Effect Of Reciprocity Research Articles

Reciprocity-assisted ghost imaging through dynamic random media.

Ghost imaging enables the imaging of an object using intensity correlations between a single-pixel detector placed behind the object and a camera that records the light that did not interact with the object. The object and the camera are often placed at conjugate planes to ensure correlated illumination patterns. Here, we show how the combined effect of optical reciprocity and the memory effect in a random medium gives rise to correlations between two beams that traverse the random medium in opposite directions. In a proof-of-principle experiment, we observe such correlations when the beams traverse two thin diffusers separated by a variable distance. We find that the angular width of the region over which the beams are correlated decreases as the distance between the diffusers is increased. We then utilize these correlations to demonstrate a ghost imaging scheme in which the object and camera are placed at opposite ends of the random medium and illuminated by counter-propagating beams that can potentially be emitted by two different sources.

비인격적 감독이 부하의 조직지향 반생산적 업무행동에 미치는 영향: 권력거리 성향과 부정적 호혜성의 조절효과

비인격적 감독이 부하의 조직지향 반생산적 업무행동에 미치는 영향: 권력거리 성향과 부정적 호혜성의 조절효과

Super-additive cooperation

Repeated interactions provide an evolutionary explanation for one-shot human cooperation that is counterintuitive but orthodox1–3. Intergroup competition4–7 provides an explanation that is intuitive but heterodox. Here, using models and a behavioural experiment, we show that neither mechanism reliably supports cooperation. Ambiguous reciprocity, a class of strategies that is generally ignored in models of reciprocal altruism, undermines cooperation under repeated interactions. This finding challenges repeated interactions as an evolutionary explanation for cooperation in general, which further challenges the claim that repeated interactions in the past can explain one-shot cooperation in the present. Intergroup competitions also do not reliably support cooperation because groups quickly become extremely similar, which limits scope for group selection. Moreover, even if groups vary, group competitions may generate little group selection for multiple reasons. Cooperative groups, for example, may tend to compete against each other8. Whereas repeated interactions and group competitions do not support cooperation by themselves, combining them triggers powerful synergies because group competitions constrain the corrosive effect of ambiguous reciprocity. Evolved strategies often consist of cooperative reciprocity with ingroup partners and uncooperative reciprocity with outgroup partners. Results from a behavioural experiment in Papua New Guinea fit exactly this pattern. They thus suggest neither an evolutionary history of repeated interactions without group competition nor a history of group competition without repeated interactions. Instead, our results suggest social motives that evolved under the joint influence of both mechanisms.

Who am I to you? Self, reciprocity and emotional intimacy in brand relationships

Consumers engage in self-expansion processes that affect their selves, favouring identity formation and brand engagement. The mechanisms for maintaining healthy relationships as consumer–brand experiences unfold are unknown. Drawing on self-expansion theory, this study explores the effect of emotional intimacy and relational reciprocity as maintenance processes creating brand self-engagement and relationship quality as consumers’ self-concepts expand. Survey methodology on a US consumer sample across product categories assesses the effect of maintenance processes and self-expansion on brand engagement, as trust enhances relationship quality and loyalty. A theoretical model is tested through partial least squares structural equation modelling (PLS-SEM). This study shows that self-expansion, emotional intimacy and relational reciprocity bring brands into the self when experiences alone do not. Managers should design brand experiences grounded on deep, trustworthy, reciprocal and intimate emotional connections. Experiences alone do not build loyalty, but emotional and symbolic resources supporting the self and identity formation do. Managers should craft experiential touchpoints allowing for self-expansion as self-identity surfaces, reinforcing the actual or designing the ideal self.

Testing the effects of kinship, reciprocity and dominance on prosocial food provisioning in azure‐winged magpies (Cyanopica cyana), carrion crows (Corvus corone) and common ravens (C. corax)

AbstractProsocial behaviour (i.e. benefitting others without receiving a direct gain) has long been perceived as an evolutionary puzzle but is nevertheless relatively common among non‐human animals. Prosocial food provisioning has recently been documented in several large‐brained bird species, such as corvids and parrots. Yet, to date, little is known about which factors influence food provisioning in these species. Here, we investigated whether kinship, reciprocity and dominance affected food provisioning in the group service paradigm in three corvid species, namely azure‐winged magpies (Cyanopica cyana), carrion crows (Corvus corone) and common ravens (C. corax). In this paradigm, the subjects are tested in their regular social groups and can choose to make food available to their group members by landing on a simple seesaw apparatus. We found no evidence for an effect of kinship or reciprocity on food provisioning. Contrary to our predictions, the subjects' dominance was not positively correlated with their rate of food provisioning in any species. Among ravens, dominance was instead positively correlated with receiving food. We conclude that preferential provisioning for kin and direct reciprocity might have been impeded by the provider's inability to control who receives the food in the group service paradigm, but that our findings provide another piece of evidence that dominance is a highly important factor in the social interactions of common ravens.

Do workers discriminate against their out-group employers? Evidence from an online platform economy

We study possible labor market discrimination by workers towards their out-group employers as manifested via social preferences (altruism and reciprocity). We run a well-powered, model-based, lab-in-the-field experiment, recruiting 6,000 white American worker subjects from Amazon's M-Turk platform for a real-effort task. We also hire trainer subjects, our stand-in for employers, from a university. To worker subjects, we randomly (and unobtrusively) reveal the racial identity of the trainers, who may be white or black. We find evidence that white workers may discriminate against white employers based on altruism (working harder due to concern for the employer's well-being). However, they may discriminate in favor of their white employers based on reciprocity (working harder because of a small gift). From the perspective of black (white) employers, altruism evokes a stronger (weaker) effort response, but gift-giving has no (positive) effect. Taken together, the combined effect of altruism and reciprocity on worker effort is the same for black and white employers.

Using Mixed Methods to Understand Tax Compliance Behaviour

Mixed methods research is not commonly adopted by researchers studying tax compliance behaviour despite the benefits that it can bring to research in this area. This is a method that is generally associated with social sciences however, this emergent methodology is being increasingly applied in disciplines that are traditionally associated with quantitative research, including in tax compliance research. Despite the growing trend in applying mixed methods to tax compliance research, there are no known studies that have summarised this methodological approach for researchers and provide guidance on how mixing research methods can allow for an in-depth view of tax compliance behaviour. The purpose of this article is first, to briefly explain mixed methods research for novice and established researchers unfamiliar with this methodological approach; second, provide an overview of the use of mixed methods in tax compliance research; third, provide an example of using mixed methods in order to illustrate a practical application of mixed methods; fourth, to discuss the value gained in applying mixed methods to examine and understand the effect of reciprocity nudges on tax compliance behaviour as well how challenges in applying mixed methods research can be faced. This article contributes to the business and management methodological literature by summarising the implementation of this approach and how studies aimed at understanding tax compliance behaviour could be enriched by embracing a mixed methods approach.

Unraveling the effects of network, direct and indirect reciprocity in online societies

Network, direct and indirect reciprocity are three widely recognized mechanisms driving and sustaining cooperation, and each one of them is well understood when acting alone. However, these forms of reciprocity are barely found to be isolated from one another in the real circumstances, and it is still unclear which is the specific role played by each form of reciprocity works when they take action in parallel. With a unique data set from online societies, we find that direct and indirect reciprocity are actually moderated by network reciprocity. On the one hand, the cooperation boosting effect of direct and indirect reciprocity is stronger when subjects have more social connections, indicating that network reciprocity facilitates the formation of direct and indirect reciprocal interactions. On the other hand, this effect declines dramatically for upstream indirect reciprocity (also known as generalized reciprocity) and completely disappears for downstream indirect reciprocity (regarding reputation) when social connections are absent, indicating that social links is a pivotal factor in transmitting gratitude and building reputation. Our study deepens, therefore, the understanding of simultaneous effects of different mechanisms on the evolution of cooperation, and provides a fresh framework for empirically disentangling the factors of cooperative actions in real-world networks.

Reciprocity Strategy in Improving Purchase Decisions at Coffee Shop MSMEs in Bali

The purpose of this study was to examine and explain the effect of the reciprocity strategy on purchasing decisions mediated by trust and e-WOM at coffee shops in Bali. The design of this research is causality. The sample size is 300 people taken using purposive sampling. Data analysis technique using PLS-based SEM. The results showed that reciprocity had a positive and significant effect on purchasing decisions, reciprocity had a positive and significant effect on trust and e-WOM, trust and e-WOM had a positive and significant effect on purchasing decisions. This means that trust and e-WOM are able to partially mediate the effect of reciprocity on purchasing decisions at MSMEs Coffee Shops in Bali. The results of this study are expected to enrich the concept of consumer behavior related to the role of trust and e-WOM in mediating the effect of reciprocity on purchasing decisions. MSMEs Coffee Shop is expected to always be customer oriented, carry out promotions and pay special attention to customers.

Understanding effective entrepreneurial education vis-à-vis Thai entrepreneurs’ altruism and procedural fairness on being happy: More money or more happiness?

The concept of give and take is nothing peculiar for higher educational institution students. In order to survive, living along as an isolated island is not a lucrative way to survive: Human beings need to be socialized. Thus, by exchanging/bartering what they acquired to the others group, without expected return, is a sign or altruism. But why did they decide to give so, was it because they had the feelings of happiness or just a feeling of giving away? Consequently, by understand the effect of such reciprocity, authors would like to see whether it is rational enough to be procedurally fair and altruistic at the same time, as well as the application of this concept for higher educational institutions. Can this be a sign for entrepreneurial education? Authors take data of Thai entrepreneurs from World Value Survey Database. World Values Survey was conducted by World Values Survey Association with the current seventh wave covered 80 countries; the length of survey spanned from 2017-2021. This research is divided accordingly: The first part introduces rational aspects; secondly, literature reviews are explored in various perspectives and their side-effect; thirdly, methodology is explained and analyzed by using secondary data with multiple regression; and finally, the results and further research are discussed.

Stochastic resonance effect observed in a vaccination game with effectiveness framework obeying the SIR process on a scale-free network

This study investigates a standard vaccination game presuming the repeated-season framework, in which we mutually merge the dynamics of disease spread, which obeys the SIR process, and human decision-making as regards whether or not to get vaccinated at the beginning of each season with reference to the evolutionary game theory. We herein presume the Barabási–Albert scale-free (BA-SF) graph as an underlying network. Accordingly, we explore whether or not an additive noise to the transmission rate brings an advantageous stochastic resonance effect for confining a disease's spread. The results show that with a higher vaccination cost and/or a lower vaccine efficacy, the stochastic noise has no gap in vaccination coverage (VC) with the default without noise case, but brings a smaller final epidemic size (FES). In contrast, at a lower vaccination cost and a higher vaccine efficacy, the additive stochastic noise brings a smaller VC that consequently results in a larger FES than the default without noise case. This phenomenon is completely different from our previously reported bolstered enhancement effect of network reciprocity, in which each element of a payoff matrix is exposed to stochastic noise.

The Effect of Ethical Commitment Reminder and Reciprocity in the Workplace on Misreporting

Despite the pervasive use of ethics training by companies, research in management accounting has not considered the effectiveness of such training in curtailing managers’ misreporting. This study examines the effect of ethics training on misreporting as a reminder to raise the awareness of employees’ ethical commitment. Furthermore, this study investigates the extent to which reciprocity in the workplace affects managers’ misreporting. The results from an experiment involving 124 managers show that in the absence of an ethical commitment reminder, managers are more likely to engage in misreporting than when an ethical commitment reminder is present. The results suggest that ethical commitment reminder interacts with reciprocity in the workplace, affecting managers’ misreporting. Specifically, the results reveal that managers are more likely to engage in misreporting under the reciprocity in the workplace condition when the ethical commitment reminder is absent. The theoretical and practical implications of these findings are discussed.

From Conflict to Deviance: To foster or not to foster Reciprocity?

The present work aims to theoretically analyze the effect of reciprocity in the escalating process that could bring from a badly managed conflict to deviant behaviors in the workplace. More in detail, the analysis unpacks the micromechanisms that from a conflict could lead to the rise of interpersonal deviance up to organizational one. The paper adopts the interpretative framework of Social Exchange Theory to investigate the role of reciprocity in the escalating process of negative behaviors. By considering reciprocity as an individual orientation, it is interesting to note that people who have a strong tendency to reciprocate benefits may not have the same willingness to reciprocate harmful behaviors and vice versa. Applying this distinction in the analyses of conflicting and deviant behaviors leads to different conclusions about the role of reciprocity in organizational behaviors. The proposed conceptual model shows the role of positive reciprocity in mitigating the escalating process that brings from conflict to organizational deviance. This finding suggests exploiting employees’ positive reciprocity attitude to reduce the effects of negative phenomena inside the organization. Contrary to previous studies, which suggest avoiding reciprocity to reduce conflicting and deviant behaviors, the paper suggests a new theoretical lens to approach negative organizational phenomena.

Dyadic strain mediates the association of shared care with caregiver burden in caregivers of patients with heart failure

Abstract Funding Acknowledgements Type of funding sources: Public grant(s) – National budget only. Main funding source(s): National Institutes of Health Background Many patients with heart failure (HF) need family caregivers’ support to manage HF efficiently, but caregivers commonly experience a burden due to their caregiving responsibility. The term, shared care, reflects a system of interpersonal interactions characterized by exchange of support between members of a patient-caregiver dyad in illness management. Higher levels of shared care are associated with better patient self-care and health outcomes, but it is not known whether shared care influences caregivers' burden. Dyadic relationship quality between dyad members also influences caregivers' burden. We hypothesize that dyadic relationship quality may mediate the association of shared care with caregiver burden. Purpose The purpose of this study was to examine the association of shared care with caregiver burden and determine whether dyadic relationship quality mediates the association of shared care with caregiver burden in caregivers of patients with HF. Methods In this cross-sectional study, primary caregivers of patients with HF completed questionnaire surveys about shared care using the Shared Care Instrument (SCI), caregiver burden using the Zarit Burden Interview, and dyadic relationship quality using the Dyadic Relationship Scale (DRS). The SCI has communication, decision making, and reciprocity subscales. The DRS has positive interaction and dyadic strain subscales. A series of multiple parallel models were used to test the mediation effect of dyadic relationship quality with 5000 bootstrap samples while controlling age, sex, education, and type of dyadic relationship. Result Of the 143 caregivers (mean age= 56 years), most were female (76%) and in a spousal relationship with patients (73%). Among SCI subscales, only shared care communication was directly associated with caregiver burden (B = -.5247, P = .0006, 95% CI: -.8199 to -.2296) when age, sex, education, and DRS scores were controlled. There was a significant indirect effect of shared care communication on caregiver burden (B = -.2090, 95% CI: -.4225 to -.0022; Figure 1), indirect effect of shared decision-making on caregiver burden (B = -.3559, 95% CI: -.5984 to -.1588; Figure 2), and indirect effect of shared care reciprocity on caregiver burden (B = -.2342, 95% CI: -.5508 to -.0499; Figure 2) through dyadic strain. Positive interactions within dyad members did not mediate the association of shared care with caregiver burden. Conclusion Better shared care in HF management was associated with low dyadic strain, which reduced caregivers’ burden. These findings underpin the need to improve shared care and reduce dyadic strain for caregivers of patients with HF.

Measuring Belief-dependent Preferences without Data on Beliefs

Abstract We derive bounds on the causal effect of belief-dependent preferences (reciprocity and guilt aversion) on choices in sequential two-player games without data on the (higher-order) beliefs of players. We show how informative bounds can be derived by exploiting a specific invariance property common to those preferences. We illustrate our approach by analysing data from an experiment conducted in Denmark. Our approach produces tight bounds on the causal effect of reciprocity in the games we consider. These bounds suggest there exists significant reciprocity in our population—a result also substantiated by the participants’ answers to a post-experimental questionnaire. On the other hand, our approach yields high implausible estimates of guilt aversion—participants would be willing, in some games, to pay at least three Danish crowns (DKK) to avoid letting others down by one DKK. We contrast our estimated bounds with point estimates obtained using data on stated higher-order beliefs, keeping all other aspects of the model unchanged. We find that point estimates fall within our estimated bounds, suggesting that elicited higher-order belief data in our experiment is weakly (if at all) affected by various reporting biases.

Analysis on the Influence Path of User Knowledge Withholding in Virtual Academic Community - Based on Structural Equation Method-Artificial Neural Network Model.

The phenomenon of knowledge withholding is a vital issue that undermines knowledge sharing and innovation, hinders the development of offline and online organizations. Clarifying the relationship between influencing factors and knowledge withholding is significant to improve the phenomenon of knowledge withholding in offline and online organizations. Few types of research focus on the online virtual academic community and integrate the three factors of knowledge, individual, and environment to research knowledge withholding. To solve the limitation, this research is based on sociology and psychology-related theories. The two dimensions of enabling and inhibition are divided into factors affecting knowledge withholding. An attempt is made to explore the path between the three types of factors influencing knowledge, individual and environment, and knowledge withholding. This study collected data from 616 users in China’s virtual academic community. It used a structural equation model combined with a cross-layer connected neural network to conduct an empirical analysis on the proposed hypothesis. The results found that: in the virtual academic community, knowledge power in the enabling dimension is the main reason for users to form knowledge psychological ownership, which affects users’ knowledge withholding. However, the effect of professional commitment on users’ knowledge psychological ownership is not significant. After SEM-ANN model fitting, the combined inhibitory effect of community privacy protection and community reciprocity on user knowledge withholding in the inhibition dimension is significantly improved. This research has a specific guiding significance for enhancing the knowledge withholding phenomenon of the virtual academic community and creating an excellent academic exchange atmosphere.

Economic preferences and state-level corruption: global evidence and mechanism

ABSTRACT Using newly published data from the Global Preference Survey which cover 76 countries (Falk et al., 2018), we document robust evidence that economic preferences are partly responsible for state-level corruption. Specifically, fixed effects estimation results show that patience, trust, and altruism discourage corruption, while negative reciprocity encourages corruption. We examine the role of economic freedom and government effectiveness as the mechanisms underlying the effect of negative reciprocity. We also find that the effects of patience and negative reciprocity are greater in a more stable political environment, and smaller in a society with faster economic growth.

Characterizing the Diffusion of Research Leadership Flows in Research Collaborations: The Effect of Reciprocity, Triadic Closure, Preferential Attachment, and Homophily

Characterizing the Diffusion of Research Leadership Flows in Research Collaborations: The Effect of Reciprocity, Triadic Closure, Preferential Attachment, and Homophily

Translating strategies for promoting engagement in mobile health: A proof-of-concept microrandomized trial.

Mobile technologies allow for accessible and cost-effective health monitoring and intervention delivery. Despite these advantages, mobile health (mHealth) engagement is often insufficient. While monetary incentives may increase engagement, they can backfire, dampening intrinsic motivations and undermining intervention scalability. Theories from psychology and behavioral economics suggest useful nonmonetary strategies for promoting engagement; however, examinations of the applicability of these strategies to mHealth engagement are lacking. This proof-of-concept study evaluates the translation of theoretically-grounded engagement strategies into mHealth, by testing their potential utility in promoting daily self-reporting. A microrandomized trial (MRT) was conducted with adolescents and emerging adults with past-month substance use. Participants were randomized multiple times daily to receive theoretically-grounded strategies, namely reciprocity (the delivery of inspirational quote prior to self-reporting window) and nonmonetary reinforcers (e.g., the delivery of meme/gif following self-reporting completion) to improve proximal engagement in daily mHealth self-reporting. Daily self-reporting rates (62.3%; n = 68) were slightly lower than prior literature, albeit with much lower financial incentives. The utility of specific strategies was found to depend on contextual factors pertaining to the individual's receptivity and risk for disengagement. For example, the effect of reciprocity significantly varied depending on whether this strategy was employed (vs. not employed) during the weekend. The nonmonetary reinforcement strategy resulted in different outcomes when operationalized in various ways. While the results support the translation of the reciprocity strategy into this mHealth setting, the translation of nonmonetary reinforcement requires further consideration prior to inclusion in a full scale MRT. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).

Quality Improvement of Agricultural Products Supply Chain Under Social Preference and CSR by Big Data Analysis

Purpose- The aim of this study is to analyze the effect of corporate social responsibility (CSR) and social preference on quality improvement of the agricultural products supply chain composed of agricultural products producer and processor (A3P) and supermarket by theoretical analysis and empirical evidence. Methodology- This paper sets Stackelberg game model under A3P’s CSR by considering supermarket’s altruistic reciprocity and A3P’s fairness conern, respectively. By comparative analysis, we study the effect of CSR, altruistic reciprocity and fairness conern on the quality improvement of the agricultural products supply chain. Then, we adopt the empirical evidence to analyze the correlation between CSR, altruistic reciprocity (fairness concern) and quality improvement and the mediating effect of altruistic reciprocity (fairness concern) by investigating the agricultural enterprises.