Effect Of Sea Salt Research Articles

A Review of Factors Affecting the Efficiency and Output of PV Systems Applied in the Tropical Climate of South-South Nigeria

The increasing adoption of renewable energy for electricity generation has led to a growing application of photovoltaic (PV) systems in residential and commercial settings across Nigeria. This study aims to provide a comprehensive review of the factors affecting the efficiency and output of PV systems applied in the tropical climate of South-South Nigeria. The environmental benefits of PV systems further enhance their appeal as a direct method of converting solar energy into electricity. For remote communities in South-South Nigeria, often disconnected from the national grid, PV systems offer a viable alternative electricity source. However, the efficiency and output of PV systems are significantly influenced by various environmental conditions prevalent in the tropical climate of South-South Nigeria. The methodology employed in this study includes an extensive literature review and analysis of PV system installations in the region. Data was collected from various sources, including journal articles, conference proceedings, and reports, to identify the key factors impacting PV system performance in South-South Nigeria. The findings highlight that high temperatures, humidity levels, frequent dust accumulation, and potential sea salt effects due to coastal proximity are among the critical environmental factors affecting PV system efficiency in this tropical zone. The study concludes that while the region's climate provides advantages for solar energy harvesting, it also presents unique challenges that need to be addressed when implementing PV systems in South-South Nigeria. The authors recommend strategies to mitigate the environmental challenges faced by PV systems in this tropical climate, contributing to the optimization of solar energy utilization in the region.

Effect of sea salt on carbonation and CO2 uptake in cement mortar

Previous studies mainly focused on the effects of concrete carbonation on chloride ion penetration due to the resulting reinforcement corrosion. However, it is still being determined what influence sea salt, which is common in coastal areas, has on the carbonation of cement based building materials. Thus, cement mortar samples were immersed in simulated seawater and then submitted to an accelerated carbonation test at a CO2 concentration of 5 % and a relative humidity of 58 %. For the samples that underwent different carbonation cycles, weight changes and carbonation depth were measured, and the associated mechanisms were demonstrated by combined thermogravimetry and differential thermal analysis (TG-DTA), X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and mercury intrusion porosimetry (MIP). The results showed that salt crystals do not significantly change the pore size distribution and composition of cement mortar, but effectively influence the carbonation rate. The carbonation rate of the cement mortar sample containing sea salt was 36 mm/year0.5, 36.8 % lower than that of the control sample. Carbonate crystals efficiently occupy the pore volume in the size range of 0.02–0.15 μm and significantly reduce the carbonation rate. The results can provide a research basis for estimating the carbonation rate and measuring the CO2 uptake of cement-based building materials in coastal regions.

Seasonal Change in Techno-Economic Properties of Waterfront Structural Pinewood

Historical buildings are constructed using a variety of materials, including stone, wood, and combinations thereof. These structures serve as tangible links to the past and are of great importance to cultural heritage, thus necessitating their protection. Throughout history, these buildings and materials have been exposed to various environmental conditions, including climate, wind, humidity, and seismic activity. This study focused on the Florya Atatürk Marine Mansion, Istanbul, a coastal structure situated at the shoreline and subject to the effects of wind, moisture, and sea salt. The mansion is primarily constructed from pinewood, and due to the complexity of the material salt can cause deterioration that poses a threat to the building’s cultural and historical value. With a focus on seasonal variations, this study explored the relationship between the mechanical properties and monetary values of the pinewood materials used in the waterfront mansion. To achieve this, samples were naturally aged in a saline environment by the sea and subjected to tensile and bending tests at the end of each season. The resulting mechanical properties were compared to computer simulations using finite element methods. By subtracting the specific depreciation rate of the material at the end of each season, a relationship between mechanical properties and monetary value was calculated and presented in graphical form. It was found that the material’s mechanical properties varied throughout the year, affecting its monetary value in different ways. Therefore, optimal maintenance should be provided before January to preserve the economic value of the material, considering temperature change, exposure to direct sunlight, and humidity, which have direct effects on the front and back parts of the building.

The direct and indirect radiative effects of sea salt aerosols over the western Pacific using an online-coupled regional chemistry-climate model with a developed sea salt emission scheme

The direct and indirect radiative effects of sea salt aerosols (SSA) over the western Pacific Ocean of East Asia for the year 2014 are investigated by using an online-coupled regional chemistry-climate model (RIEMS-Chem) with a developed sea salt emission scheme (G03SSTRH) by considering the effects of sea surface temperature (SST) and relative humidity (RH) on sea salt generation. Model comparison with observations at coastal and island sites demonstrates the G03SSTRH scheme apparently improve model simulation for sea salt concentration, with the overall model-observation bias for PM10 concentration reduced from 29% to 16% and more evident improvement at northern sites of the western Pacific. It is noteworthy that compared to the experiment with the old SSA emission scheme (G03), the G03SSTRH experiment substantially alters the spatial distribution of mass concentration and radiative effects of sea salt, shifting the maximum value center from the ocean northeast of Japan to the southern parts of the western Pacific with the maximum value increasing to some extent. SSA exerts a negative radiative effect at the top of atmosphere (TOA), in which direct radiative effect (DRESSA) dominates over indirect radiative effect (IRESSA) in the western Pacific. The oceanic and annual mean DRESSA, IRESSA, and total radiative effect (TRESSA) are estimated to be −1.22 W/m2, −0.46 W/m2, and −1.65 W/m2, respectively, from the G03SSTRH experiment, which are 16%, 5%, and 12% stronger than those from the G03 experiment, and the seasonal mean DRESSA in G03SSTRH are approximately 45% and 32% higher than those in G03 in summer and autumn. Distinct seasonality of SSA radiative effects is revealed in the G03SSTRH experiment, showing stronger DRESSA and IRESSA in summer and autumn than those in spring and winter, in marked contrast to the little seasonality in the G03 experiment. This study provides a comprehensive regional estimation of radiative effects induced by SSA and reveals the significant effect of different SSA emission schemes on both mass concentration, radiative effects and seasonal variation of SSA over the western Pacific.

Effect of pre-oxidation and sea salt on the hot corrosion behavior of MCrAlY coatings and Al[sbnd]Si coatings

This paper investigated the hot corrosion behavior of two types of coatings, namely NiCoCrAlYHfSi and AlSi coatings, used in gas turbines operating in a moderate-temperature sea salt environment. Prior to the corrosion experiment, pre-oxidation treatment was employed to generate a continuous α-Al2O3 thin layer on the surface of the coatings, leading to a significant reduction in coating roughness. The results demonstrated distinct failure behaviors of the two coatings in the presence of sea salt, providing insights into the mechanism of hot corrosion. The NiCoCrAlYHfSi coating effectively resisted corrosion through a mixed oxide layer consisting of Al2O3 and Cr2O3, while the AlSi coating utilized the continuous formation of Al2O3 to combat corrosion. In comparison to the NiCoCrAlYHfSi coating, the AlSi coating exhibited superior resistance to sea salt erosion. In addition, pre-oxidation is able to effectively reduce the erosion of the coating by sea salt, thereby extending the lifespan of the NiCoCrAlYHfSi coating and the AlSi coating by 40 % and 30 % respectively.

Elemental concentrations of seven types of green vegetables grown on small-scale farmlands in rural areas of Japan: Differences according to the type and place of production

We collected seven types of green vegetables produced in 11 areas of Japan and analyzed their elemental concentrations. Halogen analyses were performed with and without prior chemical treatment. The most popular type of spinach exhibited the highest concentrations of Mg, K, and Zn, and the lowest concentrations of alkaline earths (Ca and Sr) and halogens (Cl and Br). Japanese mustard spinach, the second most consumed type of spinach in Japan, exhibited the highest concentrations of P, S, Ca, Fe, and Br and adequate amounts of other essential elements. The other five green vegetables had unique elemental concentrations. In particular, radish had the highest concentrations of Ca, Na, and Cl and the lowest concentrations of Mg, P, Cu, and Zn. Leaves and stalks were separately analyzed. Fe, Cu, Zn, and Mn concentrations tended to be higher in leaves, and K, Na, and Rb concentrations were higher in stalks. Halogen (Cl and Br) concentrations in Japanese mustard spinach produced on farmland near the coast were remarkably high, suggesting an effect of sea salt. However, even in green vegetables produced near the coast, halogen uptake clearly differed by production area. The concentrations of Cl and Br in Japanese mustard spinach produced in two coastal areas were very high and were not removed by washing, but were mostly lost after boiling samples from Taneichi for 3[Formula: see text]min. In contrast, there was no difference in Na concentrations among vegetables produced in coastal and inland areas. The concentrations of essential elements such as Mg, Ca, and Fe were clearly higher in green vegetables from small- versus large-scale production areas, perhaps attributable to differences in the farming methods employed.

A novel polymer coated magnetic activated biochar-zeolite composite for adsorption of polystyrene microplastics: Synthesis, characterization, adsorption and regeneration performance

A magnetic activated biochar-zeolite composite (MACZ) was produced and coated with polyethyleneglycol (PEG) and polyethylenimine (PEI) to produce (PMACZ) and enhance its electrostatic properties for the adsorption of 2 µm and 15 µm microplastics. Produced adsorbents were characterized with scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive spectroscopy (SEM/EDS), Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET), zeta sizer, vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Equilibrium and kinetic laboratory tests were conducted to evaluate the adsorption behaviour. A response surface analysis (RSM) was conducted on a central composite design to evaluate the effects of pH and temperature on adsorption. Zeta potential results showed PEG/PEI can induce positive charges on adsorbents. Adsorption kinetic followed a pseudo-second-order model with R2 of 99 %. The results of isotherm studies indicated a correlation with the Temkin model with a maximum R2 of 98 %. The results showed a maximum adsorption capacity of 736 mg/g and 769 mg/g for PMACZ on 2 µm and 15 µm microplastic, respectively. Optimization results indicated a pH of 4 and a temperature of 28 and 24 for maximum adsorption of 2 µm and 15 µm microplastics. ANOVA analysis showed pH has a higher impact on adsorption. The produced material can be regenerated for a minimum of 4 cycles. Also the effect of ion matrixes, sea salt, tap water and waste water effluent on adsorption of MACZ and PMACZ has been investigated.

Effects of Sea Salts on the Phase Behavior and Synthesis of Methane Hydrates + THF: An Experimental and Theoretical Study

Effects of Sea Salts on the Phase Behavior and Synthesis of Methane Hydrates + THF: An Experimental and Theoretical Study

Vertical changes in sulfur isotopic ratio of water flowing through a forested catchment along the coast of the sea of Japan in central Japan–a buffer against seasonal transboundary air pollution

ABSTRACT Acidic substances, specifically sulfur (S) compounds, derived from atmospheric deposition play a major role in the acidification of forest ecosystems. This study conducted field surveys to clarify a buffering system against seasonal large S inputs in a forested catchment in central Japan that has historically suffered from transboundary air pollution. Results showed that atmospheric S fluxes significantly increased in winter due to north-westerly seasonal winds from the Asian continent; fluxes were 1.1 and 0.3 kmolc ha−1 in the cold and warm seasons, respectively, due to the large effects of sea salt and transboundary air pollution. Despite the large seasonality within atmospheric deposition, SO4 2– concentrations in stream water (SW) were found to be relatively stable throughout the year. Similarly, S isotopic ratios (δ34S) in rainwater showed clear seasonal variation, increasing to 12‰ in winter and decreasing to 2‰ in summer, whereas the δ34S value of SW was stable year-round at ~9‰. Flux-weighted mean δ34S values for rainfall (RF), throughfall, stemflow, and SW were similar, i.e. 8.5, 9.5, 9.0, and 9.0‰, respectively. Both the δ34S values and the SO4 2– concentrations in RF and soil solutions appear to converge at values of SW, suggesting that atmospheric deposition is a primary S origin in SW. The sulfur adsorption-desorption in soil appears to mainly buffer the large sulfur input and prevent sudden acidification, whereas a relatively small biological sulfur cycle was suggested by litterfall. Possible disturbances within this buffering system should be carefully monitored under a changing climate.

Effects of Sea Salt on Plant Growth and Moisture : A Case Study on Sweet Basil (Ocimum basilicum L.)

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of sea salt on the growth and moisture content of sweet basil, soil moisture content, and salt stress. As a research method, sweet basil was treated with sea salt at 0, 5, 50, 100, and 200 mM concentration of sea salt was investigated to determine the growth and stress time of sweet basil. As a result of the study, it was confirmed that the leaf width increased by 11% when treated with 5 mM, 49% when treated with 50 mM, and 44% when treated with 100 mM. Leaf length was confirmed to grow by 16% at 5 mM, 59% at 50 mM, and 82% at 100 mM treatment. As a future study, based on the effect of sea salt on the leaf and length growth of sweet basil by concentration, it was considered that more research is needed on the beneficial effects of sea salt on edible, medicinal, and aromatic plants. In addition, although salt has only been studied on stress in crops, we intend to contribute to providing basic data for research on ingredients more beneficial to the environment by finding various edible, medicinal, and aromatic plants using the sun-dried salt used in this study.

Effects of sea salt intake on metabolites, steroid hormones, and gut microbiota in rats

High salt intake is positively linked to many health problems, but the effect of mineral-rich sea salt (SS) has rarely been studied. To better understand the physiological effects of SS intake, the changes in general characteristics, metabolites, steroid hormones, and gut microbiota of SS-fed rats were investigated. Male rats were fed either a normal diet (ND, control) or ND containing 1% SS or 4% SS for 5 weeks. SS intake decreased fat, spleen, liver, and body weight, and increased blood urea nitrogen (BUN), water intake, and gut salt content. Accumulated gut salt content led to a decrease in beneficial bacteria, such as Lachnospiraceae and Lactobacillus, but an increase in potentially harmful bacteria, resulting in a change in lipid metabolites associated with gut health. Interestingly, most renal lysophosphatidylcholines (LPCs) associated with many renal functions were dramatically decreased and female hormones, such as estrogens, were significantly more altered than the male hormones by high SS intake. Although further investigation is needed, these data suggest that high SS intake could be positively linked to kidney dysfunction and gut health problems, and salt-related physiological changes may be sex-specific. Additionally, these data will be useful to better under-stand the physiological effects of SS intake.

The Effect of Sea Salt with Low Sodium Content on Dough Rheological Properties and Bread Quality

The aim of this study was to analyze the effects of the addition of sea salt with low sodium content (SS) in a refined wheat flour at the levels of 0.3%, 0.6%, 0.9% 1.2% and 1.5% on the rheological properties of the dough during mixing, extension, pasting and fermentation and the bread quality in terms of bread physical properties, crumb and crust color, texture and sensory characteristics. According to the data we obtained, the SS presented a strengthening effect on the dough network by increasing its stability, dough development time, energy and resistance. Moreover, the SS addition resulted in an increase in dough extensibility, to a delay of the gelatinization process and an increase of the falling number value. The bakery products obtained with the SS were of a higher quality compared to the control sample, presenting better physical and textural characteristics, a darker color and being more appreciated by consumers with the increased level of SS addition in the wheat flour. According to the sodium content from the bread recipe, the bread samples obtained may be classified as products with a very low sodium content of up to a 0.6% SS addition in the wheat flour or with a low sodium content if at least 0.9% SS is contained in the bread recipe.

Opportunity or catastrophe? effect of sea salt on host-parasite survival and reproduction.

Seawater intrusion associated with decreasing groundwater levels and rising seawater levels may affect freshwater species and their parasites. While brackish water certainly impacts freshwater systems globally, its impact on disease transmission is largely unknown. This study examined the effect of artificial seawater on host-parasite interactions using a freshwater snail host, Biomphalaria alexandrina, and the human trematode parasite Schistosoma mansoni. To evaluate the impact of increasing salinity on disease transmission four variables were analyzed: snail survival, snail reproduction, infection prevalence, and the survival of the parasite infective stage (cercariae). We found a decrease in snail survival, snail egg mass production, and snail infection prevalence as salinity increases. However, cercarial survival peaked at an intermediate salinity value. Our results suggest that seawater intrusion into freshwaters has the potential to decrease schistosome transmission to humans.

Development of Alkaline Reduced Water Using High-Temperature-Roasted Mineral Salt and Its Antioxidative Effect in RAW 264.7 Murine Macrophage Cell Line

Oxidative stress (OS) plays an important role in many diseases, and its excessive increase affects human health. Although the antioxidant effect of sea salt can be strengthened through special processing, it is scarcely studied. This study confirmed the antioxidative effect of high-temperature roasted mineral salt (HtRMS) produced through repeated roasting of sea salt at high temperature in a ceramic vessel. The dissolved HtRMS exhibited properties such as high alkalinity, rich mineral content, and a high concentration of hydrogen (H2). To detect the antioxidative effect of HtRMS, OS was induced in RAW 264.7 murine macrophage cells with hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS), and then treated with HtRMS solution at different concentrations (0.1, 1, and 10%). Cell viability, reactive oxygen species (ROS), nitric oxide (NO), and antioxidant enzymes such as catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx), Ca2+, and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway-related proteins (p-p38, p-JNK, and p-ERK) were measured. OS was significantly induced by treatment with H2O2 and LPS (p < 0.001). After treatment with HtRMS, cell viability and GPx activities significantly increased and ROS, NO, Ca2+, and CAT significantly decreased in a concentration-dependent manner compared to H2O2 and LPS-only groups, which was not observed in tap water (TW)-treated groups. Similarly, p-p38, p-JNK, and p-ERK levels significantly decreased in a concentration-dependent manner in HtRMS groups compared to both H2O2 and LPS-only groups; however, those in TW groups did not exhibit significant differences compared to H2O2 and LPS-only groups. In conclusion, our results suggest that HtRMS may have antioxidant potential by regulating the MAPK signaling pathway.

Screening New Xylanase Biocatalysts from the Mangrove Soil Diversity.

Mangrove sediments from New Caledonia were screened for xylanase sequences. One enzyme was selected and characterized both biochemically and for its industrial potential. Using a specific cDNA amplification method coupled with a MiSeq sequencing approach, the diversity of expressed genes encoding GH11 xylanases was investigated beneath Avicenia marina and Rhizophora stylosa trees during the wet and dry seasons and at two different sediment depths. GH11 xylanase diversity varied more according to tree species and season, than with respect to depth. One complete cDNA was selected (OFU29) and expressed in Pichia pastoris. The corresponding enzyme (called Xyn11-29) was biochemically characterized, revealing an optimal activity at 40–50 °C and at a pH of 5.5. Xyn11-29 was stable for 48 h at 35 °C, with a half-life of 1 h at 40 °C and in the pH range of 5.5–6. Xyn11-29 exhibited a high hydrolysis capacity on destarched wheat bran, with 40% and 16% of xylose and arabinose released after 24 h hydrolysis. Its activity on wheat straw was lower, with a release of 2.8% and 6.9% of xylose and arabinose, respectively. As the protein was isolated from mangrove sediments, the effect of sea salt on its activity was studied and discussed.

Unveiling Biological Activities of Marine Fungi: The Effect of Sea Salt

There is an urgent need for new substances to overcome current challenges in the health sciences. Marine fungi are known producers of numerous compounds, but the manipulation of growth conditions for optimal compound production can be laborious and time-consuming. In Portugal, despite its very long coastline, there are only a few studies on marine fungi. From a collection of Portuguese marine fungi, we screened for antimicrobial, antioxidant, enzymatic, and cytotoxic activities. Mycelia aqueous extracts, obtained by high pressure-assisted extraction, and methanolic extracts of culture media showed high antioxidant, antimicrobial, and cytotoxic activities. The mycelium extracts of Cladosporium rubrum showed higher antioxidant potential compared to extracts from other fungi. Mycelia and culture media extracts of Aspergillus affinis and Penicillium lusitanum inhibited the growth of Staphylococcus aureus, Kocuria rhizophila, Enterococcus faecalis, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, including multiresistant strains. Penicillium lusitanum and Trichoderma aestuarinum inhibited the growth of clinical strains of Candida albicans, C. glabrata, C. parapsilosis, and C. tropicalis. All extracts from culture media were cytotoxic to Vero cells. Sea salt induced alterations in the mycelium’s chemical composition, leading to different activity profiles.

Exploring the Diversity of Fungal DyPs in Mangrove Soils to Produce and Characterize Novel Biocatalysts.

The functional diversity of the New Caledonian mangrove sediments was examined, observing the distribution of fungal dye-decolorizing peroxidases (DyPs), together with the complete biochemical characterization of the main DyP. Using a functional metabarcoding approach, the diversity of expressed genes encoding fungal DyPs was investigated in surface and deeper sediments, collected beneath either Avicennia marina or Rhizophora stylosa trees, during either the wet or the dry seasons. The highest DyP diversity was observed in surface sediments beneath the R. stylosa area during the wet season, and one particular operational functional unit (OFU1) was detected as the most abundant DyP isoform. This OFU was found in all sediment samples, representing 51–100% of the total DyP-encoding sequences in 70% of the samples. The complete cDNA sequence corresponding to this abundant DyP (OFU 1) was retrieved by gene capture, cloned, and heterologously expressed in Pichia pastoris. The recombinant enzyme, called DyP1, was purified and characterized, leading to the description of its physical–chemical properties, its ability to oxidize diverse phenolic substrates, and its potential to decolorize textile dyes; DyP1 was more active at low pH, though moderately stable over a wide pH range. The enzyme was very stable at temperatures up to 50 °C, retaining 60% activity after 180 min incubation. Its ability to decolorize industrial dyes was also tested on Reactive Blue 19, Acid Black, Disperse Blue 79, and Reactive Black 5. The effect of hydrogen peroxide and sea salt on DyP1 activity was studied and compared to what is reported for previously characterized enzymes from terrestrial and marine-derived fungi.

Shinan Sea Salt Intake Ameliorates Colorectal Cancer in AOM/DSS with High Fat Diet-Induced C57BL/6N Mice

The anticancer effects of Shinan (Shinan-South Korea) sea salts on azoxymethane (AOM)/dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) with high fat diet (HFD)-induced colon cancer and obesity in C57BL/6N mice were studied. We prepared three types of sea salt: generally manufactured sea salt (GS), generally manufactured after filtering seawater (FS), and manufactured with only new seawater (NS). Sea salt intake increased colon length and reduced colon length/weight ratio, tumor number, and progression of colon cancer in colon tissue. The differently prepared sea salts also ameliorated liver injury. In addition, the mineral composition of each salt was different. Moreover, the sea salts enhanced activation of natural killer cell (CD56) expression in colon and spleen tissues. However, the mineral compositions of sea salts were not simply associated with anticancer effects in AOM/DSS+HFD induced mice. Thus, the anticolorectal cancer effects of sea salts may be mediated by different factors, which remain to be identified.

Functional Cosmetic Effects of Dendropanax, Sea Salt, and Other Extracts to Alleviate Hair Loss Symptoms

ëª©ì  본 연구는 ì „ë‚¨ 특산자원인 í™©ì¹ , 천일염, 시금치 및 다시마 등으로부터 탈모증상 완화에 도움을 줄 수 있는 기능성 화장품 개발을 위해 소재의 ì•ˆì „ì„± 및 ìœ íš¨ì„±ì„ ìž ì¦í•˜ê³ ìž 수행되었다. 방법 ì•ˆì „ì„± 시험은 í™©ì¹ ê³¼ 천일염 등으로부터 중금속 및 세포 ë ì„±ì— 대하여 í™•ì¸í•˜ì˜€ê³ , ìœ íš¨ì„±ì€ í•­ê· í™œì„±, 세포 증식율 및 항염증에 대하여 수행하였다. ê²°ê³¼ 중금속은 í™©ì¹ , 천일염, 시금치 및 다시마 추출물에 대해 ì‹í’ˆì˜ì•½í’ˆì•ˆì „ì²˜ì—ì„œ ì œì‹œí•œ ì•ˆì „ì„± 기준치보다 낮거나 극미량 수준인 것으로 확인되었다. 세포 ë ì„±ì€ 각 추출물에 대하여 í™©ì¹ 0.01 mg/mL, 천일염 5 mg/mL, 시금치 0.5 mg/mL 및 다시마 0.5 mg/mL 농도 이내에서 ì•ˆì „í•œ 것으로 확인되었다. í•­ê· í™œì„±ì€ í™©ì¹ ì¶”ì¶œë¬¼ì—ì„œë§Œ í™•ì¸ë˜ì—ˆê³ , 특히 열수 추출물에서 가장 높은 효과가 있었다. 세포 증식율은 열수 추출물에 대하여 í™©ì¹ 0.5 mg/mL, 시금치 5 mg/mL 및 다시마 2 mg/mL까지 증가하였다. 항염증은 다시마 열수 추출물을 ì œì™¸í•œ ëª¨ë“ ì¶”ì¶œë¬¼ì—ì„œ NO 생성량이 감소함에 따라 항염증 효과를 í™•ì¸í• ìˆ˜ 있었다. 특히 시금치 열수, 30% ì£¼ì • 및 60% ì£¼ì • 추출물과 다시마의 60% ì£¼ì • 추출물의 경우 50-500 μg/mL 범위에서 농도 ì˜ì¡´ì ìœ¼ë¡œ NO 생성량이 감소하는 경향을 나타내었다. ê²°ë¡ ë³¸ 연구에서 í™©ì¹ , 천일염, 시금치 및 다시마는 화장품 소재로써 ì•ˆì „í•˜ê³ , íš¨ê³¼ì ì¸ 것으로 확인되었다. 따라서, ì¶”ê°€ì ì¸ 연구를 수행하여 í™©ì¹ , 천일염, 시금치 및 다시마를 포함한 ìµœì ì˜ 표준화를 통해 탈모 증상 완화에 도움을 주는 기능성 화장품으로서 활용되어질 것으로 기대된다. 핵심용어: í™©ì¹ , 천일염, ì•ˆì „ì„±, 기능성 화장품, 탈모 증상

Cutting edge cleaning solution for PV modules

Photovoltaic installations are becoming more prevalent globally having expected life span of 20–25 years & optimization of generated power is very vital. Power generated by PV modules is associated with various factors like environmental, climatic & inherent components. Researchers have observed up to 20% reduction in generation by adverse effects of dust, dirt, pollution, sea salt and bird droppings on the PV module. An authentic cleaning solution for PV system is suggested in this paper. Experiments using robots and cleaning mechanisms have been observed over the years however the key barriers for such solutions are costing, viability and complexity. Our study shows that the proposed design and mechanism will eliminate complexity by giving viable solution and reducing the payback period of PV system by 1.3 years.