and freedom of life choice were self-reported via a questionnaire. Results: The generalized linear analyses revealed that SHSE was linked to lower scores of perceived freedom of life choice but not significantly associated with weight nor appearance satisfaction. The mediation analyses indicated that perceived freedom of life choice fully mediated the association between SHSE and depressive symptoms. Conclusions: These findings shed light on the importance of SHSE and its effects on mental health in university students. Preventive strategies should therefore locally target university campuses.

Effect of Second-Hand Smoke Exposure on Establishing Urinary Cotinine-Based Optimal Cut-Off Values for Smoking Status Classification in Adult

Effect of Second-Hand Smoke Exposure on Establishing Urinary Cotinine-Based Optimal Cut-Off Values for Smoking Status Classification in Adult

A two-year study of the effects of secondhand smoke exposure as measured by a urinary cotinine biomarker concurrent with visual oral examination among university dental hygiene students

A two-year study of the effects of secondhand smoke exposure as measured by a urinary cotinine biomarker concurrent with visual oral examination among university dental hygiene students

Children Learning About Second-hand Smoke (CLASS II): a mixed methods process evaluation of a school-based intervention

BackgroundChildren are vulnerable to the effects of second-hand smoke exposure. Creating smoke-free homes is an effective strategy to limit exposure. We developed a smoke-free intervention (SFI) using children as a catalyst for change and teaching skills to negotiate a smoke-free home. In this paper, we present the process evaluation conducted within a pilot trial.MethodsThis was a mixed-methods study comprising qualitative interviews and quantitative fidelity assessment of SFI delivery. Interviews in the six intervention schools were conducted with six headteachers and 12 teachers. These explored experiences of delivering the SFI, perceived impact, barriers and facilitators to success, and ideas for improvement and for scaling up. The data were analysed using framework analysis. Delivery of the SFI was observed and fidelity scores calculated.ResultsThe SFI was acceptable to headteachers and teachers. Fidelity scores ranged from 27/40 to 37/40. Didactic components were more fully implemented than interactive components. Time to complete the sessions, timing in the school day and school calendar were key challenges. Embedding the SFI into the curriculum was a potential solution.ConclusionsThese findings provide useful information to finalise the content and delivery and inform the scale-up of the SFI for our definitive trial, which is now underway.Trial registrationISRCTN68690577

Associations Between Infant Developmental Delays and Secondhand Smoke Exposure Modified by Maternal Prepregnancy Overweight and Obesity Status.

Secondhand smoke exposure during pregnancy has long been associated with adverse health outcomes in children, but only a few studies have examined its effect modifiers. In this study, we applied effect modification analysis for maternal prepregnancy weight status on detrimental neurodevelopmental effect of secondhand smoke exposure during pregnancy and infancy in a nationwide representative population. Term singleton mother-infant pairs with nonsmoking mothers were included for main analysis (N = 15 987) from the Taiwan Birth Cohort Study (TBCS), and were further matched with propensity score (n = 5434). We extracted secondhand smoke exposure during pregnancy and infancy, and eight neurodevelopmental milestones from the responses in the baseline visit at 6 months, and 18-month follow-up of TBCS. The associations between secondhand smoke exposure and neurodevelopmental achievement were analyzed with multivariable logistic regression and Cox model. Propensity score weighting and matching were applied for high-versus-low analysis, and relative excess risk due to interaction were used to estimate effect modification. Higher secondhand smoke exposure was associated with increased likelihood of delayed milestone achievement across gross motor, fine motor, language-related, and social-related domains. The associations in fine motor domains remained observable in propensity score-weighted and -matched models. We identified additive interaction with self-reported maternal overweight and obesity status before pregnancy in milestone development for walking with support, scribbling, and waving goodbye. Secondhand smoke exposure during pregnancy and infancy were associated with delayed neurodevelopmental milestone achievement at 18 months, and the associations were modified by maternal prepregnancy overweight and obesity status. The study results suggested the association between maternal secondhand smoke exposure during pregnancy and infancy and delayed fine motor and language-related milestone achievement at 18 months in multivariable, propensity score weighting, and matching populations. The results of positive effect modifications for maternal prepregnancy overweight and obesity status suggested the importance of concurrent interventions on smoke-free environment and maternal health during pregnancy.

Urinary biomarkers for secondhand smoke and heated tobacco products exposure.

Concerns have recently grown about the health effects of secondhand smoke exposure and heated tobacco products. The analysis of tobacco smoke biomarkers is critical to assess the health effects of tobacco smoke exposure. For this purpose, the simultaneous determinations of exposure markers and health effect markers would provide a better evaluation of smoke exposure. In this study, nicotine metabolites (nicotine, cotinine, trans-3'-hydroxycotinine) and 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanol in urine were analyzed as exposure markers. The DNA damage markers, 7-methylguanine and 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine, were simultaneously measured as health effect markers. The results revealed significant levels of urinary nicotine metabolites and 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanol in the subjects exposed to secondhand smoke and heated tobacco products. In addition, the urinary levels of 7-methylguanine and 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine tended to be high for secondhand smoke and heated tobacco products exposures, as compared to those of non-smokers. These biomarkers will be useful for evaluating tobacco smoke exposure.

The Effects of Secondhand Smoke Exposure on Serum Immunoglobulin E Levels among Children of Elementary School

BACKGROUND: Allergic diseases have been increasing in prevalence during the last decades and could be due to environmental exposure changes. Studies have shown that a leading smoke exposure implicated in alterations in humoral and cell-mediated immunity and the development of allergic conditions, including the production of serum immunoglobulin E (IgE).&#x0D; AIM: The aim of the study was to determine the association between environmental secondhand smoke exposure and total IgE levels in serum among children of elementary school.&#x0D; METHODS: An observational study with a cross-sectional approach. Children who were 10–12 years old (n = 86) were assessed using the ISAAC questionnaires and smoke exposure questionnaires. Blood samples were collected for the quantitative measurement of total IgE with the IMMULITE 2000 System analyzers by Prodia Laboratory.&#x0D; RESULTS: In this study, carried out of 86 children with secondhand smoke exposure. In addition, the smoke exposure divided into two categories, rarely and often. There were 49 children (56.9%) shows higher than the standard of IgE levels. There was no statistically significant association between secondhand smoke exposure and IgE levels with p = 0.501.&#x0D; CONCLUSION: Children with secondhand smoke exposure, asthma history, and rhinitis allergy showed higher than standard of IgE levels, but it was not statistically significant.