Effect Of Rapid Climate Change Research Articles

Investigation on Modelling and Control of Induction Machine

The usage of renewable resources results in easing the burden on exhaustible fuels. Consequently, there is a marked reduction in pollution and an improvement in the general environmental conditions. Shifting from exhaustible fuel to a clean energy-based system is a sure-shot way of combating the adverse effects of rapid climate change. This study is a comparison of two MPPT control methods applied to a solar energy conversion system. The two algorithms i.e., Perturb and Observe, and Modified Perturb and Observe were implemented in Simulink and their results were compared. The analysis revealed comparative details related to the system.

Evolutionary responses of a reef-building coral to climate change at the end of the last glacial maximum.

Climate change threatens the survival of coral reefs on a global scale, primarily through mass bleaching and mortality as a result of marine heatwaves. While these short-term effects are clear, predicting the fate of coral reefs over the coming century is a major challenge. One way to understand the longer-term effect of rapid climate change is to examine the response of coral populations to past climate shifts. Coastal and shallow-water marine ecosystems such as coral reefs have been reshaped many times by sea-level changes during the Pleistocene, yet few studies have directly linked this with its consequences on population demographics, dispersal, and adaptation. Here we use powerful analytical techniques, afforded by haplotype-phased whole-genomes, to establish such links for the reef-building coral, Acropora digitifera. We show that three genetically distinct populations are present in northwestern Australia, and that their rapid divergence since the last glacial maximum (LGM) can be explained by a combination of founder-effects and restricted gene flow. Signatures of selective sweeps, too strong to be explained by demographic history, are present in all three populations and overlap with genes that show different patterns of functional enrichment between inshore and offshore habitats. In contrast to rapid divergence in the host, we find that photosymbiont communities are largely undifferentiated between corals from all three locations, spanning almost 1000 km, indicating that selection on host genes, and not acquisition of novel symbionts, has been the primary driver of adaptation for this species in northwestern Australia.

Importance and main ecological and environmental problems of lakes in China

<p indent="0mm">Lakes including reservoirs are sensitive to global environmental change and human activities in the basin. They are sensitive sentinels and regulators of global environmental change and regional climate. Meanwhile, lakes are important constituent of “landscape, forest, farmland, lake, grassland and sand” life community. Remote sensing monitoring showed that there were 2670 lakes (≥<sc>1 km²)</sc> with a total water area of <sc>80662.4 km²,</sc> and 5156 reservoirs (≥<sc>1 km²)</sc> with a total water area of <sc>39697.1 km²</sc> in China in 2020. China Water Statistical Yearbook 2021 showed that the number and storage capacity of completed reservoirs increased from 86822 to 98566, and from <sc>416.9</sc> to <sc>930.6 km³</sc> from 1980 to 2020. Therefore, there is a total lakes and reservoirs area of <sc>120359.5 km²,</sc> but only accounting for 1.25% of China’s land area. Although the area of lakes and their proportion of land area are very limited, lakes play a vital role in ensuring the ecological civilization construction and promoting the economic and social development of the basin. Unfortunately, the importance and ecological service values of lakes are seriously underestimated and lack the real quantification. Therefore, this study systematically explores and quantifies the importance and ecological services of lakes in China from seven different perspectives. First, lakes are the most and the best centralized drinking water sources (CDWSs) contributing 40.6% of the CDWSs vs. river (30.8%) and groundwater (28.6%), and act as the backbone of the safety of drinking water in China based on 1093 CDWSs from 340 prefecture-level cities and 55 county-level cities (population ≥1 million). Second, lakes have important regulation and storage functions and play a key role in flood control and drought resistance. Based on the national lake survey data, the total amount of water regulation of natural lakes (≥<sc>1 km²)</sc> is close to <sc>150 km³.</sc> Meanwhile, the joint operation of the Yangtze River Basin in 2021 indicated a total regulation capacity of <sc>106.6 km³</sc> and a total flood control capacity of about <sc>69.5 km³</sc> of 47 control reservoirs. Third, lake basins play an important role in the national economic development and food security. Of China’s nine major commercial grain production areas, seven are located in Jianghuai lakes zone and northeast plain lake zone. Fourth, lakes are one of the richest biodiversity ecosystems on earth. Among the 62 international important wetlands in China, there are 26 lake wetlands including Lake Poyang, Lake Dongting, Lake Qinghai etc accounting for 41.9%. Fifth, lake fishery plays an important role in China’s fishery production evidenced by China Fishery Statistical Yearbook 2021, which showed that the aquaculture area of lakes was 2186662 hectares, accounting for 42.7% of the national freshwater aquaculture area and 30.8% of the national aquaculture area in 2019. Sixth, lakes have important tourism value and contribute to beautiful business cards of many cities. Among the 45 national tourist resorts in China, there are 15 lakes tourist resorts, accounting for one third, highlighting the rich tourism value resources of lakes. Seventh, lakes are an important part of the northern ecological security barrier. Lake Hulunhu, Lake Wuliangsuhai, Lake Daihai, Lake Qinghaihu, Lake Bositenghu, and Lake Aibihu act as the key nodes of northern ecological security barrier. In addition, lakes play a big role in energy storage and power generation, agricultural irrigation, inland navigation, carbon sequestration and pollution reduction and regional climate regulation. Large numbers of lakes with different types are widely distributed throughout China exhibiting obvious regional differentiation. Moreover, lakes are facing many ecological and environmental problems which reduce their value of providing ecological services. Specifically, eutrophication and cyanobacteria bloom have not been fundamentally alleviated, which threats the water quality safety of lake drinking water sources. The aquatic vegetation of the lakes is seriously degraded, which weaken their purification capacity and reduce their biodiversity. The synergistic effects of rapid climate change and intense human activities cause either lake flooding, shrinkage or salinization. Warm and humid climate results in a rapid expansion of the lakes on the Tibetan Plateau, which significantly increase the risk of glacial lake outburst. Aiming the above-mentioned ecological and environmental problems, this study puts forward the strategies and countermeasures for lake protection and management including lake-basin system studies, scientific regulation of water resources, cyanobacteria bloom early warning and control, national lake ecological restoration project, basin industrial structure upgrading, and lake protection legislation, which will promote the improvement of lake environmental and the construction of beautiful lakes.

Marine Debris Floating in Arctic and Temperate Northeast Atlantic Waters

Floating marine debris is ubiquitous in marine environments but knowledge about quantities in remote regions is still limited. Here, we present the results of an extensive survey of floating marine debris by experts, trained scientists from fields other than pollution or non-professional citizen scientists. A total of 276 visual ship-based surveys were conducted between 2015 and 2020 in the Northeast (NE) Atlantic from waters off the Iberian Peninsula to the Central Arctic, however, with a focus on Arctic waters. Spatiotemporal variations among regional seas (Central Arctic, Barents Sea, Greenland Sea, Norwegian Sea, North Sea) and oceanic regions (Arctic waters and the temperate NE Atlantic) were explored. The overall median debris concentration was 11 items km-2, with considerable variability. The median concentration was highest in the North Sea with 19 items km-2. The Nordic seas, except the Central Arctic showed median concentrations ranging from 9 to 13 items km-2. Plastic accounted for 91% of all floating items. Miscellaneous fragments, films, ropes and nets, packaging materials, expanded polystyrene and straps were the most frequently observed plastic types. Although the median debris concentration in the Central Arctic was zero, this region was not entirely free of floating debris. The variations between regional seas and oceanic regions were statistically not significant indicating a continuous supply by a northward transportation of floating debris. The data show a slight annual decrease and clear seasonal differences in debris concentrations with higher levels observed during summer. A correlation between debris concentrations and environmental and spatial variables was found, explaining partly the variability in the observations. Pollution levels were 500 times lower than those recorded on the seafloor indicating the seafloor as a sink for marine debris. The Arctic was characterised by similar pollution levels as regions in temperate latitudes highlighting that Arctic ecosystems face threats from plastic pollution, which add to the effects of rapid climate change.

Consequences of thermal plasticity for hypoxic performance in coastal amphipods

Physiological plasticity may confer an ability to deal with the effect of rapid climate change on aquatic ectotherms. However, plasticity induced by one stressor may only be adaptive in situ if it generates cross-tolerance to other stressors. Understanding the consequences of thermal acclimation on hypoxia thresholds is vital to understanding future climate-driven hypoxia. We tested if thermal acclimation benefits hypoxic performance in four closely-related amphipod species. The effects of thermal acclimation (7 days at 10 or 20 °C) on routine metabolic rate (RMR) and critical oxygen tensions (Pcrit) were determined at a standardised test temperature (20 °C). Gammarus chevreuxi and Echinogammarus marinus displayed increased Pcrit with acute warming but warm acclimation negated this increase. Pcrit of Gammarus duebeni was thermally insensitive. Gammarus zaddachi displayed increased Pcrit upon acute warming but little change via acclimation. Cross-tolerance between thermal plasticity and hypoxia may improve performance for some, but not all, species under future environmental change.

Role of Soils and Its Trace Element Concentration on Human Dental Health: An Overview

Recognition of the relationship between soils and human health dates back to ancient times and soil degradation has certainly been an important issue for human civilization. The intake of food quality and its nutrition value depends to a large extent on the health of soils, in which it is grown. Moreover, the quality of drinking water depends upon the mineral-bearing rocks forming the aquifers, the soils through which it passes and the related geo-hydrological parameters. The present study specifically addresses the dental health problems caused due to the in-situ ground condition of the locality and the soil contamination. This kind of study has become more vital considering the fact that the burden of oral diseases is increasing in many developing countries, especially among the rural masses. However, the possible connections between soils or ground conditions and dental problems are yet to be established properly. Mechanism of the incorporation of trace elements into soils and further into human teeth need more understanding. The present appraisal of the works related to soils and human health can be considered as thought-provoking for future research in this field, especially in view of the effects of rapid climate change and industrialisation on soils and human health in recent times.

On the plains and prairies of Minnesota: The role of mathematical statistics in biological explanation

In this essay, I consider the use of mathematical statistics in the study of biological systems in the field, using as case studies the work of Ruth Geyer Shaw and her colleagues at the University of Minnesota. To address practical issues, like how to enhance prairie restoration, and how to prepare for (and perhaps prevent) the effect of rapid climate change, she and her colleagues combine mathematical modeling and intensive data collection in the field. Using ANOVA and the more versatile approach of Aster Models, they show the effects of inbreeding (which follows from the fragmentation of prairie) to lower the fitness of plant populations. They study the genetic variance of plants in stable populations, which is important when that population must deal with changing conditions. And they study the consequences of rapid climate change: even good genetic variance and initial fitness may not save a given population from extinction. This leads to a new alliance of science with local, state, federal and global politics.

From Drones to Phenotype: Using UAV-LiDAR to Detect Species and Provenance Variation in Tree Productivity and Structure

The use of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) for remote sensing of natural environments has increased over the last decade. However, applications of this technology for high-throughput individual tree phenotyping in a quantitative genetic framework are rare. We here demonstrate a two-phased analytical pipeline that rapidly phenotypes and filters for genetic signals in traditional and novel tree productivity and architectural traits derived from ultra-dense light detection and ranging (LiDAR) point clouds. The goal of this study was rapidly phenotype individual trees to understand the genetic basis of ecologically and economically significant traits important for guiding the management of natural resources. Individual tree point clouds were acquired using UAV-LiDAR captured over a multi-provenance common-garden restoration field trial located in Tasmania, Australia, established using two eucalypt species (Eucalyptus pauciflora and Eucalyptus tenuiramis). Twenty-five tree productivity and architectural traits were calculated for each individual tree point cloud. The first phase of the analytical pipeline found significant species differences in 13 of the 25 derived traits, revealing key structural differences in productivity and crown architecture between species. The second phase investigated the within species variation in the same 25 structural traits. Significant provenance variation was detected for 20 structural traits in E. pauciflora and 10 in E. tenuiramis, with signals of divergent selection found for 11 and 7 traits, respectively, putatively driven by the home-site environment shaping the observed variation. Our results highlight the genetic-based diversity within and between species for traits important for forest structure, such as crown density and structural complexity. As species and provenances are being increasingly translocated across the landscape to mitigate the effects of rapid climate change, our results that were achieved through rapid phenotyping using UAV-LiDAR, raise the need to understand the functional value of productivity and architectural traits reflecting species and provenance differences in crown structure and the interplay they have on the dependent biotic communities.

Adaptive introgression during environmental change can weaken reproductive isolation

Anthropogenic climate change is an urgent threat to species diversity1,2. One aspect of this threat is the merging of species through increased hybridization3. The primary mechanism for this collapse is thought to be the weakening of ecologically mediated reproductive barriers, as demonstrated in cases of ‘reverse speciation’4,5. Here, we expand on this idea and show that adaptive introgression between species adapting to a shared, moving climatic optimum can readily weaken any reproductive barrier, including those that are completely independent of climate. Using genetically explicit forward-time simulations, we show that genetic linkage between alleles conferring adaptation to a changing climate and alleles conferring reproductive isolation (intrinsic and/or non-climatic extrinsic) can lead to adaptive introgression facilitating the homogenization of reproductive isolation alleles. This effect causes the decay of species boundaries across a broad and biologically realistic parameter space. We explore how the magnitude of this effect depends on the rate of climate change, the genetic architecture of adaptation, the initial degree of reproductive isolation, the degree to which reproductive isolation is intrinsic versus extrinsic and the mutation rate. These results highlight a previously unexplored effect of rapid climate change on species diversity. Increased hybridization has the potential to threaten species diversity. Here population genetic computer simulations show that climate-induced adaptive introgression could readily lead to hybridization even when reproductive isolation is independent from climate.

Site and age discrimination using trace element fingerprints in the blue mussel, Mytilus edulis

The ability to accurately estimate population connectivity and larval dispersal among mussel populations in the Gulf of Maine is important to better understand ongoing declines in blue mussel abundances. Such efforts are crucial for crafting conservation strategies targeting important spawning and settlement sites necessary to support threatened local shellfisheries, and to mitigate the potential effects of rapid climate change on larval dispersal and survivorship. Trace element fingerprints can be used to infer larval dispersal and population connectivity, but require a reference map of geographic variation in elemental fingerprints to infer natal sites of settled mussels. Previous work has suggested rearing mussel larvae in situ to create a reference map because biomineralization differs between larval and post-metamorphic mussels, which might lead to differences in trace element fingerprints. To test whether elemental fingerprints differed between larval and juvenile (post-metamorphic) mussels (Mytilus edulis), we reared them in situ and under controlled laboratory conditions. Trace element concentrations in larval and juvenile shell matrices were quantified using laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICPMS). The majority of trace element concentrations, normalized to calcium, differed between larval and juvenile mussels, resulting in elemental fingerprints that were consistently distinct between age classes. Larval and juvenile fingerprints differed consistently whether they were reared in the lab or field, probably reflecting age-specific differences in biomineralization. To use trace element fingerprints to estimate larval dispersal and population connectivity, our results suggest that a spatial map of elemental fingerprints should be created by rearing larval, not juvenile, mussels at potential source populations. Our results are consistent with what has been found for other mussels and thus may be true for all mussels, and likely true for any bivalves with age-specific differences in biomineralization.

A comparative study on the nitrogen utilization efficiency and growth rate of domestic keumgang and chokyeong wheat

All countries, including Korea, are currently experiencing the effect of rapid climate change. As a result, the cultivation area of many crops including wheat is changing, or productivity is falling sharply. If enough nitrogen is present in the soil, the increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide due to the greenhouse effect can lead to increased photosynthesis of plants, resulting in increased productivity. By contrast, a low proportion of nitrogen in soil does not increase production, often leading to the use of nitrogen fertilizers to increase crop productivity: this causes serious environmental pollution due to the leakage of nitrogen fertilizers used by crops. Increasing the understanding of the molecular level of the plant nitrogen use efficiency mechanism may contribute to increased productivity of crops and reduced of environmental pollution by nitrogen. In Korea, cultivars have developed 35 kinds of wheat, such as ‘keumgang’ and ‘Chokyeong’, which can be used for specific purposes such as baking or noodles. In this study we investigate ‘keumgang’ and ‘Chokyeong’ in order to elucidate the mechanism of nitrogen use ability of wheat and contribute to the reduction of environmental pollution by providing guidelines for the proper use of nitrogenous fertilizer.

Vertebrate paleontology, stratigraphy, and paleohydrology of Tule Springs Fossil Beds National Monument, Nevada (USA)

Tule Springs Fossil Beds National Monument (TUSK) preserves 22,650 acres of the upper Las Vegas Wash in the northern Las Vegas Valley (Nevada, USA). TUSK is home to extensive and stratigraphically complex groundwater discharge (GWD) deposits, called the Las Vegas Formation, which represent springs and desert wetlands that covered much of the valley during the late Quaternary. The GWD deposits record hydrologic changes that occurred here in a dynamic and temporally congruent response to abrupt climatic oscillations over the last ~300 ka (thousands of years). The deposits also entomb the Tule Springs Local Fauna (TSLF), one of the most significant late Pleistocene (Rancholabrean) vertebrate assemblages in the American Southwest. The TSLF is both prolific and diverse, and includes a large mammal assemblage dominated by Mammuthus columbi and Camelops hesternus. Two (and possibly three) distinct species of Equus, two species of Bison, Panthera atrox, Smilodon fatalis, Canis dirus, Megalonyx jeffersonii, and Nothrotheriops shastensis are also present, and newly recognized faunal components include micromammals, amphibians, snakes, and birds. Invertebrates, plant macrofossils, and pollen also occur in the deposits and provide important and complementary paleoenvironmental information. This field compendium highlights the faunal assemblage in the classic stratigraphic sequences of the Las Vegas Formation within TUSK, emphasizes the significant hydrologic changes that occurred in the area during the recent geologic past, and examines the subsequent and repeated effect of rapid climate change on the local desert wetland ecosystem.

Vertebrate paleontology, stratigraphy, and paleohydrology of Tule Springs Fossil Beds National Monument, Nevada (USA)

Tule Springs Fossil Beds National Monument (TUSK) preserves 22,650 acres of the upper Las Vegas Wash in the northern Las Vegas Valley (Nevada, USA). TUSK is home to extensive and stratigraphically complex groundwater discharge (GWD) deposits, called the Las Vegas Formation, which represent springs and desert wetlands that covered much of the valley during the late Quaternary. The GWD deposits record hydrologic changes that occurred here in a dynamic and temporally congruent response to abrupt climatic oscillations over the last ~300 ka (thousands of years). The deposits also entomb the Tule Springs Local Fauna (TSLF), one of the most significant late Pleistocene (Rancholabrean) vertebrate assemblages in the American Southwest. The TSLF is both prolific and diverse, and includes a large mammal assemblage dominated by Mammuthus columbi and Camelops hesternus. Two (and possibly three) distinct species of Equus, two species of Bison, Panthera atrox, Smilodon fatalis, Canis dirus, Megalonyx jeffersonii, and Nothrotheriops shastensis are also present, and newly recognized faunal components include micromammals, amphibians, snakes, and birds. Invertebrates, plant macrofossils, and pollen also occur in the deposits and provide important and complementary paleoenvironmental information. This field compendium highlights the faunal assemblage in the classic stratigraphic sequences of the Las Vegas Formation within TUSK, emphasizes the significant hydrologic changes that occurred in the area during the recent geologic past, and examines the subsequent and repeated effect of rapid climate change on the local desert wetland ecosystem.

Equatorward phytoplankton migration during a cold spell within the Late Cretaceous super-greenhouse

Abstract. Oceanic Anoxic Event 2 (OAE2), a ∼ 600 kyr episode close to the Cenomanian–Turonian boundary (ca. 94 Ma), is characterized by relatively widespread marine anoxia and ranks amongst the warmest intervals of the Phanerozoic. The early stages of OAE2 are, however, marked by an episode of widespread transient cooling and bottom water oxygenation: the Plenus Cold Event. This cold spell has been linked to a decline in atmospheric pCO2, resulting from enhanced global organic carbon burial. To investigate the response of phytoplankton to this marked and rapid climate shift we examined the biogeographical response of dinoflagellates to the Plenus Cold Event. Our study is based on a newly generated geochemical and palynological data set from a high-latitude Northern Hemisphere site, Pratts Landing (western Alberta, Canada). We combine these data with a semi-quantitative global compilation of the stratigraphic distribution of dinoflagellate cyst taxa. The data show that dinoflagellate cysts grouped in the Cyclonephelium compactum–membraniphorum morphological plexus migrated from high to mid-latitudes during the Plenus Cold Event, making it the sole widely found (micro)fossil to mark this cold spell. In addition to earlier reports from regional metazoan migrations during the Plenus Cold Event, our findings illustrate the effect of rapid climate change on the global biogeographical dispersion of phytoplankton.

He Decline of Vitality Caused by Increasing Drought in a Beech Provenance Trial Predicted by Juvenile Growth

Background and Purpose: Due to rapidly changing environmental conditions, locally adapted tree populations are likely to experience climate conditions to which they are not well adapted. Common garden experiments provide a powerful tool for studying adaptive responses in changing climates. Out of the 1998 series of international beech provenance trials, one experiment was established in Bucsuta, SW Hungary. Because of its peripheral location, this is probably the most apposite site in the experimental series to study and predict responses of populations to sudden climatic changes, simulated by transfer. Material and Methods: 15-year diameter data of 28 beech populations from different regions of Europe were used to mimic responses to climate change by transplantation to the test site. The effect of 17 climate variables and five derived climate indices on growth have been compared, while Ellenberg drought index (EQ) was selected for calculating a linear regression (transfer function) to project a growth trend for future climate change. results: Out of the bioclimatic variables, Ellenberg drought index at the location of the origin of provenances has shown the best correlation with 15-year diameter. The regression of growth vs. the ecodistance of transfer (difference between data of the trial site and of the site of origin), expressed in EQ, explained 25% of the total variation between provenances and indicated a clear trend of declining performance with the increasing change of climate the populations were adapted to. Conclusion: Negative effect of rapid climate change on beech populations cannot be denied, and the results draw attention to the importance of using appropriate planting stock matching with future climate conditions at the planting site.

The significance of Shuidonggou Locality 12 to studies of hunter-gatherer adaptive strategies in North China during the Late Pleistocene

The effect of rapid climate change during the Late Upper Paleolithic on hunter-gatherers is attested by a variety of signals in the archaeological record. One of these, the spread of the microblade technology in North China, shows a particularly close relationship with climate change. The appearance of microblades and functionally related bone and ground stone technology at SDG12 is particularly revealing of this Late Pleistocene adaptive diversification in North China. SDG12 and other records suggest that microblade technology flourished in harsh environments that demanded high residential mobility. That in addition to their use in hunting weaponry, microblades were used in manufacturing the sophisticated cold weather clothing required for winter mobility, is shown by the presence of bone needles and a bone knife handle slotted to accept microblades. The SDG12 fauna and ground stone indicate an attendant shift from a more large game dominated, to a more plant and small game dominated diet that included net hunting and demanded a variety of production tasks that included net-making (spinning) and extensive stone boiling to maximize nutrient returns and as a step in manufacturing. We suspect these changes are the root cause of subsequent changes in social structure.

Climate change and the oceans – What does the future hold?

The ocean has been shielding the earth from the worst effects of rapid climate change by absorbing excess carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. This absorption of CO2 is driving the ocean along the pH gradient towards more acidic conditions. At the same time ocean warming is having pronounced impacts on the composition, structure and functions of marine ecosystems. Warming, freshening (in some areas) and associated stratification are driving a trend in ocean deoxygenation, which is being enhanced in parts of the coastal zone by upwelling of hypoxic deep water. The combined impact of warming, acidification and deoxygenation are already having a dramatic effect on the flora and fauna of the oceans with significant changes in distribution of populations, and decline of sensitive species. In many cases, the impacts of warming, acidification and deoxygenation are increased by the effects of other human impacts, such as pollution, eutrophication and overfishing.The interactive effects of this deadly trio mirrors similar events in the Earth’s past, which were often coupled with extinctions of major species’ groups. Here we review the observed impacts and, using past episodes in the Earth’s history, set out what the future may hold if carbon emissions and climate change are not significantly reduced with more or less immediate effect.

Adaptive Capacity of the Habitat Modifying Sea Urchin Centrostephanus rodgersii to Ocean Warming and Ocean Acidification: Performance of Early Embryos

BackgroundPredicting effects of rapid climate change on populations depends on measuring the effects of climate stressors on performance, and potential for adaptation. Adaptation to stressful climatic conditions requires heritable genetic variance for stress tolerance present in populations.Methodology/Principal FindingsWe quantified genetic variation in tolerance of early development of the ecologically important sea urchin Centrostephanus rodgersii to near-future (2100) ocean conditions projected for the southeast Australian global change hot spot. Multiple dam-sire crosses were used to quantify the interactive effects of warming (+2–4°C) and acidification (−0.3−0.5 pH units) across twenty-seven family lines. Acidification, but not temperature, decreased the percentage of cleavage stage embryos. In contrast, temperature, but not acidification decreased the percentage of gastrulation. Cleavage success in response to both stressors was strongly affected by sire identity. Sire and dam identity significantly affected gastrulation and both interacted with temperature to determine developmental success. Positive genetic correlations for gastrulation indicated that genotypes that did well at lower pH also did well in higher temperatures.Conclusions/SignificanceSignificant genotype (sire) by environment interactions for both stressors at gastrulation indicated the presence of heritable variation in thermal tolerance and the ability of embryos to respond to changing environments. The significant influence of dam may be due to maternal provisioning (maternal genotype or environment) and/or offspring genotype. It appears that early development in this ecologically important sea urchin is not constrained in adapting to the multiple stressors of ocean warming and acidification. The presence of tolerant genotypes indicates the potential to adapt to concurrent warming and acidification, contributing to the resilience of C. rodgersii in a changing ocean.

Impacts of late Holocene rapid climate changes as recorded in a macrotidal coastal setting (Mont-Saint-Michel Bay, France)

Research Article| November 01, 2009 Impacts of late Holocene rapid climate changes as recorded in a macrotidal coastal setting (Mont-Saint-Michel Bay, France) I. Billeaud; I. Billeaud 1Morphodynamique Continentale et Côtière, Université de Caen, UMR CNRS 6143, 24 rue des Tilleuls, 14000 Caen, France Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar B. Tessier; B. Tessier 1Morphodynamique Continentale et Côtière, Université de Caen, UMR CNRS 6143, 24 rue des Tilleuls, 14000 Caen, France Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar P. Lesueur P. Lesueur 1Morphodynamique Continentale et Côtière, Université de Caen, UMR CNRS 6143, 24 rue des Tilleuls, 14000 Caen, France Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar Author and Article Information I. Billeaud 1Morphodynamique Continentale et Côtière, Université de Caen, UMR CNRS 6143, 24 rue des Tilleuls, 14000 Caen, France B. Tessier 1Morphodynamique Continentale et Côtière, Université de Caen, UMR CNRS 6143, 24 rue des Tilleuls, 14000 Caen, France P. Lesueur 1Morphodynamique Continentale et Côtière, Université de Caen, UMR CNRS 6143, 24 rue des Tilleuls, 14000 Caen, France Publisher: Geological Society of America Received: 10 Apr 2009 Revision Received: 19 Jun 2009 Accepted: 30 Jun 2009 First Online: 02 Mar 2017 Online ISSN: 1943-2682 Print ISSN: 0091-7613 © 2009 Geological Society of America Geology (2009) 37 (11): 1031–1034. https://doi.org/10.1130/G30310A.1 Article history Received: 10 Apr 2009 Revision Received: 19 Jun 2009 Accepted: 30 Jun 2009 First Online: 02 Mar 2017 Cite View This Citation Add to Citation Manager Share Icon Share Facebook Twitter LinkedIn MailTo Tools Icon Tools Get Permissions Search Site Citation I. Billeaud, B. Tessier, P. Lesueur; Impacts of late Holocene rapid climate changes as recorded in a macrotidal coastal setting (Mont-Saint-Michel Bay, France). Geology 2009;; 37 (11): 1031–1034. doi: https://doi.org/10.1130/G30310A.1 Download citation file: Ris (Zotero) Refmanager EasyBib Bookends Mendeley Papers EndNote RefWorks BibTex toolbar search Search Dropdown Menu toolbar search search input Search input auto suggest filter your search All ContentBy SocietyGeology Search Advanced Search Abstract The impacts of rapid climate changes during the Holocene are well documented in deep oceanic and lacustrine sediments. Until now, no studies have shown the effects of rapid climate change on tidal successions in coastal wedges formed during the late Holocene transgression. Cores and very high resolution seismic data collected in Mont-Saint-Michel Bay, France, a macrotidal setting, demonstrate that rapid climate changes, with ~1500 year periodicity, are recorded in the sedimentary successions that constitute the late Holocene infill of the bay. The sedimentary expressions of rapid climate changes vary according to the different subenvironments within Mont-Saint-Michel Bay; cycles, a few meters thick, can be correlated throughout the bay, and radiocarbon dating suggests that they have a millennial time scale. The various changes reflect an increase in wave dynamics in association with Bond cold events, possibly in conjunction with long-term (1800 year periodicity) tidal cycles. You do not have access to this content, please speak to your institutional administrator if you feel you should have access.

Key Findings, Science Gaps and Policy Recommendations

In general, changes in climate and UV in the Arctic will have far-reaching impacts, affecting aquatic species of varying trophic levels, the physical environment that makes up their habitat and the chemical properties of that environment, and the processes that act on and within freshwater ecosystems. Interactions of climatic variables such as temperature and precipitation with freshwater ecosystems are highly complex and can be propagated through the ecosystem in ways that are not readily projectable. This reduces our ability to accurately forecast specific effects of climate and ultraviolet-radiation change upon freshwater systems. This is particularly the case when dealing with threshold responses, i.e., those that produce step-wise and/or non-linear effects. Our ability is further hampered simply by our poor understanding of Arctic freshwater systems and their basic interrelationships with climatic and other environmental variables, as well as by a paucity of long-term freshwater monitoring sites and integrated hydroecological research programs in the Arctic. A significant amount of the understanding of potential impacts is based on historical analogues (i.e., historical evidence from past periods of climate change), as well as from a limited number of more recent studies of ecosystem response to environmental variability. Paleoreconstructions indicate that during the most recent period of climatic warming, which followed the Little Ice Age, the Arctic reached its highest average annual temperatures observed in the past 400 years, resulting in glacier retreat, permafrost thaw, and major shifts in freshwater ecosystems. Examples of ecosystem effects included altered water chemistry, changes in species assemblages, altered productivity, and an extended growing-season length. Importantly, however, past natural change in the Arctic occurred at a rate much slower than that projected for anthropogenic climate change over the next 100 years. In the past, organisms had considerable time to adapt; their responses may therefore not provide good historical analogues for what will result under much more rapid climate change. In many cases, the adaptability (i.e., adaptation, acclimation, or migration) of organisms under rapidly changing climate conditions is largely unknown. Unfortunately, no largescale attempts have been made to study the effects of rapid climate change on aquatic ecosystems using controlled experiments, as have been attempted for terrestrial systems (e.g., see International Tundra Experiment studies of tundra plant response in (1). However, field studies in areas that have recently experienced rapid changes in climate have provided important knowledge. Information about ongoing climate change impacts is provided by results from long-term environmental monitoring and research sites in the Arctic, including the case studies used in this assessment (i.e., Northern Quebec and Labrador, Canada (see 2), Toolik Lake, Alaska and Lake Saanajarvi, Finnish Lapland (see 3), and the Zackenberg Valley in northeastern Greenland (see 4).