Effect Of Risk Factor Reduction Research Articles

Modifiable risk-attributable and age-related burden of lung cancer in China, 1990-2019.

There were limited studies on the quantification of the modifiable and nonmodifiable lung cancer burden over time in China. Furthermore, the potential effect of risk factor reduction for lung cancer on gains in life expectancy (LE) remains unknown. This study explored temporal trends in lung cancer deaths and disability-adjusted life years (DALY) attributable to modifiable risk factors from 1990 to 2019, based on the 2019 Global Burden of Disease Study. The abridged period life table method was used to quantify the effect of risk factors on LE. The authors used the decomposition approach to estimate contributions of aging metrics to change in the lung cancer burden. Nationally, the majority of lung cancer deaths and DALYs were attributable to behavioral and environmental risk clusters. Potential gains in life expectancy (PGLE) at birth would be 0.78years for males and 0.35years for females if the exposure to risk factors was mitigated to the theoretical minimum level. Tobacco use had the most robust impact on LE for both sexes (PGLE: 0.71years for males and 0.19years for females). From 1990 to 2019, risk-attributable age-standardized death and DALY rates of lung cancer showed an increasing trend in both sexes; adult population growth imposed 245.9 thousand deaths and 6.2 million DALYs for lung cancer. The modifiable risk-attributable lung cancer burden remains high in China. Effective tobacco control is the critical step toward addressing the lung cancer burden. Adult population growth was the foremost driver of transition in the age-related lung cancer burden. We estimate the lung cancer burden attributable to modifiable and nonmodifiable contributors and the effect of risk factor reduction for lung cancer on the life expectancy in China. The findings suggest that the majority of lung cancer deaths and disability-adjusted life years were attributable to behavioral risk clusters, and the risk-attributable lung cancer burden increased nationally from 1990 to 2019. The average gains in life expectancy would be 0.78years for males and 0.35years for females if the exposure to risk factors for lung cancer was reduced to the theoretical minimum risk exposure level. Adult population growth was identified as the foremost driver of variation in the aging lung cancer burden.

The projected effect of risk factor reduction on major depression incidence: A 16-year longitudinal Canadian cohort of the National Population Health Survey

BackgroundFew studies have examined the effect of risk factor modification on depression incidence. This study estimated the effect of risk factor modification on depression incidence. MethodsData analyzed were from the Canadian National Population Health Survey (NPHS) – a longitudinal population-based cohort study. The study followed-up a national cohort sample over a 16-year period from 1994 to 2010. Multivariate modified Poisson regression was used to estimate relative risk. ResultsThe cumulative incidence rate of depression during the 16-year follow-up was 12.07%. Being younger adult, female, Caucasian, poor, occasional/abstainer/former drinker, regular smoker, and having chronic disease were significantly associated with an increased risk of developing depression. About 40% of depression incidence (850,000 cases) was potentially attributable to modifiable risk factors (poor income, smoking, and having a chronic disease). A 10% reduction in the prevalence of these modifiable risk factors could potentially prevent about 165,000 cases of depression. LimitationsThe calculation of PAFs assumes that there is a causal relationship between a risk factor and depression. However, major depression has multiple causes. The potential effect of risk factor modification on depression incidence may vary by the profile of risk factors assessed in a particular study. Several potentially important risk factors were not included in this study. ConclusionPublic health campaigns targeted at significant modifiable risk factors could have a profound effect on future depression incidence. Prevention trials are needed to directly evaluate the effect of single and/or multiple risk factors modification on depression incidence.

Peripheral arterial disease in women

Peripheral arterial disease (PAD) affects a significant portion of the United States population, and much research has been conducted on identifying populations at risk for PAD, evaluating appropriate diagnostic modalities for PAD, studying the effect of risk factor reduction on PAD progression, and determining the best method of treatment for symptomatic PAD. However, most PAD research and clinical trials have focused on whole populations, or populations consisting mostly of men. Little data exist with respect to PAD in women. The goal of this review is to highlight what is known about gender-related differences for PAD.

Hypertension-related, but not necessarily age-related

British Journal of Hospital MedicineVol. 73, No. 7 CorrespondenceHypertension-related, but not necessarily age-relatedOscar MP JolobeOscar MP JolobeSearch for more papers by this authorOscar MP JolobePublished Online:16 Aug 2013https://doi.org/10.12968/hmed.2012.73.7.415AboutSectionsView articleView Full TextPDF/EPUB ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InEmail View article References Barnes D, Yaffe K (2011) The projected effect of risk factor reduction on Alzheimer's disease prevalence. Lancet Neurol 10: 819–28 Crossref, Medline, Google ScholarGo AS, Hylek EM, Philips KA, Chang Y, Henault LE, Selby JV, Singer DE (2001) Prevalence of diagnosed atrial fibrillation in adults: national implications for rhythm management and stroke prevention: the AnTicoagulation and Risk Factors in Atrial Fibrillation (ATRIA) Study. JAMA 285: 2370–5 Crossref, Medline, Google ScholarNational Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (2011) Hypertension. Management of hypertension in adults in primary care. Clinical guideline 127. http://guidance.nice.org.uk/CG127 (accesssed 9 May 2012) Google ScholarUS Preventive Services Task Force (2003) Screening for high blood pressure. Recommendations and rationale. Am J Prev Med 25: 159–64 Crossref, Medline, Google Scholar FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails 1 July 2012Volume 73Issue 7ISSN (print): 1750-8460ISSN (online): 1759-7390 Metrics History Published online 16 August 2013 Published in print 1 July 2012 Information© MA Healthcare LimitedPDF download

Negative Effects of Risk Factor Reduction on the Heart

Some active interventions to modify risk factors paradoxically introduce new risk per se, but benefits in extensive populations vastly offset the proportionally small hazards introduced by these maneuvers. However, in daily practice, this potential source of danger can be crucial in a given patient in whom the new potential risk can be greater than the disease that one is trying to prevent or treat. Patients in whom risk factor modification introduces a new risk should be identified before it is decided who, when, and how to treat. The clinical profiles of these patients, with special reference to the negative effects of risk factor intervention on the heart, are discussed in this article.

The Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial-Reply

In Reply.— Dr Burch is correct in asserting that changes in the levels of causative factors should be reflected in subsequent mortality rates in both the clinical trial and the ecological situation. His genetic explanation of the well-established CHD risk factor relationships, however, presents a difficulty in interpreting the results of studies such as those of migrant populations and the effects of riskfactor reduction (eg, cigarette smoking) seen in other observational studies. The most likely candidates suggested by Dr Burch for genuine precipitating agent(s) have little data to support such a role in contrast to the extensive literature on conventional risk factors. Contrary to the impression left by Dr Seltzer's one-sided literature review, there was and is overwhelming evidence implicating the three major CHD risk factors. The several possible reasons for the lack of clear-cut support from the MRFIT for the role of these factors in reducing CHD mortality were