Effectiveness Of Program Research Articles

Effectiveness of advance care planning programmes in improving end-of-life outcomes for individuals with dementia and their caregivers in nursing homes: protocol for a systematic review and meta-analysis

IntroductionWith advances in medicine and the resultant increased ageing population, dementia, including Alzheimer’s disease, has become a leading cause of death in individuals aged over 65 years in nursing homes....

Effects of general magnetic field therapy in comprehensive medical rehabilitation on the quality of life of patients with breast cancer

BACKGROUND: The Short Form-36 (SF-36) is one of the most widely used tools to assess quality of life in breast cancer patients. According to MEDLINE, the SF-36 is used in 95.0% of research studies to assess the quality of life in various diseases. Advantages of SF-36 include wide availability, ease of use, and high validity. AIM: The aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of general magnetic field therapy in comprehensive medical rehabilitation on the quality of life parameters using a SF-36 questionnaire in breast cancer patients at 2–4 days and 1.0–1.5 months after surgery. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A randomized, placebo-controlled study was conducted in patients (n=107) after surgery for breast cancer. All patients were divided into three groups balanced by age and clinical and functional parameters, and received a course of medical rehabilitation which included individual postoperative sessions of exercise therapy (posture treatment; movement therapy with breathing, general stimulating, special, and relaxation exercises; sensorimotor training using a biofeedback simulator; individual sessions with a medical psychologist; one session of instrumental physiotherapy). Comprehensive medical rehabilitation included fluctuating current therapy in group 1 (n=35), local magnetic field therapy in group 2 (n=35), and general magnetic field therapy in group 3 (n=37). RESULTS: Analysis of quality of life parameters in the early postoperative period demonstrated effectiveness of the comprehensive physical rehabilitation program using exercise therapy, balance boards, and sessions with a psychologist in combination with one of the physical treatment options. Positive results increase patients’ confidence in the success of their rehabilitation. After providing the general magnetic field therapy in comprehensive medical rehabilitation, most of the SF-36 quality of life parameters improved, which indicates the beneficial effects of the general magnetic field on situational and personal anxiety, asthenic and vegetative manifestations, and sleep, as well as prolongation of these effects. Patients who received fluctuating current therapy as part of medical rehabilitation improved their pain index and physical function, probably due to analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects of this treatment option. CONCLUSION: Comprehensive physical rehabilitation combined with physical therapy increases the patient’s independence in daily living, self-care, and mobility.

Estudio del Efecto de una Intervención en Competencias Emocionales en Educación Secundaria

Introduction. Adolescence is a crucial stage for emotional and social development. Therefore, fostering emotional competencies is key to improving well-being, social adaptation, and equipping with tools to face the characteristic challenges of this period. This study evaluates the effectiveness of an emotional competencies development program in adolescents. Method. The sample of this study consists of 175 secondary education students with an average age of 13.53 years (SD = 0.523), distributed as 48% males, 51.4% females, and 0.6% un-specified. For this purpose, a quasi-experimental pretest-posttest design with a control group is used. The program consists of 25 activities, implemented during an academic year in tutoring hours to develop emotional competencies. The statistical tests applied are the Mann-Whitney U test for independent samples and for paired samples. The instruments used to measure the study variables are the Emotional Development Questionnaire for Secondary Education (CDE-SEC), the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI), the Emotion Regulation Questionnaire for Children and Adolescents (ERQ-CA), the Brief Resilience Scale (BRS), and the School Violence Questionnaire (CUVE3-EP). Academic performance was provided by the teachers. Results. The findings show a significant improvement in the emotional competencies of awareness and regulation, as well as an increase in resilience and academic performance. Similarly, a significant decrease was observed in the emotional suppression strategy, anxiety, and various components of school violence in the intervention group. These results support the importance of emotional education during adolescence and the trend to improve constructs that require more time. Discussion or Conclusion. Working on emotional competencies in the classroom emerges as an effective tool for this purpose, highlighting the need for future research addressing the longterm effects of these interventions.

Employment Generation through Skills Development: Measuring Effectiveness of the Punjab Skills Development Fund in Enhancing Employability

Investigates the effectiveness of skills development programs in Pakistan, particularly focusing on the Punjab Skills Development Fund(PSDF). The study assessed programs' impact on employability and identified gaps in the current skills development framework. Present quantitative research found that PSDF programs have successfully enhanced the employability of trainees. Most trainees reported positive outcomes, including securing employment and achieving personal and professional growth. The study identified several critical gaps including the need for standardized curricula, improved training infrastructure, stronger industry linkages, and a more effective coordination mechanism between federal and provincial governments. Additionally, need to address the issue of access and equity, particularly for women and marginalized groups. To fully harness the potential of skills development, it is crucial to address these gaps and implement evidence-based policy reforms. By investing in quality training, strengthening industry partnerships, and promoting innovative approaches,Pakistan can build a skilled workforce that drives economic growth and social development.

Effectiveness of Self-care Support Program on the Quality of Life and Resilience of Family Caregivers of Stroke Patient; A Randomized Controlled Trial

Background: Family caregivers of stroke patients often experience a decline in quality of life (QOL) and resilience due to the challenges posed by the patient's disability, inadequate support systems, and difficulty adapting to the new circumstances. Objectives: This study investigated the impact of a self-care support program (SSP) for stroke patients and their family caregivers on improving their QOL and resilience. Methods: This randomized controlled trial was conducted in Beesat Hospital, Hamadan, Iran, in 2022, involving stroke patients and their family caregivers. A total of 80 patients and 80 family caregivers were randomly assigned to either the intervention group or the control group. The intervention group received the SSP, which included four weeks of continuous face-to-face and telephone follow-up. The control group followed the routine care program provided by the neurology ward. The patients' quality of life was assessed using the stroke specific quality of life (SS-QOL) tool, while family caregivers' QOL and resilience were evaluated using the Short Form-12 and Sixbey 2005 tools, respectively, both before and after the intervention. Data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics, including chi-square, paired t-tests, independent t-tests, and Fisher's exact test. The significance level was set at 0.05. Results: Among patients, the difference in the control group's total QOL score before and after the intervention was not statistically significant (P = 0.065), with scores of 83.77 ± 3.39 and 86.70 ± 8.25, respectively. Conversely, in the intervention group, the total QOL score significantly improved from 83.95 ± 1.43 to 119.72 ± 4.54 (P < 0.0001). For family caregivers, the total QOL score in the control group showed no significant improvement, increasing from 17.30 ± 1.60 to 18.17 ± 2.45 (P = 0.096). However, the intervention group experienced a significant increase in QOL scores, from 17.70 ± 1.11 to 25.37 ± 2.31 (P < 0.0001). Additionally, the resilience score in the control group slightly decreased from 129.15 ± 3.40 to 124.25 ± 5.31 (P = 0.12). In contrast, the resilience score in the intervention group increased significantly, from 130.25 ± 2.81 to 194.20 ± 2.15 (P < 0.0001). Conclusions: The findings of this study demonstrate the effectiveness of the SSP in improving the QOL of stroke patients and their family caregivers while significantly enhancing the resilience of family caregivers. It is recommended that medical and treatment teams prioritize involving family caregivers in care plans for debilitating diseases such as stroke and consider integrating SSPs into standard care protocols.

Population health and public health: Commonalities and differences.

To explore the synergy between population health and public health by initiating a discourse about their interconnected roles, responsibilities, and approaches in achieving optimal health outcomes. Population health and public health, although distinct, are interconnected disciplines critical for enhancing health outcomes. Population health focuses on analyzing health determinants and outcomes within specific groups, employing data to guide targeted interventions and policies. Public health, on the other hand, prioritizes broader preventive measures and community-wide interventions to safeguard health. Both fields benefit from a transdisciplinary approach that integrates strategies to address and improve health. Such integration is essential for addressing health disparities and improving the efficiency of health systems. By combining the analytical strengths of population health with the implementation capabilities of public health, a more comprehensive framework can be developed. These collaborations will not only enhance the effectiveness of health programs but also promote health equity by leveraging collective expertise and resources. They will facilitate the development of interventions that are both preventive and responsive, capable of addressing the upstream determinants of health and the immediate needs of communities. Such transdisciplinary efforts were demonstrated within the oral health field during the COVID-19 pandemic. The synergy between population and public health can lead to robust health outcomes, fostering comprehensive health promotion and disease prevention strategies. By aligning research, practices, and policies, these integrated approaches will transcend traditional boundaries within the healthcare sector to build efficient health systems.

Cognitive outcomes of the at-home brain balance program

Accessibility to developmental interventions for children and adolescents could be increased through virtual, at-home delivery of training programs. Virtual childhood training programs and their effects on cognitive outcomes have not been well studied. To that end, this study examined the effects of the at-home Brain Balance® (BB) program on the cognitive task performance of children and adolescents with baseline developmental and attentional difficulties. The study included students with reported diagnosis of ADHD, autism, anxiety, sensory processing disorder, or dyslexia, and students with no reported diagnosis (aged 4–17 years). The at-home BB program is delivered through (1) a computer-based format utilizing multimodal program activities previously studied in-center (multisensory stimulation, gross motor, coordination, balance, and nutritional recommendations); and (2) the BB app (visual motor, auditory and visual processing, and rhythm and timing training) — creating a comprehensive program experience delivered remotely. Cognitive performance was measured by six cognitive tasks from Creyos Health before and after 3 months of participation in the at-home BB program (N = 316) or in-center BB program (N = 4,232), compared to controls. Results showed that overall cognitive assessment scores (including attention, response inhibition, and working memory) improved after participation in either the at-home or the in-center program, compared to controls. Importantly, significant improvements over the controls were observed for two tasks involving attention and inhibitory control, in both programs. Further, two analyses support that the effects on cognitive performance from either delivery format, in-center or at home, are comparable in magnitude. This research: (1) presents new findings demonstrating improved cognitive performance after completing the at-home BB program; (2) replicates previous findings of cognitive improvements after completing the BB program; and (3) suggests that the cognitive effects of virtual at-home BB training are similar to those observed for in-center BB training. Overall, the results demonstrate the effectiveness of the at-home BB program in improving cognitive functioning in pediatric populations with preexisting developmental and attentional difficulties. Virtual delivery and ease of use, provide at-home programs the potential to reduce barriers of access to much-needed developmental and cognitive support, for individuals who may otherwise lack access to high-quality, evidence-based developmental programs.

Intervention programme to improve emotional regulation among adolescent with mental disorders: a systematic review

Adolescence is an important period for developing social and emotional habits that are important for mental well-being. This research aimed to know the effectiveness of intervention programs to improve emotional regulation in adolescents with mental disorders. Preparation using the PICO approach, determination of inclusion and exclusion criteria, and a literature review of scientific English articles published between 2016 and 2023 were conducted. Data were obtained from the SCOPUS, Science Direct, SpringerLink, ProQuest, and SAGE databases. Assessment of the title, abstract, and full text of the article with the keywords "Adolescent," "Child," "Teenager," "Emotion regulation," "Emotion exposure," "Intervention," "Mental Disorders," "Randomised Control Trial." The systematic review report was reviewed critically to ensure that all PRISMA steps and items were included. Nine articles met the inclusion criteria. The choice of programs and methods of intervention may vary depending on the specific mental disorders and individual needs of adolescents. Nursing interventions, including cognitive behavioral therapy, mindfulness-based interventions, group therapy, support groups, and school-based programs, are widely used to manage and treat mental health disorders with the aim of improving well-being and recovery. The effectiveness of intervention programs varies, and selection should consider adolescent needs, resources, and cultural contexts. Consulting mental health professionals or organizations is recommended.

THE IMPACT OF NEUROSCIENCE-BASED MINDFULNESS TRAINING ON MENTAL HEALTH IN FUTURE PSYCHOLOGISTS

Purpose. This study investigates the effectiveness of a neuroscience-based mindfulness training program on emotional states, self-compassion traits and well-being status among psychology students during an 8-week intervention. The work focuses on developing emotional regulation, decreasing stress and depression, and increasing self-compassion and mindfulness — all of which are crucial skills for professional practice. Methods. This pilot study included fifty psychology students (M = 23.5, SD = 2.8) who were assessed using the DASS-21 for stress, anxiety, depression and Self-Compassion Scale for self-kindness, mindfulness and related traits before and after a special training program along with the BBC-SWB questionnaire for psychological, physical and subjective well-being. Statistical analyses such as paired t-tests, correlation analysis and hierarchical regression were used to assess the intervention's effectiveness and explore predictive relationships among variables. Results. The program was associated with significant reductions in anxiety, stress, and depression and increases in self-kindness, mindfulness, and psychological well-being. Given that emotional states and self-compassion traits function as mutually reinforcing factors, correlations provided evidence based on the holistic benefits of the program. Hierarchical regression analysis showed that both pre-intervention anxiety (β = 0.45, p < 0.001) and self-kindness (β = 0.35, p = 0.05) significantly predicted psychological well-being after the intervention. These variables combined explained 52% of the outcome variance (R² = 0.52, p < 0.001). Mindfulness explained an additional 17% variance beyond all other variables combined, affirming its role as a transformational variable within the model. Conclusions. This mindfulness training, based on neuroscience principles and research findings, is designed to decrease psychological suffering and enhance psychological resilience and self-compassion. The results call for incorporating such training within psychology educational programs, thus enhancing personal health and professional competence. Longitudinal studies investigating the long-term effects of mindfulness practices and their use in a broader range of populations are warranted for future research.

The effect of a rehabilitation program using dynamic neuromuscular stability exercises on lower back pain among artistic gymnasts

The effect of a rehabilitation program using dynamic neuromuscular stability exercises on lower back pain among artistic gymnasts

A feasibility study of a couple-based illness perception intervention for couples coping with colorectal cancer

PurposeAs a special psychological variable, illness perception significantly affects the cancer adaptions of colorectal cancer couples. No studies focus on facilitating cancer adaption by targeting the illness perception in colorectal cancer couples. This research attempted to explore the feasibility, acceptability, and potential effectiveness of an illness perception intervention program designed for couples with colorectal cancer, guided by a self-regulation common sense model. MethodsA single-group pilot study including pre- and post-testing was carried out with Chinese couples having colorectal cancer. Six sessions were delivered consecutively by researchers via in-person or telephone for couples. By calculating the rates of recruitment and retention, the feasibility of the intervention was analyzed. Intervention acceptability was evaluated by analysis of the post-intervention quantitative and qualitative data. Outcomes were described as illness perception, cancer-related communication problems, dyadic coping, quality of life, anxiety and depression, and benefit finding. Effect sizes were computed to assess the preliminary program effects. ResultsThe feasibility was confirmed by the recruitment (67.6%) and retention (82.6%) rates. The acceptability was endorsed by the reported participant satisfaction. Validating the program’s preliminary effectiveness, the intervention program has moderate effect sizes (Cohen’s d: 0.33-0.79) that boost illness perception and major cancer adjustment results for patients and their spousal caregivers. ConclusionsThe research proved that the couple-based illness perception intervention among colorectal couples was feasible, acceptable, and initially effective. To investigate this intervention program more thoroughly and apply it to a wider range of disease backgrounds, an extensive randomized controlled experiment is necessary.

The Effects of a Digital Multimedia Foot Ulcer Care Program on Health Beliefs and Self-Care Behaviors in People With Diabetic Foot Ulcer

Foot complications, common among diabetic patients, often lead to amputation and increased dependence on daily living assistance. Effective and sustained intervention programs are important challenges that nursing staff must address. This study was designed to explore the effectiveness of a digital multimedia foot ulcer care program on the foot health beliefs and self-care behaviors of diabetic patients. An experimental research design was adopted, with a total of 62 patients with type 2 diabetes in the plastic surgery ward of a regional hospital in southern Taiwan enrolled as participants. The participants were randomly assigned to either the experimental group (n = 31), which received a digital multimedia foot ulcer care program via mobile phones or tablets for eight weeks, or the control group (n = 31), which received conventional diabetic foot care education leaflets. The research instruments included a demographic questionnaire, the Diabetic Foot Ulcer Health Belief Scale, and the Diabetic Foot Care Behavior Scale. Data were collected at baseline, four weeks, and eight weeks, and were analyzed using SPSS 22.0. The study was completed with 30 participants in both groups. The experimental group showed significantly greater improvements in health beliefs at the fourth and eighth weeks post-assessment than the control group, with increases of 3.77 and 5.13, respectively (p = .03, p = .02). These improvements were statistically significant and exceeded baseline values significantly (p < .05). In terms of self-care behaviors, improvements in the experimental group exceeded those in the control group by 2.27 and 1.83, respectively, at four and eight weeks (p = .03, p = .05). Furthermore, the experimental group exhibited superior changes in scores compared to the control group. The digital multimedia foot ulcer care program implemented in this study significantly enhanced health beliefs and self-care behaviors in patients with diabetic foot ulcers. This program may be employed during hospitalization and post-discharge to improve foot ulcer care techniques and reduce diabetic foot ulcer deterioration.

Protocol: Proactive resilience programmes for improving resilience and psychological adaptation in employees in high-risk occupations: A systematic review.

This is the protocol for a Campbell systematic review. The objectives are as follows: What are the effects of proactive resilience programmes offered to employees in high-risk occupations on resilience and psychological adaptation?

Changes in Shoulder and Lumbar Injury Incidence in Swimmers After Physical Examination and Exercise Programs.

Previous injury and physical examination data collected by a physiotherapist were reviewed to investigate the causes of injury among competitive swimmers. Each swimmer received an injury improvement exercise program based on their injury history and physical examination findings. The purpose of this study was to identify trends in the number of shoulder and lumbar injuries and discern the effectiveness of exercise programs in swimmers. The authors hypothesize that these efforts would decrease injury rates. Observational Cohort study. Thirty-one male high school and college student swimmers underwent a physical examination. Previous injury was considered as pain that lasted for > three weeks or that caused the participant to stop practicing. A questionnaire was administered to all swimmers at the beginning of the study and one year later. The questionnaire assessed the number of injuries sustained and the daily practice hours over the previous year. The injury rate at the first examination and one-year followup was calculated as the number of injury incidents divided by the total number of player hours (1 h of practice is equivalent to 1) for one year, multiplied by 1,000 to obtain the injury rate per 1,000 hours (1000 player hours: 1,000 ph). Shoulder and hip exercise programs were prescribed based on measurement results and previous research. The numbers of injuries seen in the group were 12 shoulder and six lumbar at the first examination, and two shoulder and one lumbar at the one-year followup. The 1,000 ph (95% confidence interval) values were 0.32 (0.13-0.50) and 0.16 (0.03-0.29) at the first examination and 0.05 (0.00-0.12) and 0.03 (0.00-0.07) at the one-year followup for the shoulder and lumbar areas, respectively. The results indicates that exercise programs prescribed after a physical examination may reduce the incidence of injuries in male swimmers over the course of a year. Level 3.

Efficacy of an Online Self-Management Program for Chronic Burn Pain: A Randomized Controlled Trial of the Take Charge of Burn Pain Program

This randomized controlled trial investigated the effectiveness of an online self-management program, "Take Charge of Burn Pain (TCBP)," for 96 individuals living with chronic burn pain. Participants were randomly assigned to either the 7-week TCBP program integrating cognitive-behavioral therapy techniques, pain education, and self-management strategies or an attention control group focused on general burn recovery information. Assessments conducted at baseline, post-treatment, and 2 and 5-month follow-ups included measures of pain severity, pain interference, pain self-efficacy, posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms, and depression. Compared to the control group, participants in the TCBP program demonstrated greater reductions in pain severity (mean difference: -1.24, 95% CI: -1.93 to -0.55, p = 0.0007) and pain catastrophizing (mean difference: -5.41, 95% CI: -10.33 to -0.49, p = 0.0318) post-treatment when adjusting for key variables. At the two-month follow-up, the TCBP group showed significant improvements in pain interference (P = 0.0123), self-efficacy (P = 0.0269), functional abilities (P = 0.0014), and social role participation (P = 0.0498) compared to the control group. Treatment effects were not sustained at five-month follow-up. Participants in both groups reported high levels of satisfaction with the online intervention, with the majority finding the program helpful, easy to use, and willing to recommend it to others with pain. Findings suggest preliminary support for short-term benefits of TCBP for managing certain facets of chronic burn pain. This underscores the need to refine digital approaches to maintain and promote long-term improvements. The potential of self-guided online psychological interventions to enhance pain coping strategies for burn survivors persists.

Exploring the effects of a 12-Week functional training program on fundamental motor skills for primary school children aged 6–7

BackgroundFundamental motor skills (FMS) are the foundation of children’s movement. Professional guidance and customised training methods are essential to effectively acquiring and mastering fundamental motor skills. Recently, functional training has gained widespread popularity and is associated with numerous benefits. Therefore, this study aims to evaluate the effect of functional training on fundamental motor skills in children aged 6–7. MethodsThis study was conducted at a primary school. One hundred children were randomly selected from 382 who met the criteria and allocated to a functional training or regular physical education group, with 25 boys and 25 girls in each group. The research program lasted 12 weeks, with two weekly sessions, each lasting 40 min. The assessment of fundamental motor skills utilises the Test of Gross Motor Development and Pediatric Balance Scale. The pre-test and post-test data were analysed using generalised estimating equations. ResultsThe data analysis showed statistically significant differences between and within groups. There was a significant interaction effect of time and group on the gross motor quotient (x2 = 51.603, p = 0.001), locomotor subtest standard scores (x2 = 22.259, p = 0.001), object control subtest standard scores (x2 = 29.283, p = 0.001), and PBS balance scores (x2 = 24.881, p = 0.001). Furthermore, the main effect of time was significant for the four variables. However, the main effects of the group varied. Significant effects of the group were observed for the gross motor quotient (x2 = 8.662, p = 0.003) and object control subtest standard scores (x2 = 7.471, p = 0.006), but not for locomotor subtest standard scores (x2 = 2.558, p = 0.110) or PBS balance scores (x2 = 1.188, p = 0.276). Discussion and ConclusionsFunctional training can positively impact the development of fundamental motor skills in children aged 6–7, demonstrating greater effectiveness than regular physical education courses. These findings provide evidence that incorporating functional training into early childhood physical education can be an effective intervention for enhancing the development of fundamental motor skills.

Career development programs and employee retention: Insights from the Ministry of Works in Tanzania

This study examined the relationship between career development initiatives and employee retention at the Ministry of Works in Tanzania. The study was guided by equity theory, which was founded on the assumption that employees tend to remain with their organisation when they are perceived to be treated equally. Cronbach's Alpha coefficient was used to assess the variable’s reliability. A cross-sectional design was employed to collect quantitative and qualitative data from survey questionnaires and interviews. Quantitative data were analysed using descriptive and inferential statistics, while qualitative data were analysed through content analysis. The study found that employee retention at the Ministry of Work is high. In addition, the study findings revealed significant positive effects of career development programs on retention, including education opportunities (coef. = 1.884, p = 0.016), fair career development opportunities (coef. = 1.2122, p = 0.001), and involvement in innovation and creativity (coef. = 1.5216, p = 0.000). Similarly, qualitative findings indicated that career development programs, including educational opportunities, career autonomy, and recognition practices such as awards and promotions, significantly enhance employee retention. The study contributes to existing knowledge by demonstrating that well-structured career development programs significantly enhance employee retention. It is recommended that organizations invest in training, career autonomy, and innovation opportunities to further improve retention rates and reduce turnover.

Protocol for COACH, an evidence-based intervention for improved head impact safety in youth American football developed using a community-engaged approach.

Subconcussive, repetitive head impacts sustained in collision sports may negatively affect brain health. American football practices are controlled environments amenable to intervention. Engaging community members is essential for successful development, implementation, and sustainability of viable interventions. The objective of this study is to develop and pilot test an evidence-based intervention to reduce head impact exposure in youth American football (i.e., football), using a community-engaged approach. This manuscript describes the co-design of the intervention and associated implementation plan and the study protocol for evaluating the effectiveness and feasibility of the intervention and implementation plan. In the first part of this study, focus groups with parents and coaches, and individual interviews with organizational leaders associated with two teams at the middle school level were conducted. An anonymous survey assessing beliefs and perceptions of non-concussive head impacts was given to parents, coaches, and organizational leaders within the local youth football league. Following the football season, qualitative and quantitative data describing determinants of head acceleration events in football were shared with 12 stakeholders of coaches, league and school administrators, parents, an athletic trainer, and local university player development director. Together, we co-designed COACH (COmmunities Aligned to reduce Concussion and Head impact exposure) and implementation plan using a strategic planning approach. The preliminary effectiveness and feasibility were assessed in the second part of this study. Youth football players participating on the teams in year 1 (control teams) were fitted with mouthpiece-based head kinematic sensors which measure head acceleration events (HAEs). HAEs were collected and quantified during team activities. Preliminary effectiveness of the intervention to reduce HAEs was measured among two new teams pilot testing COACH with mouthpiece-based sensors, while simultaneously monitoring implementation of the intervention. We report our study design and evaluation, and opportunities and challenges with our approach. The results will inform a future full-scale pragmatic trial to assess the implementation and effectiveness of the intervention program. NCT04908930.

Direct and indirect effects of hepatitis B vaccination in four low- and middle-income countries

Population-level vaccination effects of the hepatitis B vaccine were investigated in four low- and middle-income countries with different levels of vertical and horizontal transmission. Indirect vaccination effects constitute a large proportion of overall vaccination effects of the vaccination programmes in all four countries (over 70% by 2030 in all four countries). However, countries with higher levels of vertical transmission benefit less from indirect vaccination effects from the infant hepatitis B vaccine series during the first decades of the vaccination programme, making the birth dose vaccine more important in these countries. Vaccination, even at levels that do not fully control transmission, has a great effect on the development of disease as it also increases the average age of infection, thereby causing a decrease in the number of chronic infections relative to the number of acute infections.

Pengembangan dan Implementasi Permainan Edukatif untuk Meningkatkan Kognitif, Sosial, dan Emosional Anak-Anak di Panti Asuhan Muhabbatul Haq

This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of a community service program through the development and implementation of educational games at Muhabbatul Haq Orphanage. The method used in this program involves three main stages: preparation and needs identification, educational game development, and game implementation. In the first stage, the team conducted initial observations and interviews with caregivers and children to identify their educational needs. The second stage involved the development and design of games that covered cognitive, social and emotional aspects. The third stage was the implementation of the games at the orphanage with regular game sessions. The results of the program showed significant improvements in the children's creativity and basic knowledge, as well as the strengthening of their social and emotional skills. The children were able to display creativity in the guessing game and answered questions well in the quiz, showing solid understanding. The program not only provides short-term benefits of improved knowledge and skills, but also long-term contributions to community development. In conclusion, educational games are proven to be effective in supporting children's development, building good character, and creating a fun learning environment.