Effect Of Reactive Compatibilization Research Articles

Influences of reactive compatibilization on the structure and physical properties of blends based on thermotropic liquid crystalline polyester and poly(1,4‐cyclohexylenedimethylene terephthalate)

AbstractWe report the effects of reactive compatibilization on the morphology, microstructure, and physical properties of thermotropic liquid crystalline polyester/poly(1,4‐cyclohexylenedimethylene terephthalate) (TLCP/PCT, 75/25 by wt%) blends, which are fabricated via melt‐compounding in the presence of different catalyst types and contents. Among three different catalysts, titanium butoxide (TBT) is found to be most effective in the reactive compatibilization of TLCP/PCT blends, which is confirmed by SEM images. FT‐IR spectroscopic analysis reveals the formation of copolyesters by catalyst‐induced transesterification between TLCP and PCT components during melt‐compounding with 0.5 and 1.0 phr TBT loadings. Nonetheless, X‐ray diffraction analysis confirms that the crystal structures of TLCP/PCT blends are not affected by reactive compatibilization. The melting and crystallization transition temperatures of the PCT component in the compatibilized blends decrease owing to the shortening of crystallizable PCT segments by the transesterification. TGA data show that the residue at 800°C increases for the blends melt‐compounded with higher TBT catalyst loadings. The shear moduli and complex viscosity of compatibilized TLCP/LCP blends at a melt state are found to be even higher than neat TLCP and PCT. Although the elastic storage moduli of compatibilized TLCP/PCT blends are slightly lower than neat TLCP, they are far higher than neat PCT.

Fabrication of poly(ethylene terephthalate)/polypropylene-based elastomer blends with balanced stiffness-toughness: The effect of reactive compatibilization

The PET/PBE blends with a good balance between toughness and stiffness were prepared via a novel elongational rheology extruder. In the light of the thermodynamic factors, EGMA as an interfacial modifier was selectively localized at the interface. When the weight fraction of Ethylene/Methylacrylate/Glycidyl Methacrylate copolymer (EGMA) was 6 wt%, the impact strength of the PET/EGMA/PBE blend soared to 35.00 KJ/m2, which is nearly seven times higher than that of its un-compatibilizer counterpart. Furthermore, compared to the un-compatibilized counterpart, the tensile strength and tensile modulus of the PET/EGMA/PBE blend are only reduced by 10% and 13%, respectively. The improvement of mechanical properties of the compatibilized blends can be attributed to the enhanced interfacial reactive compatibilization between PET and PBE, and the fine dispersion of dispersed phase. The in-suit reaction between carboxyl or hydroxy group of PET and epoxy group of EGMA was confirmed by Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy. In addition, both morphology and rheology characterization results suggested that the improved interfacial combination between PET and PBE was obtained with the inclusion of EGMA.

Suppressing droplet coalescence and aggregation in immiscible homopolymer blends by interfacially cross-linked compatibilizers

In this work, we study the effect of reactive compatibilization on morphological and rheological properties of immiscible homopolymer blends of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) and polyisoprene (PI). The blend systems contained a chemical reaction between amine-functionalized PDMS and maleic anhydride-functionalized PI additives at high temperatures. Interfacially cross-linked compatibilizers obtained with this procedure are investigated through dynamic rheological measurements and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The results show that the interfacial cross-linking constituting strong heterogeneous network is symmetric, as it reduces the sizes of the dispersed phase with higher stability in both compatibilized PI-continuous and PDMS-continuous blends compared to their uncompatibilized counterparts. A complete suppression of droplet coalescence can be concluded due to the superposition of linear viscoelasticity of the reactively compatibilized blends after different shearing protocols. In the previous work [C. DeLeo et al., J. Rheol. 55(4), 713–731 (2011)], however, the weak network at room temperature was found to have an asymmetric effect on the suppression of drop coalescence.

Rheology, morphology, and mechanical properties of reactive compatibilized polypropylene/polystyrene blends via Friedel–Crafts alkylation reaction in the presence of clay

Attempts were made to study the effect of reactive compatibilization via Friedel–Crafts alkylation reaction, using AlCl3 as a catalyst, on rheology, morphology, and mechanical properties of polypropylene/polystyrene (PP/PS) blends in the presence of an organoclay (Cloisite 15A). During the reactive compatibilization process, PS showed much more degradation than that of PP in the presence of AlCl3. It was found that the effect of generation of PP‐g‐PS copolymer at the interface of the PP/PS blend dominates the effects of degradation of PS and PP phases, which manifested itself by increased toughness as well as uniform dispersion of the dispersed PS particles in the PP matrix. Generation of PP‐g‐PS copolymer was confirmed by using Fourier‐transform infrared analysis. By using rheological and X‐ray diffraction analyses, it was shown that the clay had higher affinity to PS than that of PP. It was also shown that the clay located at the interface of PP and PS phases, leading to increased relaxation time of the deformed PS dispersed particles, exhibited higher dispersion in PP/PS blend, which resulted in higher ductility of the blend. By using the results of rheological studies, it was concluded that during reactive compatibilization of the blend nanocomposite, the clay migrated into the dispersed PS phase, which was confirmed by scanning electron microscopy analysis. It was demonstrated that the rheological studies have a reliable sensitivity to the clay partitioning and phase morphology of the studied blends and blend nanocomposites. J. VINYL ADDIT. TECHNOL., 24:18–26, 2018. © 2015 Society of Plastics Engineers

Influences of dicumyl peroxide on morphology and mechanical properties of polypropylene/poly(styrene‐b‐butadiene‐b‐styrene) blends via vane‐extruder

ABSTRACTPolypropylene (PP) and poly(styrene‐b‐butadiene‐b‐styrene) block copolymer (SBS) were melt‐blended in the presence of initiator system. Dicumyl peroxide (DCP)/Triallyl isocyanurate (TAIC) via self‐deigned VE, aiming at in situ reactive compatibilization of toughed PP/SBS blend. The reactivity, morphology and mechanical properties of PP/SBS/DCP/TAIC blends were studied. Online torque detection was conducted to monitor changes in viscosities of reactive compatibilized blends, which could give proof of the interfacial grafted reaction induced by DCP/TAIC system. The effect of reactive compatibilization on the dispersed particles sizes and interfacial adhesion was studied by scanning electron microscopy. Analysis on mechanical performance revealed the impact strength improved after treated by initiator system, moreover, the impact‐fractured surface observation showed, the failure mode changed from debonding mechanism of neat 50PP/50SBS blend to plastic deformation mechanism of blend containing 3.0 phr initiator system. With improved interfacial adhesion, compatibilized blends not only were toughened but also exhibited enhanced tensile strength and thermal stability. Dynamic mechanical analysis showed a reduction of between PP phase and the PB segments in SBS phase, indicating reactive compatibilization of the blend was achieved. In the final part, a brief discussion was given about the dominant effects from chain scission of PP matrix to intergrafting reactions of PP and SBS, under different content of DCP/TAIC initiator system. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 41543.

반응성 상용화제를 사용한 Poly(ethylene terephthalate)/Polyamide 6 블렌드로 부터 알로이 섬유의 제조와 구조 및 성능분석(I) -반응성 상용화제가 블렌드의 모폴로지 및 열적 특성에 미치는 영향-

반응성 상용화제를 사용한 Poly(ethylene terephthalate)/Polyamide 6 블렌드로 부터 알로이 섬유의 제조와 구조 및 성능분석(I) -반응성 상용화제가 블렌드의 모폴로지 및 열적 특성에 미치는 영향-

Effect of reactive compatibilizers and impact modifier on the performance characteristics of polycarbonate/poly(acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene) blends obtained from E-waste

Interfacial agents such as compatibilizers have recently been introduced into polymer blends to improve microstructure and mechanical properties of thermoplastics materials. This method is proven to be an effective way to prepare a mixture of polymeric materials from E-waste that can have superior mechanical properties over a wide temperature range. This study is focused on the characterization and mechanical recycling of plastics, namely Polycarbonate (PC), Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene (ABS) and PC/ABS blends via melt blending technique. Mechanical characterization of prepared blend has been carried out to determine the optimum composition range. The experimental results showed that the prepared blends were incompatible in nature. Addition of maleic anhydride grafted ABS and SBS suggests improved compatibility and impact performance. The grafting mechanism of MA into ABS was explored, which is considered as a key factor resulting a special morphology of ABS domains dispersed in PC matrix. The thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), differential scanning calorimeter (DSC), and morphology results revealed improved stability as compared to recycled plastics.

Blends of recycled polycarbonate and acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene: comparing the effect of reactive compatibilizers on mechanical and morphological properties

Blends of recycled polycarbonate (PC) and acrylonitrile–butadiene–styrene (ABS) were prepared and some mechanical and morphological properties were investigated. To compatibilize these blends, ABS-g-(maleic anhydride) (ABS-g-MA) and (ethylene–vinyl acetate)-g-(maleic anhydride) (EVA-g-MA) with similar degree of grafting of 1.5% were used. To compare the effect of the type of compatibilizer on mechanical properties, blends were prepared using 3, 5 and 10 phr of each compatibilizer. A co-rotating twin-screw extruder was used for blending. The results showed that ABS-g-MA had no significant effect on the tensile strength of the blends while EVA-g-MA decreased the tensile strength, the maximum decrease being about 9.6% when using 10 phr of this compatibilizer. The results of notched Charpy impact strength tests showed that EVA-g-MA increased the impact strength of blends more than ABS-g-MA. The maximum value of this increase occurred when using 5 phr of each compatibilizer, it being about 54% for ABS-g-MA and 165% for EVA-g-MA. Scanning electron microscopy micrographs showed that the particle size of the dispersed phase was decreased in the continuous phase of PC by using the compatibilizers. Moreover, a blend without compatibilizer showed brittle behaviour while the blends containing compatibilizer showed ductile behaviour in fracture. © 2013 Society of Chemical Industry

Improvement of thermal stability, rheological and mechanical properties of PLA, PBAT and their blends by reactive extrusion with functionalized epoxy

The aim of this study has been to gain a fundamental understanding of the mechanisms and conditions governing thermal degradation of poly (lactic acid) (PLA), poly (butylene-adipate-co-terephtalate) (PBAT) and their blends upon processing conditions. Thermal degradation of biodegradable PLA and PBAT was investigated firstly by thermal analysis and size-exclusion chromatography (SEC). It is shown that neat polymers degrade upon processing hence the decrease of the molecular weight, rheological and mechanical properties. Secondly, the reactive extrusion of polymers was performed with various amounts of chain extension/branching agent, containing nine Glycidyl methacrylate (GMA) functions, named Joncryl. The incorporation of this multi-functional oligomer showed an improvement of their thermal stability. SEC and intrinsic viscosity measurements of these modified PLA and PBAT confirmed the increase of viscosity and molecular weight probably related to the formation of extended and branched chains. Rheological investigation of extended/branched PLA and PBAT as well as their modified PLA/PBAT (80/20) (wt/wt) blends with various concentrations of GMA reactive functions exhibited higher viscosity and storage modulus compared to the unmodified samples. This increase becomes more pronounced as the concentration of Joncryl increases. Viscoelastic properties were assessed and related to the molecular structure of modified polymers. Hence, the mechanisms of degradation, chain extending with GMA functions and their competition have been proposed. The effect of reactive compatibilization on the PLA/PBAT blends has been confirmed using transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) observations and tensile tests by the improvement of phase dispersion and the increase of both Young's modulus and strain at break.

Effect of maleated EVA on compatibility and toughness of PETG/EVA blend

AbstractMaleic anhydride (MAH) grafted onto ethylene vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA), mEVA (modified EVA) was blended with poly(ethylene glycol‐co‐cyclohexane‐1,4‐dimethanol terephthalate) (PETG) with various mEVA and EVA (unmodified) content in the internal mixer. The effect of reactive compatibilizer to decrease the dispersed particle diameter was observed. The brittle–ductile transition was found at about dn: 0.37 µm and dv: 0.55 µm of particle diameter, a critical particle diameter, regardless of EVA content, and the blend was also toughened at above the critical particle diameter regardless of dispersed EVA content and compatibility. The toughening mechanism and the effect of the particle diameter on the impact strength of the blend were investigated by morphological observation, and it was found that the toughening of the PETG/EVA blend system resulted from the shear deformation, induced by cavitation of dispersed EVA particles. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013

Rheology, morphology and tensile properties of reactive compatibilized polyethylene/polystyrene blends via Friedel–Crafts alkylation reaction

Attempts were made to study the effect of reactive compatibilization via Friedel–Crafts alkylation reaction, using AlCl3 as a catalyst, on rheology, morphology, and mechanical properties of polyethylene/polystyrene (PE/PS) blends. The results of linear viscoelastic measurements in conjunction with the results of the mixing torque variation indicated that PS showed much more degradation than that of PE in the presence of AlCl3. It was also found that while for PE-rich blends, the viscosity, and storage modulus increased by reactive compatibilization, they decreased for PS-rich blends. The variation of viscosity and storage modulus for 50/50 blend was found to be dependent on frequency ranges showing the competitive effects of PE–g–PS copolymer formation and PS degradation. The results of morphological studies showed that reactive compatibilization decreased the particle size and particle-size distribution broadness because of in situ graft copolymer formation. Reactive compatibilization enhanced the tensile strength and elongation at break for PE-rich blends. It was demonstrated that there is a close interrelationship between rheology, morphology, and mechanical properties of reactive compatiblized PE/PS blends. It was also demonstrated that rheological behaviors have a reliable sensitivity to follow the structural and morphological changes during compatibilization process, so that, those information can be used to predict the morphology as well as mechanical properties of the blends.

Effect of Electron Beam Irradiation and Reactive Compatibilizers on Some Properties of Polypropylene and Epoxidized Natural Rubber Polymer Blends

Effect of reactive compatibilizers on the mechanical, thermal and morphological properties of polymer blends based essentially on polypropylene (PP) and different ratios of epoxidized natural rubber (ENR) was investigated. The same properties were also, studied before and after electron beam irradiation to various doses. The results showed that the mechanical and thermal properties of unirradiated PP/ENR blends were improved after using the reactive compatibilizers: PP graft copolymer with maleic anhydride (PP-g-MAH) or 1,6-hexandiol-diacrylate (HDDA). This improvement was attributed to the formation of interfacial bonding between PP and ENR phases during the melt processing. Further improvement in these properties was observed under effect of electron beam irradiation and the reactive compatibilizer. However, this effect was clear in the case of the monomer HDDA than PP-g-MAH. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) micrographs indicated that the morphology was improved by the addition of the reactive compatibilizers and electron beam irradiation. The wide angle X-ray diffraction (WAXD) results indicated that the crystallinity of the blend was increased by the addition of the compatiblizing agents due to the plasticizing effect and/or the nucleatating properties of the compatibilizer. However, the crystallinity of the PP/ENR blend was decreased after electron beam irradiation.

REACTIVE COMPATIBILIZATION OF NANO-SILICA/POLYPROPYLENE COMPOSITES

Demonstrated the feasibility of improving mechanical performance of nano-silica/polypropylene(PP)composites by reactive compatibilization.That is,nano-silica particles were grafted by a copolymer of glycidyl methacrylate and butyl acrylate,which were then compounded with PP and the reactive compatibilizer aminated PP.Accordingly,a stronger interfacial adhesion was obtained as characterized by both dynamic mechanical analysis and crystallization behaviors.It helped to give full play to the nanoparticles for toughening and strengthening PP.The factors that influence the graft polymerization and the effect of reactive compatibilization on the properties of nano-silica/PP composites were studied in detail.The results showed that tensile strength,Young's modulus and notch impact strength of PP can be increased at rather low nano-silica contents.

Morphology Development of Polymer Blends in Extruder: The Effects of Compatibilization and Rotation Rate

AbstractThe effects of reactive compatibilization and extruder rotation rate on morphology development of polymer blends are studied. Morphology develops faster in compatibilized blends than that in their uncompatibilized counterparts. Based on force analysis, it has been proved that compatibilization facilitates dispersion by reducing slip at the interface of polymer phases. Rotation rate influences the morphology development of polymer blends by changing the residence time of polymers in the extruder. For uncompatibilized blends, the 400 rpm run results in finer microstructure at the outlet of the extruder than the 1 000 rpm run. Compatibilization suppresses this effect by reaching a steady‐state morphology before the outlet and results in similar microstructure for the 400 and 1 000 rpm runs.magnified image

In situ reactive compatibilization of aramid/polystyrene blends using amine‐functionalized polystyrene

AbstractHigh molecular weight aramid chains (Ar) were synthesized from aromatic diamine and diacid chloride. Amine functionality was introduced to polystyrene (PS) in two steps i.e., nitration followed by reduction producing amino functional polystyrene (APS) which serves as a reactive compatibilizer, being reactive with the Ar end‐groups. APS was characterized by FTIR, NMR spectral data, and exploited in the preparation of Ar/APS blends, and the effect of reactive compatibilization on blend morphology and interfacial adhesion was explored. Two blend systems Ar/PS and Ar/APS were investigated over a range of PS or APS ratios. To assess the effect of amine units incorporated in PS, on the compatibility with Ar; morphology, thermal, and mechanical properties were probed. Incorporation of reactivity into the system has resulted in significant refinement of the blend morphology and augmentation of thermal stability. The in situ generation of APS‐g‐Ar copolymers during solution mixing of APS and Ar was evaluated using spectroscopic analysis. In addition to stabilizing the microstructure, in situ compatibilization was found to alter the mechanical properties of the Ar/APS interface. Ar/APS blend containing 10 wt% APS was found to demonstrate optimum mechanical reinforcement as complemented by the optimal thermal and morphological profiles of 10 wt% Ar/APS blend. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 2008. © 2008 Society of Plastics Engineers

Weld line characteristics of PC/ABS blend. II. Effect of reactive compatibilizer

AbstractThe effects of reactive compatibilizer and processing temperature on the morphology and the mechanical properties at the weld line of 60/40 (wt/wt) poly‐ carbonate (PC) and acrylonitrile‐butadiene‐styrene (ABS) copolymer blends were investigated. Amine functionalized styrene/n‐phenyl maleimide/maleic anhydride terpolymer (amine‐SPMIMA) was used as the in‐situ reactive compatibilizer for PC/ABS blend. Weld tensile strength increased as the content of amine‐SPMIMA was increased. Weld impact strength showed maximum value for the blend containing about 3% amine‐SPMIMA. The variation in the mechanical property at the weld line was correlated with the change in the morphology of the blend. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008

Effect of reactive compatibilization on droplet coalescence in shear flow

The evolution of the morphology of blends of polyethylene and polyamide with a droplet–matrix morphology, generated by transient shear flows, has been determined using a method based on quenching following deformation of the samples kept between the parallel plates of a rheometer. Droplet size evolution and transient viscosity of blends compatibilized with different amounts of polyethylene-graft-maleic anhydride were measured as a function of the total strain. The effects of applied shear rates and concentration of the reactive compatibilizer were investigated. The results indicate that initially the droplet size was governed by coalescence, whereas, when the droplet size became comparable to the break-up limit, no further significant increase was observed at large strain values. A significant coalescence inhibition was only observed when a relatively high amount of compatibilizer was used. This corresponded to an important interfacial coverage of the interface by the grafted copolymer chains. In that situation, the intensity of the coalescence became independent of the applied shear rate. On the contrary, the coalescence was favoured by the absence of compatibilizer or the use of a low compatibilizer concentration and increased with increasing shear rate. The rather “complex” effect of the compatibilizer addition on coalescence phenomena has been analyzed in terms of blend microstructure changes induced by the compatibilizer addition in relation to droplet collision frequency. Predictions of the droplet size evolution and viscosity under transient shear flows using a modified version of Lee and Park model is shown to describe the coalescence and break-up phenomena under large deformation shear flow. The predictions of the droplet size evolution are greatly improved when an additional parameter for non-affine deformation (slip parameter), is introduced in the model. On the other hand, the predictions are much less satisfactory for the transient viscosity data.

Role of reactive compatibilization in preparation of nanosilica/polypropylene composites

AbstractThe effect of reactive compatibilization on the mechanical properties of nanosilica filled polypropylene (PP) composites was studied in this work. First, the nanoparticles were grafted with poly(glycidyl methacrylate) (PGMA) by solution free‐radical polymerization, and then melt blended together with PP matrix and aminated PP (PP‐g‐NH2) that acts as reactive compatibilizer. The reaction between epoxide groups of the grafted PGMA on the nanoparticles and amine groups of PP‐g‐NH2 during compounding greatly improved interfacial interaction in the composites. As a result, tensile strength, Young's modulus, and notch impact strength of PP composites were increased at rather low filler content. The experimental results indicated that the reinforcing and toughening effects were controlled by flexibility of the grafted polymer as well as processing methods. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 47:499–509, 2007. © 2007 Society of Plastics Engineers.

Melt Viscosity, Elasticity, and Morphology of Reactively Compatibilized Polyamide 6/Styrene−Acrylonitrile Blends in Shear and Elongation

The melt rheology of reactively compatibilized polyamide 6/styrene−acrylonitrile (PA 6/SAN) blends was studied in linear viscoelastic shear oscillations, simple elongation to a large stretch ratio, and subsequent recovery. In addition, we examined and quantified the blend morphology and the flow-induced changes of the morphology. Three PA 6/SAN blends with different composition ratios of PA 6 and SAN (70/30, 50/50, 30/70) were prepared. Our experiments reveal that the asymmetric properties of the compatibilized interface strongly influence the rheological and morphological properties of the blends. The linear viscoelastic properties were discussed by applying the fractional Zener model. In particular, the data of the PA 6/SAN 30/70 blend indicate that an elastic network between neighboring PA 6 domains was formed. In simple elongation, the transient elongational viscosity of this blend exceeded the linear viscoelastic prediction of the fractional Zener model, whereas for the PA 6/SAN 70/30 blend the theoretical prediction of the elongational viscosity agreed well with the experimental data. The recovered stretch of all blends was much larger than the recovered stretch of pure PA 6 and SAN. This increase of elasticity was caused by the interfacial tension driven recovery and by the effects of reactive compatibilization. The morphological analysis showed that during elongation the phase domains of all blends were strongly stretched and retracted to an isotropic shape during recovery.

Effects of reactive compatibilization on the performance of nano-silica filled polypropylene composites

Effects of reactive compatibilization on the performance of nano-silica filled polypropylene composites