Effect Of Resistance Training Program Research Articles

Effects of Resistance Training on Spasticity in People with Stroke: A Systematic Review.

Resistance training induces neuromuscular adaptations and its impact on spasticity remains inadequately researched. This systematic review (PROSPERO: CRD42022322164) aimed to analyze the effects of resistance training, compared with no treatment, conventional therapy, or other therapies, in people with stroke-related spasticity. A comprehensive search was conducted up to October 2023 in PubMed, PEDro, Cochrane, Web of Science, and Scopus databases. Selection criteria were randomized controlled trials involving participants with stroke-related spasticity intervened with resistance training. The PEDro scale was used to evaluate the methodological quality. From a total of 274 articles, 23 full-text articles were assessed for eligibility and nine articles were included in the systematic review, involving 225 participants (155 males, 70 females; mean age: 59.4 years). Benefits were found to spasticity after resistance training. Furthermore, studies measuring spasticity also reported benefits to function, strength, gait, and balance. In conclusion, resistance training was superior to, or at least equal to, conventional therapy, other therapies, or no intervention for improving spasticity, as well as function, strength, gait, and balance. However, the results should be taken with caution because of the heterogeneity of the protocols used. Further research is needed to explore the effects of resistance training programs on people with stroke.

Effect of Resistance Training Programs With Equated Power on Older Adults' Functionality and Strength: A Randomized Controlled Trial

Abstract Fraga-Germade, E, Carballeira, E, and Iglesias-Soler, E. Effect of resistance training programs with equated power on older adults' functionality and strength: a randomized controlled trial. J Strength Cond Res 38(1): 153–163, 2024—This study aimed to compare the effect of 2 training programs of equated power but differing in load intensity on older adults' functionality, strength, performance, and body composition. Forty-four active (23 female) older adults (66.3 ± 4.5 years) were randomly assigned to low-load high-velocity (LL-HV), high-load low-velocity (HL-LV), and control (CON) groups. Low-load high-velocity and HL-LV performed, twice weekly for 5 weeks, a resistance training program at 95% of their individual peak power (PP) but with different load intensities for 3 exercises: chest press (CHP), leg press (LP), and seated row (SR). Before and after the intervention, body composition, functional performance, maximal voluntary isokinetic force (MVF), PP, and a relative load-power profile (L-PP) were evaluated for every exercise. PP similarly improved in the experimental groups for SR and LP (p < 0.05). Both groups increased their MVF for the 3 exercises (p < 0.05). Positive effects on L-PP were observed in LL-HV for SR (p = 0.009) and HL-LV for LP (p < 0.001). CON decreased its global power performance in SR (p = 0.009) and CHP (p = 0.031) compared with the baseline. Both experimental groups improved Timed Up and Go performance (p < 0.05), but only HL-LV increased 6-minute walking performance (pre: 514.3 ± 89.0 m, post: 552.6 ± 65.4 m; p < 0.05). In conclusion, adding short-term power training (i.e., 10 sessions throughout 5 weeks) with loads slightly above the optimal load to nonsupervised multicomponent training might improve active older adults' functional performance and cardiovascular endurance.

Effect of resistance training programs differing in set structure on muscular hypertrophy and performance in untrained young men.

Purpose: This study aimed to compare the effects on muscle hypertrophy and muscular performance of two resistance training (RT) programs that differed only in set structure: traditional set structure (TS) vs. rest redistribution set structure (RR). Methods: Thirty untrained young men were pair-matched and randomly assigned to a TS (n = 15) or an RR (n = 15) protocol based on individual baseline measures. Participants trained for 8weeks using the same total body RT routines performed twice weekly. The TS protocol comprised four sets of 10 repetitions per exercise with 120-s interset rest, and the RR involved eight sets of five repetitions per exercise with 51-s interset rest. Participants were tested pre- and post-intervention for body composition, regional muscle thickness, upper- and lower-body muscle maximal strength [1-repetition maximum (1RM)], mean power output and velocity at 75% 1RM and muscular endurance (repetitions to failure at 70% 1RM). Results: Compared to baseline, both groups exhibited equally significantly decreased body fat mass (p < 0.05), increased fat-free mass (p < 0.001), muscle thickness (p < 0.05), upper and lower-body muscular maximal strength (p < 0.001) and endurance performance (p < 0.001). However, both groups only increase the lower-body power output (p < 0.001) but not the upper-body (p > 0.05). No significant differences existed between groups for all measurements (p > 0.05). Conclusion: These results suggest that RR and TS groups have similar effects for improving muscle hypertrophy and performance in untrained young men.

Benefits of Resistance Training in Early and Late Stages of Frailty and Sarcopenia: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Studies.

Sarcopenia and frailty are age-related syndromes with negative effects on the quality of life of older people and on public health costs. Although extensive research has been carried out on the effects of physical exercise and physical syndromes, there is a knowledge gap when it comes to the effect of resistance training on muscular strength, physical performance, and body composition at early (prevention) and late (treatment) stages in both syndromes combined. We conducted this systematic review and meta-analysis (CRD42019138253) to gather the evidence of randomized controlled trials examining the effects of resistance training programs lasting ≥8 weeks on strength, physical function, and body composition of adults ≥65 years old diagnosed with pre-sarcopenia, sarcopenia, pre-frailty, or frailty. A search from the earliest record up to and including December 2020 was carried out using the PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Cochrane Library databases. A total of 25 studies (n = 2267 participants) were included. Meta-analysis showed significant changes in favour of resistance training for handgrip (ES = 0.51, p = 0.001) and lower-limb strength (ES = 0.93, p < 0.001), agility (ES = 0.78, p = 0.003), gait speed (ES = 0.75, p < 0.001), postural stability (ES = 0.68, p = 0.007), functional performance (ES = 0.76, p < 0.001), fat mass (ES = 0.41, p = 0.001), and muscle mass (ES = 0.29, p = 0.002). Resistance training during early stages had positive effects in all variables during early stages (ES > 0.12), being particularly effective in improving gait speed (ES = 0.63, p = 0.016) and functional strength (ES = 0.53, p = 0.011). Based on these results, resistance training should be considered as a highly effective preventive strategy to delay and attenuate the negative effects of sarcopenia and frailty in both early and late stages.

The Effects of Resistance Exercise Selection on Muscle Size and Strength in Trained Women.

The study compared the effects of resistance training programs composed by multi-joint (MJ), single-joint (SJ) and the combination of multi- and single-joint (MJ+SJ) exercises on muscle strength and hypertrophy in trained women. Thirty participants were divided into groups that performed only MJ exercises, SJ exercises and MJ+SJ exercises for six months. Participants were tested for 1-repetition maximum (RM) and muscle thickness (MT) before and after the intervention. All groups showed significant gains on 1RM tests from pre- to post-training (P<0.01). However, MJ and MJ+SJ groups obtained greater gains in 1RM for the MJ exercises in comparison with the SJ group. Increases in 1RM for the SJ exercises were similar among groups, with the exception of leg curl, where the SJ group obtained greater gains than MJ and MJ+SJ. All groups obtained significant increases in MT from pre- to post-training for all muscle groups. However, MJ and MJ+SJ groups presented greater increases in gluteus maximus, quadriceps femoris and pectoralis major in comparison with the SJ group. Therefore, our results suggest that, in general, performing MJ exercises seems to be necessary to obtain optimal results from a resistance training program; however SJ might be necessary to provide optimal strength gains in knee flexion.

The Effect of a Resistance Training Program on Passive and Active En Dehors

This article evaluates the effect of a supplementary resistance training program on passive and active hip external rotation on a ballet group. Fifteen Brazilian ballet dancers participated in the study. The passive hip external rotation was evaluated by a hip articular mobility test and the active hip external rotation in the first position en dehors in a self-selected angle. The resistance training protocol was based on The Best Performance Movement exercise method. Four 20-minute sessions per week were performed for three months. The paired t-test was performed to compare the passive and active hip external rotation pre- and post-training, with a significance level of 0.05. The paired t test showed that hip active external rotation improved after the resistance training, suggesting that the hip external rotation is muscle strength dependent.

The Effects of Resistance Training Programs on the Physical Self-Perceptions of College Females

While it is generally accepted that exercise enhances physical self-perceptions (PSPs), the impact of resistance training programs on females’ self-perceptions is unclear. Because exercise is an important public health behavior, and because PSPs have motivational associations, research on this topic may have important implications for exercise promotion. PURPOSE: To investigate the effects of two different types of resistance training programs on the PSPs of college age females. METHODS: College students with no background in resistance training (n = 20) were randomized to a muscular strength (MSTR n = 10), or a muscular endurance (MEND n = 10) resistance training group. A comparison (COM) group (n = 10) was recruited from inactive college students. The resistance training groups followed strength- or endurance-oriented progressive resistance training programs for nine weeks. Participants completed the Physical Self-Perception Profile (PSPP) pre- and post-intervention. Height, weight, skinfolds and circumference measurements were also taken pre and post. RESULTS: Analyses utilized ANCOVAs followed by Bonferroni-adjusted (p set at < .017) pairwise comparisons. The only physical change was a significant reduction in the sum of skinfolds in the MSTR group (p = 0.013). Analyses of PSPP changes showed significant effects for MSTR on the physical condition subscale (p = 0.004), and on the strength competence subscale (p = 0.015) and a near-significant effect on the attractive body adequacy subscale (p = 0.018) that may be practically significant. CONCLUSION: Strength-oriented resistance training produced improvements in some aspects of college females’ physical self-perceptions.

Changes in the Force-Velocity Mechanical Profile After Short Resistance Training Programs Differing in Set Configurations.

The main aim of this study was to analyze the effect of resistance training programs differing in set configuration on mechanical force-velocity profiles. Thirteen participants performed 10 unilateral knee extension training sessions over 5 weeks. Each limb was randomized to one of the following set configurations: traditional (4 sets of 8 repetitions at maximum intended velocity, 10RM load, 3-min pause between sets) or interrepetition rest (32 maximum intended velocity repetitions, 10RM load, 17.4 s of rest between each repetition). Velocity of each repetition was recorded throughout the program. Before and after training, individual linear force velocities were calculated, and the following parameters were obtained: force and velocity axis intercept, slope, and estimated maximum power. Mean velocity was higher throughout the program for interrepetition rest configuration (0.54 ± 0.01 vs. 0.48 ± 0.01 m∙s-1 for interrepetition rest, and traditional configuration respectively; main effect of set configuration: P < .001). There was a significant increase in force and velocity intercepts, but a steeper negative slope after both training protocols (main effect of time: P < .001 for every variable). Differences in resistance training velocity did not affect the adaptations. Our results suggest that, in a short-term program, maximum intended rather than actual velocity is a key factor to modulate strength adaptations.

Pengaruh Latihan Pyometric dan Resistance terhadap Peningkatan Kecepatan dan Daya Ledak Otot Tungkai

Exercise physical condition, especially the speed and explosive power leg muscle needed by athletes. So that the physical conditions in all sports especially football sports need to be trained with a good workout. Exercises intended to improve the speed and explosive power leg muscle is phyomeric and resistance exercises. The purpose of this study was to assess: (1) the effect of plyometric exercises to increase speed and explosive power leg muscle; (2) the effect of resistance training to increase the speed and explosive power leg muscle; and (3) the effects of plyometric and resistance training to increase the speed and explosive power leg muscle. This type of research used in this research is quantitative with a quasi-experimental methods. The design of this research use only matching design and data analysis using ANOVA. The process of data collection is done with a test run of 30 meters and leg muscle explosive power test using a jump off during the pretest and posttest. Furthermore, the data of the present study analysis using SPSS 20.0 series. The results showed: (1) There is significant influence plyometric training program to increase speed and explosive power leg muscle; (2) There is a significant effect of resistance training program to increase speed and explosive power leg muscle; (3) There is significant differences between the effects of plyometric training program and the resistance to increasing the speed and explosive power leg muscle. Based on the above analysis, it can be concluded that there is an increase in the speed and explosive power leg muscle for each experimental group and control group after being given plyometric training and resistance seen from the results of t-test. other than that there are differences in the effect through ANOVA test, as well as plyometric exercise program is more effective than resistance training and the control group in improving the speed and explosive power leg muscle

Arquitetura muscular e envelhecimento: adaptação funcional e aspectos clínicos; revisão da literatura

O envelhecimento é associado a um progressivo declínio na massa muscular, conhecido como sarcopenia, que afeta diretamente a arquitetura e a capacidade de produção de força muscular. O objetivo deste artigo foi revisar a literatura sobre os efeitos do envelhecimento sobre a arquitetura muscular, bem como revisar as principais evidências dos efeitos de programas de treinamento de força nas propriedades morfológicas da musculatura esquelética, discutindo as implicações clínicas da adaptação funcional na população idosa. Foram selecionados 42 artigos publicados entre 1993 e 2008 nas bases de dados Pubmed, Science Direct e Scopus, utilizando os descritores aging, older adults, elderly, muscle architecture, strength training e resistance training. Os artigos revisados suportam a idéia de que existem diferenças na arquitetura do músculo esquelético de idosos acometidos por sarcopenia quando comparados a adultos jovens saudáveis. As evidências parecem ser unânimes quanto à redução no volume, área de seção transversa fisiológica e ângulo de penação do músculo esquelético de idosos. Além disso, também há evidências de que o envelhecimento determina uma redução do comprimento fascicular e da espessura muscular, o que gera uma redução também da área de seção transversa anatômica. Programas terapêuticos de treinamento de força têm sido utilizados com o objetivo de retardar e até mesmo reverter os efeitos do envelhecimento sobre a musculatura dos idosos.

Weight Training in Youth-Growth, Maturation, and Safety: An Evidence-Based Review

To review the effects of resistance training programs on pre- and early-pubertal youth in the context of response, potential influence on growth and maturation, and occurrence of injury. Evidence-based review. Twenty-two reports dealing with experimental resistance training protocols, excluding isometric programs, in pre- and early-pubertal youth, were reviewed in the context of subject characteristics, training protocol, responses, and occurrence of injury. Experimental programs most often used isotonic machines and free weights, 2- and 3-day protocols, and 8- and 12-week durations, with significant improvements in muscular strength during childhood and early adolescence. Strength gains were lost during detraining. Experimental resistance training programs did not influence growth in height and weight of pre- and early-adolescent youth, and changes in estimates of body composition were variable and quite small. Only 10 studies systematically monitored injuries, and only three injuries were reported. Estimated injury rates were 0.176, 0.053, and 0.055 per 100 participant-hours in the respective programs. Experimental training protocols with weights and resistance machines and with supervision and low instructor/participant ratios are relatively safe and do not negatively impact growth and maturation of pre- and early-pubertal youth.