Effect Of Radiofrequency Electromagnetic Field Research Articles

EFFECT OF EXPOSURE OF MOBILE PHONE RADIATIONS ON RED BLOOD CELL OF MICE- A SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPIC STUDY

The fourth generation (4G) smart phones handset emits extra radiation due to MIMO (multiple inputs and multiple outputs) systems than third generation (3G) smart phones handset. Present study was designed to compare and evaluate the detrimental effect of radiofrequency electromagnetic field (RF-EMF) radiation emitted from 3G & 4G cell phone on red blood cells (RBCs) through scanning electron micrograph (SEM). The Swiss albino mice were exposed to 3G mobile phone (SAR =0.406 W/Kg & 0.562W/Kg for body and head respectively; average power density: 0.998 mW/cm2 ), and 4G mobile phone (SAR = 0.458 W/Kg & 1.520W/Kg for body and head respectively; average power density: 1.032 mW/cm2 ) during video call for a period of 4 hours/day for 120 days. Several morphological alterations were observed in the RBCs of both the exposed groups. SEM of RBCs has altered membrane. poikilocytosis, anisocytosis and macrocytosis were evident in both 3G & 4G groups. The extents of alteration were higher in 4G exposed group. Interestingly, ost of the changes were recovered to normal after removal of exposure for 30 days.

Effect of Electromagnetic Waves of Mobile Phone on Human Brain

Mobile phones (MP) have become one of the most used devices for communication. Historically, enough proofs have ruled out the substantial short-term effect of radiofrequency electromagnetic field (RF-EMF) emitted by MP on the human brain and its cognitive performance. The aim of this mini-review is to examine the different effects of electromagnetic waves emitted by MP on human brain. We base our arguments on analyzing recent neuroimaging and electroencephalography studies that will elaborate the effects of the human brain's exposure to the EMF’MP. Several studies indicated an increase in cortical excitability and/or efficiency related to EMF exposure, while other experiments proved that no changes or variations have been found after EMF exposure. Based on a study done in 2020, the exposure to EMF emitted by MP has no abnormal discharges during the real MPR exposure. In contrast, an increase events number in real exposure has been found.

Effect of Radiofrequency Electromagnetic Fields on Thermal Sensitivity in the Rat.

The World Health Organization and the French Health Safety Agency (ANSES) recognize that the expressed pain and suffering of electromagnetic field hypersensitivity syndrome (EHS) people are a lived reality requiring daily life adaptations to cope. Mechanisms involving glutamatergic N-methyl d-aspartate (NMDA) receptors were not explored yet, despite their possible role in hypersensitivity to chemicals. Here, we hypothesized that radiofrequency electromagnetic field (RF-EMF) exposures may affect pain perception under a modulatory role played by the NMDA receptor. The rats were exposed to RF-EMF for four weeks (five times a week, at 0 (sham), 1.5 or 6 W/kg in restraint) or were cage controls (CC). Once a week, they received an NMDA or saline injection before being scored for their preference between two plates in the two-temperatures choice test: 50 °C (thermal nociception) versus 28 °C. Results in the CC and the sham rats indicated that latency to escape from heat was significantly reduced by −45% after NMDA, compared to saline treatment. Heat avoidance was significantly increased by +40% in the 6 W/kg, compared to the sham exposed groups. RF-EMF effect was abolished after NMDA treatment. In conclusion, heat avoidance was higher after high brain-averaged specific absorption rate, affording further support for possible effect of RF-EMF on pain perception. Further studies need to be performed to confirm these data.

The Immunomodulatory Effect of Radiofrequency Electromagnetic Field on Serum Cytokine Levels in A Mouse Model of Hindlimb Unloading.

Objective Astronauts are exposed to a wide range of environmental stresses during spaceflights that reduce their immune responses and make them more susceptible to infections and malignancies. Exposure to a low dose of a certain stress induces an adaptive response, which leads to resistance to higher doses of the same or other types of stress. We designed this study to investigate the effect of radiofrequency electromagnetic field (RF-EMF)-induced adaptive response on immune system modulation in a mouse model of hindlimb unloading (HU) as a ground-based animal model of spaceflight conditions. Materials and Methods In this experimental study, serum levels of T helper (Th)-mediated cytokines were determined by the multiplex cytometric bead assay in four groups of mice (n=10 per group): HU mice, RF-EMF-treated mice, HU mice pre-exposed to RF-EMF; and untreated controls. Mice were exposed to 2450 MHz RF-EMF with SAR 0.478 W/ kg for 12 hours/day for three successive days. Results Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-9 (IL-9) and IL-22 were significantly decreased in HU mice. Comparison between HU mice and RF-EMF-treated mice showed an opposite change in IL-6, while IL-9, IL-22, IFN-γ and TNF-α decreased in both groups. However, just interferon gamma (IFN-γ) was significantly decreased in HU mice that were pre-exposed to RF-EMF compared to the control group. ConclusionThe effect of RF-EMF in elevating IL-6 and reducing IL-9 in opposite directions in HU mice suggest a modulating effect of RF-EMF on HU-induced changes in these cytokines, as Th2 and Th9 eventually returned to normal levels and balances in cytokine ratios were also restored in HU mice pre-exposed to RF-EMF.

Impact of Cerebral Radiofrequency Exposures on Oxidative Stress and Corticosterone in a Rat Model of Alzheimer's Disease.

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common type of neurodegenerative disease leading to dementia. Several studies suggested that mobile phone radiofrequency electromagnetic field (RF-EMF) exposures modified AD memory deficits in rodent models. Here we aimed to test the hypothesis that RF-EMF exposure may modify memory through corticosterone and oxidative stress in the Samaritan rat model of AD. Long-Evans male rats received intracerebroventricular infusion with ferrous sulphate, amyloid-beta 1-42 peptide, and buthionine-sufloximine (AD rats) or with vehicle (control rats). To mimic cell phone use, RF-EMF were exposed to the head for 1 month (5 days/week, in restraint). To look for hazard thresholds, high brain averaged specific absorption rates (BASAR) were tested: 1.5 W/Kg (15 min), 6 W/Kg (15 min), and 6 W/Kg (45 min). The sham group was in restraint for 45 min. Endpoints were spatial memory in the radial maze, plasmatic corticosterone, heme oxygenase-1 (HO1), and amyloid plaques. Results indicated similar corticosterone levels but impaired memory performances and increased cerebral staining of thioflavine and of HO1 in the sham AD rats compared to the controls. A correlative increase of cortical HO1 staining was the only effect of RF-EMF in control rats. In AD rats, RF-EMF exposures induced a correlative increase of hippocampal HO1 staining and reduced corticosterone. According to our data, neither AD nor control rats showed modified memory after RF-EMF exposures. Unlike control rats, AD rats showed higher hippocampal oxidative stress and reduced corticosterone with the higher BASAR. This data suggests more fragility related to neurodegenerative disease toward RF-EMF exposures.

Radiofrequency Electromagnetic Field Exposure and the Resting EEG: Exploring the Thermal Mechanism Hypothesis.

There is now strong evidence that radiofrequency electromagnetic field (RF-EMF) exposure influences the human electroencephalogram (EEG). While effects on the alpha band of the resting EEG have been repeatedly shown, the mechanisms underlying that effect have not been established. The current study used well-controlled methods to assess the RF-EMF exposure effect on the EEG and determine whether that effect might be thermally mediated. Thirty-six healthy adults participated in a randomized, double-blind, counterbalanced provocation study. A water-perfusion suit (34 °C) was worn throughout the study to negate environmental influences and stabilize skin temperature. Participants attended the laboratory on four occasions, the first being a calibration session and the three subsequent ones being exposure sessions. During each exposure session, EEG and skin temperature (8 sites) were recorded continuously during a baseline phase, and then during a 30 min exposure to a 920 MHz GSM-like signal (Sham, Low RF-EMF (1 W/kg) and High RF-EMF (2 W/kg)). Consistent with previous research, alpha EEG activity increased during the High exposure condition compared to the Sham condition. As a measure of thermoregulatory activation, finger temperature was found to be higher during both exposure conditions compared to the Sham condition, indicating for the first time that the effect on the EEG is accompanied by thermoregulatory changes and suggesting that the effect of RF-EMF on the EEG is consistent with a thermal mechanism.

Impacts of radio-frequency electromagneticfield (RF-EMF) from cell phone towers and wireless devices on biosystem and ecosystem – a review

This paper summarizes the effect of radio-frequency electromagnetic field (RF-EMF) from cell towers and wireless devices on the biosphere. Based on current available literature, it is justified to conclude that RF-EMF radiation exposure can change neurotransmitter functions, blood-brain barrier, morphology, electrophysiology, cellular metabolism, calcium efflux, and gene and protein expression in certain types of cells even at lower intensities. The biological consequences of such changes remain unclear. Short-term studies on the impacts of RF-EMF on frogs, honey bees, house sparrows, bats, and even humans are scare and long-term studies are non-existent in India. Identification of the frequency, intensity, and duration of non-ionizing electromagnetic fields causing damage to the biosystem and ecosystem would evolve strategies for mitigation and would enable the proper use of wireless technologies to enjoy its immense benefits, while ensuring one’s health and that of the environment

Exposure to 915 MHz radiation induces micronuclei in Vicia faba root tips.

The increasing use of mobile phones and wireless networks raised a great debate about the real carcinogenic potential of radiofrequency-electromagnetic field (RF-EMF) exposure associated with these devices. Conflicting results are reported by the great majority of in vivo and in vitro studies on the capability of RF-EMF exposure to induce DNA damage and mutations in mammalian systems. Aimed at understanding whether less ambiguous responses to RF-EMF exposure might be evidenced in plant systems with respect to mammalian ones, in the present work the mutagenic effect of RF-EMF has been studied through the micronucleus (MN) test in secondary roots of Vicia faba seedlings exposed to mobile phone transmission in controlled conditions, inside a transverse electro magnetic (TEM) cell. Exposure of roots was carried out for 72h using a continuous wave (CW) of 915 MHz radiation at three values of equivalent plane wave power densities (23, 35 and 46W/m(2)). The specific absorption rate (SAR) was measured with a calorimetric method and the corresponding values were found to fall in the range of 0.4-1.5W/kg. Results of three independent experiments show the induction of a significant increase of MN frequency after exposure, ranging from a 2.3-fold increase above the sham value, at the lowest SAR level, up to a 7-fold increase at the highest SAR. These findings are in agreement with the limited number of data on cytogenetic effects detected in other plant systems exposed to mobile phone RF-EMF frequencies and clearly show the capability of radiofrequency exposure to induce DNA damage in this eukaryotic cell system.

Pathological study of the effect of radiofrequency electromagnetic field with low power densities on male albino rats

This study designed to detect pathological effects of exposure to 2.45 MHz radiofrequency electromagnetic field with low power densities on mature male albino rats. 36 rats at 3-4 months age were used in the study, randomly devided to 6 groups with 6 animals for each group. The groups from 1-5 were exposed to 2.45 MHz radiofrequency electromagnetic field with different power densities : ( 5 MW/cm2 , 1 MW/cm2 , 500 µW/cm2 , 50 µW/cm2 and 10 µW/cm2, respectively). The 6th group represented non exposed control group. The exposed groups received 6 hours of exposure daily for 21 days as an exposure period. Clinical signs were observed daily and body weight and rectal temperature were monitored weekly. At the end of exposure period 3 animals were killed from each group for gross and histopathological examination , the other 3 animals were left for another 21 days without exposure represented post exposure period to detect the ability of rats to recover from the induced pathological changes if existed. The results showed occurrence of clinical signs at all exposed groups and more severe at group 1 manifested by nervous excitation at 1st hour of exposure followed by depression and stagnation to the end of 6 hours of exposure. There was no significant difference between the groups in body weight averages at the 3 weeks of experiment. A significant decrease in post exposure rectal temperature comparing with pre exposure rectal temperature has been noticed at groups 1 and 2 in 1st week and at group 3 in 2nd week of experiment with no significant differences in other groups. Gross and histopathological examination at the end of exposure period revealed presence of some pathological changes at group 1 manifested by perineuronal edema, mild microglial proliferation and congestion in the brain, in lungs there was acute bronchopneumonia with pulmonary vascular arteriosclerosis, there was also mucinous degeneration in duodenal epithelium with congestion of small intestine, in kidneys there was acute cell swelling of renal tubular epithelium with congestion. These changes less severely occurred at the groups 2 and 3, the exposed groups 4 and 5 similar to control did not show any pathological changes. At the end of post exposure period, pathological changes were detected at the groups 1,2 and 3 represented by bronchopneumonia and mucinous degeneration of small intestine .These changes were lighter than those observed at the end of exposure period .