Effect Of Production Temperature Research Articles

Production and characterization of porous magnetic biochar: before and after phosphate adsorption insights

AbstractThe modification process of biochars enables different advantages including enhanced adsorption properties for different pollutants. Herein, porous magnetic biochars (PMB) were successfully produced from softwood biomass through a two-step pyrolysis process together with FeCl3 modification. The effect of production temperature on adsorption was studied at 200 or 300 °C, followed by iron salt modification and subsequent pyrolysis at 600 or 800 °C. Biochars were characterized before and after phosphate adsorption via various characterization methods to acquire structural, elemental, and morphological properties of the adsorbent. The effects of phosphate concentration, contact time, and temperature on the adsorption process were examined in the batch mode. The characterization showed embedded iron oxide crystals of 23 nm within the biochar structure with a magnetic strength of 38.9 emu/g, which can assist the separation process of the powdered adsorbent from the aqueous medium. The surface area of the PMB was measured as 93 m2/g and 0.002 cm3/g pore volume. PMB showed complete removal (100%) of phosphate at the lower concentration (5 mg/l P). At higher concentration (25 mg/l P), the biochar prepared under 200/800 °C showed the highest removal (30%). The adsorption was enhanced with time (optimal 3 h) and temperature, which shows endothermic chemisorption following Langmuir isotherm and Pseudo-second order kinetic models. The desorption study suggested the slow release of phosphate from the spent adsorbent and potential reuse for soil enhancement. These results point towards the sustainable use of PMB as an effective and magnetically recyclable adsorbent for phosphate removal and reclaim.

Вплив умов і параметрів формування базальтових неперервних волокон на їх міцність і стан поверхні

Basalt continuous fibers are used in the development of new composite materials. The influence of various factors on the strength and formation of the surface microstructure of basalt continuous fibers is considered. An experimental determination of tensile strength was performed and the surface condition of continuous andesite-basalt fibers with a diameter of 8 to 10 μm fibers was investigated. It is established that the strength of fibers, among other factors, is influenced by the conditions of their production, which are determined by the drawing parameters: the production temperature, the level of melt in the feeder and the winding speed. The effect of production temperature on the strength of the fibers was the greatest. It was found that the fibers obtained at a production temperature of 1450 °C had a strength of 24—28% greater than that of the fibers obtained at a production temperature of 1400 °C. The separate influence of other parameters of drawing, the level of melt in the feeder and the winding speed on the strength of the fibers is less significant. A qualitative relationship between the state of the surface of the fibers and the conditions of their production at different parameters of formation. The greatest influence on the change in the state of the surface of the fibers has the temperature of fiber production. It is established that the surface of the fibers obtained at a production temperature of 1450 °C is more homogeneous with a small number of visible defects. On the other hand, on the surface of the fibers, which are obtained at a production temperature of 1400 ºC, there is a large number of defects. There is also an increase in the defect of the surface of the fibers, which are obtained at low levels of melt in the feeder and the winding speed. Keywords: continuous fibre, surface structure, strength, cooling rate, production temperature, winding speed, melt level in the feeder.

Effect of production temperature in biochar properties from bamboo culm and its influences on atrazine adsorption from aqueous systems

Biochar from bamboo culm was produced at three different temperatures (350, 450 and 550 °C) and evaluated concerning the effect of biochar production temperature on atrazine adsorption. The biochars were characterized by elemental composition, point of zero charge (pHpzc), N2 physisorption, Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), and Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) Spectroscopy. Adsorption experiments were performed in a batch mixer. Kinetic and equilibrium experimental data were obtained for the three biochars. The elemental composition and FTIR analysis indicated enhanced aromaticity of the biochar as the production temperature increased. The N2 physisorption and SEM analysis of the biochars showed an increase in the porosity and specific surface area as the production temperature increased, which can favor the atrazine adsorption process. The experimental equilibrium data were well described by the Langmuir isotherm. The biochar produced at 450 °C presented the highest atrazine experimental adsorption capacity, which may be related to the micro-mesopore ratio and surface area exhibited by this biochar. From the kinetic data, similar equilibrium times for the three biochars were achieved. To describe the kinetic adsorption data for the biochars, phenomenological models based on adsorption on the adsorbent surface, external diffusion and internal diffusion were applied, in which the internal diffusion model presented the best fit of the experimental data for all biochars. The results showed the influence of temperature production on the biochars properties and displayed its effects in the removal efficiency of atrazine from water, wherein the biochar produced at 450 °C presented the best performance for atrazine adsorption.

Effect of production temperature and particle size of rice husk biochar on mercury immobilization and erosion prevention of a mercury contaminated soil

Mercury (Hg) contaminated soil is a potential hazardous material especially under soil erosion and surface runoff. This work aims to use rice husk biochar to immobilize Hg and prevent erosion, and find the optimal production temperature and particle size of the biochar. The biochars were produced at 300, 500, and 700 °C and sieved to three particle sizes ~20, < 2, and < 0.15 mm. They were applied to a Hg contaminated loamy sand (20.2 mg/kg) and undergone simulated rainfall erosion representing 7 years of heavy rain events in Beijing. All biochar amendments reduced the runoff volume by 5.1–15.4%. Hg amount in runoff were significantly reduced by 36.7–48.8% after the amendments of biochar. The Hg concentration of infiltration was reduced by biochar treatments except that produced at 300 °C, while its amount was increased due to larger infiltration volume. All biochar amendments significantly reduced soil loss in runoff by 43.5–77.2%. Hg was enriched in the sediments (39.7–46.8 mg/kg) compared with the parent soil (20.2 mg/kg) regardless of biochar treatment, but its bioavailability was low. Higher pyrolysis temperature of the rice husk biochars resulted in less runoff, more infiltration, and better erosion prevention, while the effect of biochar particle size is less significant.

Effect of production temperature on thermal and mechanical properties of polystyrene–fly ash composites

This study was conducted to produce a novel construction material by using two different types of waste material consisting of fly ash and fragmented polypropylene (PP). These two materials were mixed on various ratios, and samples with smooth surface were obtained by compressing with 50 kg of weight after each mixture is heated on temperatures of 225°C, 250°C, and 275°C and poured into the molds. Thermal and mechanical tests were performed on the prepared samples. As a result, with the evaluation of two waste materials such as fly ash and PP, (i) the contamination caused by the waste materials will be prevented; (ii) as the fly ash rate increases, the thermal properties of samples produced under 225°C of temperature will be enhanced; (iii) as the fly ash rate increases, the thermal properties of samples produced under 225°C of temperature will be enhanced, and PP ratio and production temperature must be high in order to improve mechanical properties; (iv) the produced composite materials bear the low-cost heat, acoustics, and water insulation, while it will also be possible for the same to be used as coating materials on the walls and tiling in the buildings.

Influence of temperature on variety‐seeking behavior

AbstractThis research investigates the influences of product temperature, and its interaction with ambient temperature on variety‐seeking behavior. Results from two studies show that product temperature exerts a significant influence on variety‐seeking behavior, with cold products stimulating a higher level of variety‐seeking behavior in participants than normal or warm products. Moreover, the effect of product temperature on variety‐seeking behavior is moderated by ambient temperature. Practical implications of these findings are included.Practical ApplicationIn terms of practical application, ice cream in supermarkets can be taken as an example of a cold product. Suppose a special offer provides consumers with a wider variety of choices, allowing them to choose various combinations of flavors such as mango, strawberry, vanilla, and chocolate. As low‐temperature environments induce greater variety‐seeking behavior in consumers, it is suggested that marketing personnel formulate strategies with this in mind. For instance, Costco has a refrigerated space for fruits and vegetables that has a lower temperature than other spaces in the warehouse. Special offers could be made for combinations of different products in this space, such as different types of mushrooms.

Effect of production temperature on lead removal mechanisms by rice straw biochars

Production temperature significantly affects biochar properties and consequently the removal mechanisms of heavy metals. In this study, rice straw biochars were produced at 300, 500 and 700 °C (RSB300, RSB500 and RSB700). The influence of production temperature on the adsorption characteristics and removal mechanisms of lead on this set of rice straw biochars were investigated by batch adsorption tests, micro-structural analyses and sequential metal extractions. Biochars produced at higher temperatures had significantly higher pH values and surface areas, resulting in higher metal removal capacities and faster uptake kinetics. Precipitation was a key mechanism for lead removal from solution for all biochars: lead oxalate was precipitated on RSB300, and hydrocerussite was precipitated on RSB500 and RSB700. The immobilized lead fraction on the biochars could be divided into exchangeable, acid soluble and non-available fractions. RSB300 had 11.34% of the total immobilized Pb attributed to the exchangeable fraction, whereas for RSB500 and RSB700, it was <1%. Immobilized Pb on RSB500 and RSB700 was almost exclusively attributable to the acid soluble and non-available fractions (>99%). Based on our results, RSB500 and RSB700 are likely much more appropriate for soil remediation of Pb as compared with RSB300.

An investigation into the impact of warm mix asphalt additives on asphalt mixture phases through a nano-mechanical approach

This paper presents the results of a novel investigation to evaluate the effect of Sasobit, Rediset WMX and Rediset LQ on the mechanical properties of asphalt mixture phases, aggregate, interfacial transition zone (ITZ) and mastic using Nanoindentation. All warm additives improved the nano-mechanical properties of the ITZ if the reduction in the production temperature was not more than 10 °C for an asphalt mixture with the 40/60 hard binder and 20 °C with the 100/150 binder. The nano-mechanical properties of mastic for all WMAs manufactured at 20 °C lower than the control using 40/60 mix were less than the control mix. However, as the reduction in the production temperature decreased to 10 °C, the modulus and hardness of the mastic and ITZ for all WMAs significantly increased. While, 20 °C reduction in the production temperatures was achieved using 100/150 with inclusion of warm additives and the values of nano-mechanical properties of ITZ and mastic was same or even higher than the control mix. It can therefore be concluded that, in order to produce a warm asphalt mixture that performs the same or even better than the traditional HMA, the effect of production temperature must be addressed. In summary, Nanoindentation provides new insight about the effect of warm additives on the nano-mechanical properties of asphalt mixture phases and predicts level of bonding between aggregate and binder.

Evaluating Adhesion Properties and Moisture Damage Susceptibility of Warm-Mix Asphalts

Through development and evaluation of the warm-mix asphalt (WMA) mixture design process, increased moisture susceptibility has been cited as one of the potential critical failure modes for WMA. Reduced production temperatures can affect the drying of the aggregate before mixing, the development of adhesion at the asphalt–aggregate interface, and binder stiffness. The objective of this research is to identify the significance of these factors and to define their relative contribution to mixture resistance to moisture damage. To evaluate the contribution of asphalt binder–aggregate adhesion, the bitumen bond strength (BBS) test was implemented on dry and moisture-conditioned samples. The effect of production temperature was simulated by heating aggregate substrates to hot-mix asphalt (HMA) and WMA temperatures before applying the asphalt binder. Furthermore, the effect of reduced binder stiffness resulting from lower production temperatures was considered through establishing two controls for mixture performance testing: a conventional HMA and a mixture prepared at WMA temperatures without WMA additives. The relevance of these factors was established through comparison with mixture performance as measured by the reduction in dynamic modulus, as a function of conditioning cycles. Mixture sample preparation allowed for consideration of residual moisture in aggregate that might have been associated with WMA and provided a control HMA sample prepared under standard conditions to establish a performance benchmark. Recommendations were made for incorporation of these new test methods into current WMA mixture design specifications. In summary, both BBS and dynamic modulus testing indicated that specific WMA additives could improve the mixture's moisture resistance and could offset any negative effects from the reduced production temperatures on moisture susceptibility. Therefore, selecting appropriate warmmix additives during the mix design process can help mitigate potential moisture damage associated with WMA.

Synthesis of in situ TiC nanoparticles in liquid aluminum: the effect of sintering temperature

In this study, in situ TiC nanoparticles with a diameter range of 70—400 nm have been successfully synthesized in liquid aluminum by conventional hot-pressing method. The effect of production temperature on the formation of the TiC phase during sintering was investigated by differential thermal analysis, X-ray diffraction, and scanning and transmission electron microscopies. The results show that the synthesizing temperature has a great effect on the formation of the TiC. Also, increase of producing temperature accelerates the formation of in situ TiC nanoparticles and decreases the portion of Al3Ti intermetallic phase in the liquid aluminum.

Effect of Product Temperature During Primary Drying on the Long-Term Stability of Lyophilized Proteins

Our objective was to investigate the effect of performing primary drying at product temperatures below and above Tg′ (glass transition temperature of the freeze-concentrated phase) on the long-term stability of lyophilized proteins. Two protective media differing in the nature of the bulking agent used (amorphous or crystalline) were selected. Several lyophilization cycles were performed by using various combinations of shelf temperature and chamber pressure to obtain different values of product temperature during primary drying. The antigenic activity of the proteins was measured after lyophilization and after 6 months of storage at 4°C and 25°C. After 6 months of storage and regardless of the protective medium, the losses of antigenic activity of both toxins increased from 0% when primary drying was performed at a product temperature lower than Tg′ and to 25% when the product temperature was higher than Tg′. The use of partially crystalline systems makes it possible to withstand high primary drying temperatures (above Tg′). However, the shelf life of lyophilized proteins may be decreased when the amorphous phase including the protein and the stabilizing molecule changes to the viscous state.

Effects of Product Temperature and Moisture Content on Viscoelastic Properties of Glutinous Rice Extrudates

ABSTRACTThe viscoelastic properties of glutinous rice flour extruded at moisture contents of 45–55% and barrel temperatures of 75–95°C have been investigated using a small amplitude oscillatory rheometer. High moisture contents (50 and 55%) resulted in product temperatures 3–5°C lower than the barrel temperatures. It appeared that the moisture content was a key element in influencing the value of G′ and tan δ. Raising product temperature reduced the difference in G′ caused by the moisture content. When the product temperature was &gt;85°C, the extrudates yielded a similar degree of gelatinization despite the difference in moisture content. Meanwhile, both G′ and G″ decreased due to the disintegration of starch granules. The relationship between the energy input, measured as specific mechanical energy, and the viscoelastic properties was also assessed.

Process Lethality and Product Yield for Chicken Patties Processed in a Pilot-Scale Air-Steam Impingement Oven

Chicken breast patties were processed in a pilot-scale air-steam impingement oven to a patty center temperature of 55 to 80°C. Thermal processing was conducted at an air temperature of 149°C, an air velocity of 7 to 13 m3/min, and a wet bulb temperature of 39 to 98°C. From thermal histories, the total process lethality of the patties was calculated for Salmonella spp. and Listeria innocua using the previously published z-values. The effect of product temperature, wet bulb temperature, and air velocity on process lethality was analyzed using a regression model. The process lethality of Salmonella spp. and L. innocua in the cooked chicken patties was correlated to the patty center temperatures and cooking conditions. The process lethality was strongly correlated to product temperature and was affected by cooking conditions. Process lethality started to increase rapidly at the product temperature around 67°C. Regression analysis was used to correlate the product yield with cooking conditions. Depending on air velocity, product yield decreased 10 to 14% with increasing endpoint temperature from 55 to 80°C and increased 2 to 9% with increasing wet bulb temperature from 39 to 98°C. The effect of air velocity on the yield interacted with product temperature and wet bulb temperature.

Melt pelletization in a high shear mixer. VII. Effects of product temperature

Lactose monohydrate, anhydrous lactose and anhydrous dicalcium phosphate were melt pelletized in an 8-1 high shear mixer using polyethylene glycol (PEG) 3000 or 6000 as meltable binder. The temperature of the heating jacket was varied at two levels giving rise to different product temperatures. The agglomerate growth was affected by the product temperature because a higher temperature caused a lower binder viscosity, a thermal expansion of the binder liquid and more evaporation of water of crystallization. The possibility of controlling the process and the quality of the resulting pellets were found to depend on the physical properties of the materials.

Effect of production temperature of seed potatoes on subsequent yielding potential

A two year experiment was conducted to test if the temperature environment under which seed potatoes are produced significantly affects the tuber development and yield of the resultant potato plants. Six temperature regimes were established in the controlled facility of the Biotron. Two generations ofSolanum tuberosum ‘Kennebec’ tubers were grown in these environments and the yielding ability of plants produced from these tubers was tested in greenhouse facilities. Plant growth and tuber yields were similar to those which might be expected under field conditions, and marked differences in the development and productivity as a result of the production environment of the seed tubers were apparent. However, no evidence was found to support the contention that seed potatoes originating from cooler environments had any increased potential to produce higher yielding plants than comparable seed from warm environments. Even within a generation, the highest yields were found in the warmest environments, somewhat modifying the concept that the potato is strictly a cool-season crop. Other possible non-pathogenic explanations for previously observed differences in seed quality as a result of the production environment are discussed.