Effects Of Residential Location Research Articles

Population-based impact of rurality and neighborhood-level socioeconomic disadvantage on pediatric cancer mortality in Washington State.

6537 Background: Emerging evidence suggests mortality among children with cancer differs based on socioeconomic factors. The effects of residential location in relation to these factors are not well-characterized. We examined associations of rurality and neighborhood-level socioeconomic (SE) disadvantage with mortality in pediatric patients with cancer. Methods: We conducted a retrospective cohort study using Washington State (WA) Cancer Registry data (1992-2013) linked to state birth (1974-2013) and death records (1992-2013) to identify all children born in WA diagnosed with cancer < 20 years. We defined rural residence as patient addresses within 2010 census tract level rural-urban commuting area (RUCA) codes of ≥4.0 at diagnosis. Neighborhood-level socioeconomic disadvantage was determined using 2010 census block-group level Area Deprivation Index (ADI) quintiles normalized to WA. Patient addresses within the highest ADI quintile were categorized as having SE disadvantage. children in four mutually exclusive groups was compared using Kaplan-Meier analysis, pairwise log rank testing, and Cox proportional hazard ratios (HR): non-rural with SE disadvantage, rural without SE disadvantage, rural with SE disadvantage, and non-rural without SE disadvantage (). Models were adjusted for sex, race and ethnicity, age at diagnosis, birth year, and cancer type. Results: We identified 4,417 children for analysis. Median length of follow up among survivors was 5.0 years (inter-quartile range: 1.0-11.5). SE disadvantaged and 13% were rural. Pairwise log rank tests showed mortality differences among children living in rural, SE disadvantaged, or rural and SE disadvantaged neighborhoods when compared with children without either factor (individual p-values all < 0.005); no other differences were noted. Relative to children in non-rural areas without SE disadvantage, the mortality HR for those in non-rural areas with SE disadvantage was 1.68 (95% confidence intervals [CI] 1.37-2.07). The HR for children in rural areas without SE disadvantage was 1.59 (95% CI 1.19-2.12). The HR for children in rural areas with SE disadvantage was 1.56 (95% CI 1.20-2.03). In sub-analyses, associations for rurality and SE disadvantage remained significant for leukemia mortality, but CNS and solid tumor mortality was only associated with SE disadvantage (but not rural) status. Acute lymphoblastic leukemia mortality was associated with rural (but not SE disadvantage) status. Conclusions: Children with cancer living in socioeconomically disadvantaged and/or rural neighborhoods at diagnosis had higher mortality relative to those in non-rural areas with lower neighborhood deprivation. Associations varied by disease type. The individual effects of SE disadvantage and rurality suggest that interventions should be designed to target both factors.

Concentrated poverty and neighbourhood effects: youth marginalisation in Buenos Aires’ informal settlements

This paper provides evidence for the relationship between concentrated poverty as manifested in the informal settlements and the labour market in the city of Buenos Aires. It also examines the consequences that these have on the social marginalisation of young people. First, it analyses the effects of residential location in informal settlements on labour market access. Secondly, it examines the results of multivariate analyses which measure the net effect of living in informal settlements on key indicators of youth marginalisation, as well as the interrelation of the effects of family educational and occupational status. The results demonstrate that the spatial concentration of poverty in informal settlements is linked to labour market segmentation, and is a central determinant of urban marginality. For young people, the very fact of living in informal settlements, in households with highly precarious employment status, significantly increases their risk of marginalisation in a cumulative manner. These findings point to the importance of adopting an integral approach that addresses the dynamics of deprivation in a multi-dimensional and multi-level setting.

NaWo - a Tool for More Sustainable Residential Location Choice

Urban sprawl is a major problem in many metropolitan areas. Especially in cities with high housing prices people are looking for residential locations in suburban or remote areas where residential costs are lower. Still, these decisions are often made without being fully aware of the consequences on mobility patterns and transport costs. Furthermore, residential location shapes social, economic and environmental issues and thereby the sustainability of human life.To foster sustainable residential location choice a decision-making aid which is focused on the effects of residential location on daily mobility has been developed as part of the project “Sustainable choice of residential locations” and made available in the greater Munich area as well as the Austrian province of Tyrol. Using this web-based calculator (“NaWo”), property seekers are given an initial insight into the distances to be covered at the desired location considering their personal mobility behavior. With this awareness-raising measure, it is possible to take the sustainability aspect into greater consideration in residential location choice with regard to the costs, impact on the environment and the opportunities for social inclusion.

Effects of Residential Location and Work-Commuting on Long-Term Work Disability

Little is known about the independent effect of workers' residential location and work-commuting on their long-term disability due to work-related injuries. We examined 149,110 incident claims while adjusting for multiple risk factors in a large, population-based sample of Washington State workers' compensation State Fund claims during 2002-2008. Claimants' residential addresses were geocoded with census tract and aggregated into four category classification of the Rural Urban Commuting Area Codes (RUCAs) which takes into account for tract-level work-commuting. We used logistic regressions to assess the association between RUCAs and whether or not a person was off work for more than 180 days due to injury; Quantile regressions to predict various percentiles of cumulative lost workdays by RUCAs. Compared to those who live in the Urban Core, workers in other areas experienced longer average paid time loss days due to work-related injury. The association between residential location and long-term disability was significant, odds ratio (OR) 1.19 (95 % confidence interval (CI) 1.11-1.27) for residents of Small Town and Isolated Rural and OR 1.17 (95 % CI 1.12-1.22) for those of Sub Urban, and persisted after controlling for injury nature, socio-demographic, employment-related, and claim administrative characteristics. The impact of residential location and work-commuting elevated as the duration of disability increased. This study shows that residential location and work-commuting has a significant and time-varying impact on duration of work disability. Workers living in Sub Urban and Small Town and Isolated Rural areas represent a particularly vulnerable group with respect to risk of long-term work disability.

The Effect of Residential Location on Retirement Age: Theory and Some Evidence on Male Behaviour in the US

Retirement age choice is introduced into a conventional model of residential location to show that the retirement age of workers who do not move after retirement can be influenced by the urban variation of leisure and housing prices. A retirement demand equation that incorporates commuting characteristics is estimated on a sample of US urban male owners interviewed by the Panel Study of Income Dynamics. It is found that commuters retire around two years earlier than comparable home-based workers, although the evidence provides no support for this gap to be the result of differences in leisure or housing prices across both groups.

The effect of residential location on vehicle miles of travel, energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions: Chicago case study

A Chicago-based case study explores the relationship between residential location on household patterns of vehicle miles of travel, and by extension, energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions. Generally, vehicle miles, energy use and greenhouse gas emissions increase with residential distance from the city center, and thus, with decreasing residential density. Travel alone, however, does not account for the energy/greenhouse gas emissions profiles in the region’s fringe where the use of low-efficiency vehicles dominates. Higher fringe energy values are a function of both increased vehicle miles of traveled and low-efficiency vehicle use. Various scenario show that with increases in privately vehicle fuel efficiency, the overall reduction in fuel use creates a more uniform spatial profile of energy/greenhouse gas emissions across the region. The most significant example is a scenario involving the shift of the survey fleet to 2012 European fuel economy standards resulting in an energy/greenhouse gas emissions reduction of 48%.

Risk factors in the occurrence of enamel defects of the first permanent molars among schoolchildren in Western Australia

The prevalence of enamel defects in the first permanent molars among children in Western Australia is higher than that reported for some European countries. The cause(s) of the defects, both white diffuse opacities and demarcated opacities, with or without hypoplasia, continue to be investigated. A recent review identified childhood illnesses and exposure to environmental toxins as putative causal factors for the occurrence of demarcated opacities (usually in association with hypoplasia). Diffuse opacities have been reported to be associated with exposure to the antibiotic amoxicillin, adjusted for otitis media and fluoride. The aim of this study was to examine the possible risk factors for enamel defects in the first permanent molars among children in Western Australia. Children attending pre-primary schools (1999-2000 year of birth) in metropolitan Perth, Western Australia, were invited to participate in the study. In 2005, before the child's first permanent molars had erupted, parents completed a questionnaire about the mother's health during pregnancy, and their child's health for the first 3 years. The first permanent molars were classified for type and extent of enamel defects using the modified Developmental Defects of Enamel (DDE) index. Caries experience and the presence of enamel defects on the deciduous molars and canines were also recorded using the WHO criteria. Bivariate, multinomial logistic and logistic regression analyses were used to test the factors for their influence on the occurrence of the enamel defects. Five hundred and fifty children were examined for the occurrence of enamel defects on the first permanent molars. Multinomial logistic regression indicated that neonatal health conditions, prematurity (OR 2.75) and other health conditions (OR 2.40) were significant risk factors for the occurrence of diffuse enamel defects. Infection during the neonatal period was a strong risk factor for the occurrence of demarcated enamel defects (OR 6.88). Increased deciduous tooth caries experience increased the risk of demarcated enamel defects by 10% (OR 1.10) and living further from a heavy industrial area increased the risk of diffuse enamel defects nearly twofold (OR 1.93). Neonatal health factors were found to be important risk factors for the occurrence of enamel defects in first permanent molars. The effects of residential location and the association between deciduous tooth caries experience and enamel defects require further investigations.

Symmetry and Asymmetry in Working and Commuting Arrangements between Partners in the Netherlands: Does the Residential Context Matter?

Time spent on work and commuting within dual-earner households is often analysed separately for individuals, but this does no justice to the reality of dual-earner households where decisions on work and commuting are made in a household context. This paper reports on a quantitative study of the impact of the residential context on working arrangements and commuting arrangements of partners in couple and family households. Using multinomial logistic regression, we analysed data from the 2002 Netherlands Housing Demand Survey and the 2004 ABF Real Estate Monitor. The results show a (gendered) effect of residential location in terms of degree of urbanisation and job access on both working and commuting arrangements. Good access to jobs makes it more likely that couples have a symmetric full-time working arrangement and also more likely that both partners work far away from home. Those in symmetric full-time working arrangements are also those most likely to be in symmetric close commuting arrangements. This finding reflects the substantial time pressure on such households.

Educational Attainment and Residential Location

The effects of residential location at age 16 and current residential location on measures of educational attainment are estimated. Particular attention is given to the effects of migration and family background on educational outcomes. It is shown that central cities and suburbs of large metropolitan areas in the United States have significantly higher levels of educational attainment. The reasons for this include migration of more highly educated individuals to large metropolitan areas and family background factors that are more favorable to higher levels of educational attainment in large urban areas. It is also shown that although urban advantages in schooling for respondents at age 16 have declined over time, urban advantages for respondents when they are older have increased. Data from the National Opinion Research Center’s General Social Survey are used.

Public satisfaction with the South Korean Police: The effect of residential location in a rapidly industrializing nation

Recent years have witnessed growing research interest in citizen perceptions of the police. This was likely the result of the community policing movement, which sought to strengthen ties between citizens and the police, as well as to concerns about the legitimacy of the police. Most of this research focused on police agencies in the United States, and little research had been conducted on citizen perceptions of the police in Asian countries. This study sought to fill this void through an analysis of citizen perceptions of the police in South Korea. To address these issues, telephone interview survey data gathered from 11,500 randomly selected citizens were obtained in the rapidly industrializing country, South Korea. Several sets of multiple-regression models were estimated to assess the effect of urbanization, demographics, evaluations of police services, and perceived corruption on citizen satisfaction with police. The results suggested that citizens in small to mid-sized cities and large urban cities were less satisfied with police than were residents of rural areas. In addition, age, evaluations of police service, and perceptions of corruption were related to citizen satisfaction. The results were discussed in comparison to previous research in Asia and the United States and other Western countries.

Racial differences in homeownership: the effect of residential location

The rate of homeownership among African–American households is considerably lower than white households in American urban areas. This paper examines whether racial differences in residential location outcomes are among the factors that contribute to the large racial differences in homeownership rates in major US metropolitan areas. Based on the 1985 metropolitan sample of the American Housing Survey for Philadelphia, the paper does not find any evidence that existing racial differences in residential location in Philadelphia decrease the homeownership rate among African Americans. Rather, the empirical evidence suggests that African–American residential location outcomes are associated with lower than expected racial differences in homeownership. Therefore, after controlling for neighborhood, racial differences in homeownership are larger than originally believed, and the ability of racial differences in endowments to explain homeownership differences is more limited.

Effect of Residential Location and Access to Transportation on Employment Opportunities

Women who have been on public assistance need to obtain and maintain steady employment because they stand to lose their public benefits and also because it is the only way out of poverty. Although the sociodemographic and general economic influences on job retention have been examined in the literature, the effects of transportation and of place of residence in a metropolitan area vis-à-vis entry-level job locations have not been studied systematically. Four sets of factors—transportation, location, sociodemographic, and family effects—are examined for their effect on job retention. In particular, it was found that employment security for female welfare clients or former clients does not come from job retention (i.e., tenure with the same employer) but from “employment retention” (i.e., jobs with different employers, possibly with a trend toward upward mobility). The effects of transportation and location on job and employment retention are complex. Although access to a vehicle is important for increasing employment retention, even more important is the number of job opportunities accessible by private vehicle or public transit within a tolerable travel time. Female welfare clients who retain a job longer and hold more jobs within a 2-year period are more likely to live in subareas of the metropolitan area with greater access to jobs within reasonable travel times; the competition for those jobs from other low-income individuals is low. Furthermore, female welfare clients with a high school diploma, when given the appropriate accessibility and location opportunities, enjoy increased job retention.

Residential location and the earnings of white and Hispanic men

Much has been written on the impact of residential location on the earnings of males and whether the effect of residential location is different for African-American than white males. Unfortunately, very few researchers have devoted systematic attention to the impact of residential location on the earnings of Hispanics. Using data from the 1990 Current Population Survey, the authors estimate and compare the effect of residential location on the annual earnings of white and Hispanic males. Three principal findings emerge. First, the authors find that both central city and suburban Hispanics earn significantly less than white male residents of the suburbs. Secondly, the results reported here suggest that while central city residence lowers the earnings of both white and Hispanic men, the impact is more pronounced on the latter than the former. Third, this study finds no evidence that suburban earn more than central city Hispanics. This result stands in stark contrast to comparisons between suburban and cent...

The Effect of Residential Location on the Probability of Black and White Teenagers Having a Job

The evidence presented here suggests that residential location has a strong impact on both white and black youth job probability. These results were obtained by estimating a multinomial logit model, which recognizes the joint endogeneity of employment and school enrollment, with data from the Chicago metropolitan area. Furthermore, according to our results, at a minimum, about a fifth of the black/white employment rate differential among Chicago’s youth can be attributed to residential segregation.

The effect of residential location on the wages of black women and white women

The effect of residential location on the wages of black women and white women

Residential location and nutritional adequacy among elderly adults.

Factors affecting nutritional adequacy of elderly persons in urban, suburban, and rural areas were assessed in an analysis of data from the first Health and Nutritional Examination Survey conducted by the National Center for Health Statistics. The specific purpose of this study was to determine whether there were residential differences among elderly adults in nutritional adequacy and to assess the predictive importance of any residential differences in relation to other predictive factors of nutritional adequacy. No significant differences in nutritional adequacy between rural and urban elderly adults were found; however, significant nutritional differences were found between the residents of suburban areas and the residents of either urban or rural areas. It was concluded that residential nutritional levels are most likely due to the educational and economic status of the individuals in an area and not to any causal effect of residential location.