Effect Of Pressure Research Articles

Leveraging consumer chronic time pressure and time management to improve retail venue outcomes

Purpose Consumer choices are influenced by available resources, and time is increasingly recognised as a valuable and scarce resource. This study aims to assess the effect of chronic time pressure (CTP) on the desire to stay in retail venues (DTS), considering the mediating role of utilitarian and hedonic shopping motivations and the moderating role of time management (TM); and examine the role of DTS in enhancing the shopping outcomes of satisfaction, patronage intentions and positive word-of-mouth (WOM). Design/methodology/approach Two survey-based studies were conducted, employing structural equation modelling (SEM) and Hayes’ PROCESS Model No. 1 to test the proposed model. Findings The findings indicate that CTP does not have a direct impact on shopping utilitarian motivations or DTS. However, it has a direct effect on hedonic motivations that mediate the path from CTP to DTS. In addition, TM positively moderates both paths from CTP and hedonic motivations to DTS. Finally, the results demonstrate that reinforcing shopper DTS leads to increased satisfaction, patronage intentions and positive WOM. Research limitations/implications Based on the findings, theoretical contributions and actionable managerial implications regarding how to leverage CTP and TM to enhance shopper engagement and retail venue outcomes are discussed. Originality/value While prior research has often focused on situational time pressure, this study concentrates on CTP and examines the impact of perceived time constraints and feeling rushed on utilitarian and hedonic shopping motivations and DTS. Moreover, the study tests the moderating role of TM and provides evidence that DTS leads to other desirable shopping outcomes.

Anti-slosh effect of baffle configurations and air pressure on liquid sloshing in partially filled tank trucks

Abstract The phenomenon of liquid sloshing inside partially filled tank trucks adversely affects the stability of the tanktrucks. In order to mitigate the negative effects of liquid sloshing inside the tank, this study proposes several baffle configurations and investigates their anti-slosh effect on liquid sloshing. First, a numerical model of liquid sloshing is established. Then, the effectiveness of the numerical model is validated by comparing the results of free surface deformation, wall pressure, and sloshing frequency obtained from simulations and experiments under identical conditions. During the research process, it was found that the air pressure formed in locally sealed spaces within the tank also plays a positive role in suppressing liquid sloshing. The research results indicate that, under low fill volumes, baffles fixed at the bottom of the tank are more effective in suppressing liquid sloshing inside the tank, while under high fill volumes, baffles fixed at the top of the tank are more effective. Considering the tank’s airtightness, the air pressure formed in locally sealed spaces within the tank plays an important role in suppressing liquid sloshing when baffles are fixed at the top of the tank and the fill volume is high.

Effect of deposition pressure on friction and wear properties of BWS2 composite coatings

Abstract This study investigated the impact of deposition pressure on the microstructure and tribological properties of B/WS2 composite coatings deposited via unbalanced magnetron sputtering. Deposition pressures of 0.6 Pa, 0.8 Pa, 1.0 Pa, 1.2 Pa, and 1.4 Pa were used during the deposition process. The microstructure and mechanical properties of the B/WS2 composite coating were characterized, and friction and wear experiments were conducted.
The study found that the microhardness of the B/WS2 composite coating decreased as the deposition pressure increased. The highest hardness of the coating, reaching 8.1GPa, was observed at a deposition pressure of 0.6 Pa. This was due to the formation of Tungsten tetraborate (WB4) during the deposition process, which had a high hardness and improved the mechanical properties of the coating. The wear life of the B/WS2 composite coating was at its best, reaching 9.9×104 cycles, and the friction coefficient was at its lowest when the deposition pressure was 1.2 Pa. Selecting an appropriate deposition pressure can improve the tribological properties of B/WS2 composite coatings. Doping Boron can improve the hardness and wear resistance of the composite coatings. Abrasive wear and spalling are the two main wear forms of B/WS2 composite coatings.

Study of auditor performance determinants: Organizational commitment as moderation (case study of Tangerang city inspectorate)

This study explores the determinants of auditor performance, focusing on the moderating role of organizational commitment within the Tangerang City Inspectorate. Employing stratified random sampling, a sample of 250 auditors was chosen to ensure diversity across experience, departmental affiliation, and roles. Quantitative analysis used SPSS to examine the relationships between auditor performance, organizational commitment, and other relevant variables. Findings indicated that organizational commitment significantly moderates the effects of various social pressures on auditor performance. This underscores the necessity for auditing organizations to foster organizational commitment to enhance auditor efficacy and uphold ethical standards. These results hold substantial implications for governance and audit quality assurance, suggesting that reinforced organizational commitment could lead to more robust auditor performance and ethical conduct within similar urban governance settings. This study contributes valuable insights into the influence of organizational dynamics on auditor behaviour and performance outcomes.

Comparative Study on Mechanical Response in Rigid Pavement Structures of Static and Dynamic Finite Element Models

The safety of airport runways is important to guarantee aircraft taking-off, landing, and taxiing, and the comparison of the mechanical response of pavement structures under dynamic and static loading by LS-DYNA has rarely been studied. The purpose of this work is to separate two analysis methods to investigate the mechanical response of rigid airport pavements. Firstly, a tire–road coupling model of an airfield was established to evaluate the suitability of dynamic and static analyses. Then, the effects of landing pitch angles, sinking speeds, and tire pressures on the effective stress, effective strain, and z-displacement of the runway were investigated for both dynamic and static analysis. Finally, the significance of influence factors was analyzed by regression analysis in Statistical Product and Service Solutions (SPSS). The results indicated that the effective stress, effective strain, and z-displacement of the runway increased with a decrease in the landing pitch angle, which also increased with an increase in the sinking speed and tire pressure. It was demonstrated that the difference in pavement mechanical response between dynamic and static analyses progressively widened at high tire pressure and sinking speed. In other words, the static analysis method can be adopted to assess the dynamic mechanical behavior when the landing pitch angle is large and the tire pressure is small. Among the various factors of mechanical response, the effect of tire pressure was the most obvious, followed by sinking speed and landing pitch angle. The work proposes a new approach to understanding the mechanical behavior of runways under complicated and varied conditions, evaluates the applicability of the dynamic and static mechanical analysis methods, identifies key factors in the dynamic and static mechanical analysis of rigid runways, and provides technical support for improving and maintaining the impact resistance of pavement facilities.

Accounting for the effect of pressure on the permeability of gases through polymer membranes

Accounting for the effect of pressure on the permeability of gases through polymer membranes

Extraction of pre-earthquake anomalies from borehole strain data using Graph WaveNet: a case study of the 2013 Lushan earthquake in China

Abstract. On 20 April 2013, Lushan experienced an earthquake with a magnitude of 7.0. In seismic assessments, borehole strainmeters, recognized for their remarkable sensitivity and inherent reliability in tracking crustal deformation, are extensively employed. However, traditional data-processing methods encounter challenges when handling massive dataset-s. This study proposes using a Graph WaveNet graph neural network to analyze borehole strain data from multiple stations near the earthquake epicenter and establishes a node graph structure using data from four stations near the Lushan epicenter, covering the years 2010–2013. After excluding the potential effects of pressure, temperature, and rainfall, we statistically analyzed the pre-earthquake anomalies. Focusing on the Guza, Xiaomiao, and Luzhou stations, which are the closest to the epicenter, the fitting results revealed two acceleration events of anomalous accumulation that occurred before the earthquake. Occurring approximately 4 months before the earthquake event, the first acceleration event indicated the pre-release of energy from a weak fault section. Conversely, the acceleration event observed a few days before the earthquake indicated a strong fault section that reached an unstable state with accumulating strain. We tentatively infer that these two anomalous cumulative accelerations may be related to the preparation phase for a large earthquake. This study highlights the considerable potential of graph neural networks in conducting multistation studies of pre-earthquake anomalies.

Structural phase transition and potential superconductivity initiated by pressure-driven in 1T–CrSe2

The exploration of the superconducting properties of antiferromagnetic parent compounds containing transition metals under pressure provides a unique idea for finding and designing superconducting materials with better performance. In this paper, the close relationship between the possible superconductivity and structure phase transition of the typical van der Waals layered material 1 T–CrSe2 induced by pressure is studied by means of electrical transport and x-ray diffraction for the first time. We introduce the possibility of pressure-induced superconductivity at 20 GPa, with a critical T c of approximately at 4 K. The superconductivity persists up to the highest measured pressure of 70 GPa, with a maximum T c ∼ 5 K at 24 GPa. We observed a structure phase transition from P-3 m1 to C2/m space group in the range of 9.4–11.7 GPa. The results show that the structural phase transition leads to the metallization of 1 T–CrSe2 and the further pressure effect makes the superconductivity appear in the new structure. The material undergoes a transition from a two-dimensional layered structure to a three-dimensional structure under pressure. This is the first time that possible superconductivity has been observed in 1 T–CrSe2.

Effect of Inlet Pressure on the Polyurethane Spray Nozzle for Soil Cracking Improvement: Simulations using CFD Method

Rigid spray polyurethane (RSPU) was commercially used as an injection in crack walls or soil surfaces to enhance material performance, increase lifetime, and save operating costs. The limitation of the RSPU nozzle was reported as easily clogging when sprayed out to the insulation and crack surface area and the finished product was less aesthetically pleasing. In this study, the RSPU nozzle of flat fan nozzle, 180° angle (Design A), Hollow cone nozzle, 60° angle (Design B), and Full cone nozzle, 90° angle (Design C) were prepared by using the SOLIDWORKS software. The effect of different pressures for RSPU nozzle design at the ranges of 4Mpa, 5MPa, and 6MPa was examined by ANSYS FLUENT software. The velocity of the outer spray nozzle shows a significant increase with increasing inlet pressure of the RSPU nozzle. The results reveal that the highest velocity of RSPU was obtained at the Hollow cone nozzle (Design B) as compared to (Flat fan nozzle) Design A and (Full cone nozzle) Design C at 394.249 m/s at 4MPa, 442.327 m/s at 5MPa and 485.37 m/s at 6MPa, respectively. The distribution droplet area shows the Design B spray formation had wider area coverage at 60° and exhibited that the injection nozzle spray was scatted and uniform at 6MPa. RSPU shows the velocity increased, distribution droplet increased, and output volume spray was decreased at the increasing of injection pressure. Hence, in this study was suggested that the size of RSPU nozzle design must be made at the ranges of 60° to 90° of outlet nozzle to obtain a good RSPU area. In conclusion, design B is the most effective for RSPU nozzle and is useful in injection cracking and insulation materials applications.

Analysis of Thermoelastic Contact of Gas-Lubricated Rough Sealing Faces

Friction and wear are the main failure sources of face seals. When the surfaces of sealing rings exhibit greater roughness, the level of friction might increase and lead to sealing failure. Therefore, in this paper, based on the elastic contact hypothesis of rough and wavy surfaces and the influence of temperature on the elastic modulus of materials, a thermoelastic contact lubrication model of a gas-lubricated end seal is established. The novelty and advantage of this study is that it takes the effect of surface roughness into consideration during thermoelastic analysis of gas-lubricated seals. The film pressure, temperature, contact force and deformation of a gas spiral groove-faced seal are numerically determined. The influence of surface roughness on the contact distribution, deformation and temperature of the end-face seal at different speeds and pressures is analyzed. The film thickness increases as the rotational speed increases from 1 rpm to 2000 rpm, while the contact pressure sharply decreases from 0.25 kPa to 0. The analysis shows that the roughness contact mainly happens on the inner side of the rings due to convergent distortion of the seal faces, which easily causes partial wear of the seal faces. Moreover, it can also be found that the spiral grooves on the sealing surface can produce obvious hydrodynamic pressure effect due to the function of shear speed when the speed increases to 2000 rpm, while the film temperature increases from 293.3 K to about 306 K. The greater surface roughness results in a larger temperature rise under low-rotational-speed and lower-seal-pressure conditions, which further increases the risk of severe wear or even failure of the seal faces.

Dynamics of oil–CO2–water three-phase under the nanopore confinement effect: Implications for CO2 enhanced shale oil recovery and carbon storage

The widespread nanopores, diverse minerals, and varying water saturation in shale reservoirs complicate the mechanism analysis and performance prediction of CO2 enhanced oil recovery (CO2-EOR) and CO2 storage (CS) in hydrated nanopores. Therefore, molecular dynamics methods were used to simulate the process of CO2 replacing shale oil in hydrated nanopores of inorganic, organic and composite minerals. Importantly, the effects of mineral type, temperature, pressure and water content on CO2-EOR and CS performances in hydrated nanopores were analyzed, and the CO2-EOR mechanisms of dissolution, extraction, viscosity reduction, miscibility and competitive adsorption were revealed. The results show that water in illite, kerogen, and composite nanopores are distributed in the forms of water films, water clusters (films), and water columns, respectively. The replacement efficiency of shale oil in three types of nanopores is improved with increased water content but reduced in kerogen nanopores under high water content. Water is not conducive to the diffusion and viscosity reduction of oil in nanopores, but the miscibility and competitive adsorption of CO2 and oil are improved. The replacement efficiency is positively correlated with temperature and pressure. The increasing temperature promotes diffusion and viscosity reduction of oil and competitive adsorption between CO2 and oil in hydrated nanopores, and increasing pressure promotes miscibility and competitive adsorption. Water columns in kerogen and composite nanopores reduce the CS performance, while thin water films in illite nanopores improve it. Moreover, an excellent CS rate can be achieved at high temperatures and pressures, but the high temperature is not conducive to CS stability. This study provides a theoretical basis for CO2 injection to improve oil production and carbon storage performance in hydrated shale reservoirs and contributes to the optimization of CO2 injection schemes.

Effect of Intraocular Pressure Lowering Treatment on Peripapillary and Macular Vessel Density on Normotensive Eyes with Optic Disc Drusen: A Randomized Controlled Trial

ABSTRACT To evaluate the effect of intraocular pressure (IOP) reduction on peripapillary and macular vessel density parameters from optical coherence tomography angiography (OCT-A) in normotensive eyes with optic disc drusen (ODD). Randomized controlled trial, with 6 months of follow-up, including normotensive eyes with ODD divided into two groups: control group (lubricating eye drop) and case group (latanoprost 50mcg/ml). We used OCT-A to evaluate peripapillary and macular vessel density parameters. Data were collected at baseline and at 1, 3, and 6 months following the use of eye drops. This study included a total of 32 eyes (16 cases and 16 controls) from 19 patients. After 6 months, the group using latanoprost IOP reduced IOP to 10.8 ± 0.64 versus 13.5 ± 0.54 mmHg in the control group (p < 0.001). We observed significant changes in OCT-A vessel density peripapillary parameters. The total radial peripapillary capillary (RPC) density (%) at month 6, in the eyes using latanoprost was 55.1 ± 1.05% and control was 57.9 ± 0.88%, p = 0.033. However, no changes were observed in macular vessel density parameters as well as retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) and ganglion cell complex (GCC) thickness between groups after 6 months of using latanoprost. No sight-threatening events were observed during follow-up in either group. Until now there is no evidence that just lowering IOP can benefit normotensive patients with ODD. In fact, we observed a significant decrease in RPC vessel density after 6 months of IOP reduction using latanoprost, compared to the control group.

Anchovy and sardine condition and energy content in the North Aegean Sea (eastern Mediterranean) in relation to their contrasting reproductive strategies.

Forage species with high biomass, such as anchovies and sardines, play a key role in pelagic ecosystems and make up a significant proportion of the world's capture fisheries production. In recent years, condition indices have gained interest as significant indicators for assessing the effects of environmental and human pressures on these species and the quality of their habitats. In the present study, we examined, for the first time in the North Aegean Sea (eastern Mediterranean), the year-round variation in somatic and gonadal condition, energy density, and percentage of lipid content of anchovy (Engraulis encrasicolus) and sardine (Sardina pilchardus). Energy density was measured with bomb calorimetry and percentage lipid content with the fatmeter, a portable electronic device. Finally, the monthly changes in gonadal and energetic condition were examined in relation to the annual cycle of temperature and mesozooplankton biomass, simulated by the implementation of a coupled hydrodynamic-biogeochemical model (POM-ERSEM). There was a strong relationship between fish energy density (kJ g-1) and percentage dry weight. Furthermore, the mean monthly energy density and fatmeter measurements were strongly correlated, especially in sardine. Overall, the monthly changes in energetic condition were indicative of the species' different strategies for energy acquisition and allocation to reproduction (capital vs. income breeding): sardine exhibited low energy density and percentage lipid content during the winter spawning period (November-March) and markedly higher energetic condition from spring to autumn (April-October). Anchovy spawning period, as inferred from gonadal condition, lasted from April to September, i.e., during the warm period of the year but its energy density and percentage lipid content did not exhibit any seasonal changes and were markedly lower than in sardine from April to October. Finally, the simulated mesozooplankton biomass was higher from January to July, which corresponded to the second half of the spawning season for sardine, but first half of the spawning season for anchovy.

Influence of humidity and air pressure on thrust characteristics of ion wind propulsion systems

Ion wind propulsion systems have potential applications in the field of unmanned aerial vehicle due to their compactness, quiet operation, and simple design. Previous studies have focused on the influences of power source, electrode arrangement, size, and shape on the output thrust characteristics. However, few studies have been performed on the environmental conditions, which can be beneficial for the practical applications of ion wind aircraft in various climatic conditions. In this work, a measurement platform of the output characteristics of ion wind propulsion system under various environmental conditions has been established. The experimental pressure range was 1–0.7 atm, and the relative humidity (RH) range was 30%–92%. The effects of air pressure and humidity, and voltage level on the thrust, thrust-to-power radio (TPR) corona current have been investigated. The results showed that the corona current and thrust of the wire-wing electrode array decreased with RH within the range of 30%– to 80%. Under higher humidity, the corona current and thrust tend to increase at most voltage levels. Moreover, the thrust and current both decreased with reduced pressure when keeping the voltage-to-pressure ratio (U/P) unchanged. It was also found that the thrust was roughly proportional to the square of the pressure. Finally, the possible explanations of the coupled influences on the output characteristics were discussed.

Experimental study on the effect of PVP, NaCl and EG on the methane hydrates formation and dissociation kinetics

The problem of hydrate plug, low efficiency of hydrate dissociation and short production time in hydrate exploitation processes have significantly hindered the commercial viability of gas hydrate extraction. This study investigated the inhibitory effects of ethylene glycol (EG), EG + polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP), and EG + PVP + sodium chloride (NaCl) on methane hydrate formation through experiment. The hydrate inhibitory performance is evaluated by using differential of pressure curve, the amount of hydrate, and pressure drop values, and the effects of different temperatures, pressures, inhibitors, and injection time on hydrate dissociation are further studied. The experiment results indicate that the rank of inhibitors combination in terms of effectiveness is 5%EG + 0.5 wt%PVP + 3 wt%Nacl > 10%EG + 1 wt%PVP > 30% EG. At low-temperature conditions, 30% EG exhibits good inhibition of hydrate synthesis but poor dissociation efficiency. As temperature increases, the hydrates dissociation rate with 30% EG also increases. For the combination inhibitor system of EG, PVP, and NaCl, PVP will reduce the dissociation efficiency of hydrates, while EG and Nacl will improve the hydrate dissociation performance. For low production pressure, it is found that 10% EG + 10% NaCl have a good promotion effect on hydrate dissociation, whereas under high production pressure, 20% EG + 10% NaCl is more effective. Furthermore, injecting the inhibitors earlier enhances the dissociation of hydrates more effectively.

Numerical Simulation of Fishtail Biomimetic Groove for Dry Gas Seals

In recent years, the use of dry gas seal technology in high-end industrial applications has become increasingly widespread. Existing research has primarily focused on unidirectional grooves. This study introduces an innovative approach by incorporating bidirectional grooves inspired by the biomimetic design of a carp tail, aiming to enhance sealing performance. The analysis of flow-field characteristics was conducted using Fluent software to evaluate the effect of different groove designs on sealing efficacy. The results indicate that curved grooves are more effective in directing gas flow and reducing fluid dynamic losses, thus improving the overall sealing efficiency. In particular, the outer-curved carp-tail groove exhibited superior dynamic pressure effects and reduced pressure drops across various operating conditions. The optimal radial dam-to-groove width ratio ranged from 3.8 to 4.1, and the optimal groove depth ranged from 6.5 to 9.6 μm. This investigation focused on the design and performance evaluation of biomimetic carp-tail grooves for dry gas seals, presenting a novel groove configuration for end-face sealing and further advancing the theoretical understanding of dry gas seals.

Is urbanization a driver of aboveground biomass allocation in a widespread tropical shrub, Turnera subulata (Turneroideae - Passifloraceae)?

Plant biomass allocation is mainly affected by the environment where each individual grows. In this sense, through the rapid global expansion of impermeable areas, urbanization has strong, albeit poorly understood, consequences on the biomass allocation of plants found in this environment. Nevertheless, the comprehension of biomass allocation processes in urban shrubs remains unclear, because most studies of urban ecology focus on tree species. This is an important gap of knowledge because a great part of urban vegetation is composed of shrubs and their association with trees have positive impacts in urban ecosystem services. In this study, we explored the ecological and potential selective pressure effects of an urbanization gradient on the biomass allocation patterns of aboveground organs of Turnera subulata, a widely distributed tropical shrub. We have demonstrated that, for certain reproductive organs, biomass allocation decreases in locations with higher urbanization. Unlike expected, the biomass of vegetative organs was not affected by urbanization, and we did not observe any effect of urbanization intensity on the variance in biomass allocation to vegetative and reproductive organs. We did not record urbanization-mediated trade-offs in biomass allocation for reproductive and vegetative organs. Instead, the biomass of these structures showed a positive relationship. Our data suggest that urbanization does not result in radical changes in biomass allocation of T. subulata, and neither in the variation of these traits. They indicate that the ability of T. subulata to thrive in urban environments may be associated with life history and morphological mechanisms. Our findings contribute to the understanding of shrub plant responses to urbanization and highlight urbanization as a potential factor in resource allocation differences for different structures and functions in plants living in these environments.

Synchrotron vacuum ultraviolet photoionization mass spectrometry and modeling study of iso-octane low temperature oxidation at varied pressures

Because of its excellent anti-knock properties, iso-octane has been selected as the main component of gasoline surrogates, and a thorough understanding of its low temperature oxidation process is essential for the development of kinetic models. Although iso-octane has been studied for decades, a comprehensive understanding of its low temperature oxidation chemistry has not been realized, and kinetic models were not well developed. In this work, the previously developed, variable pressure jet-stirred reactor-synchrotron vacuum ultraviolet photoionization mass spectrometry system was used to study the low temperature oxidation of iso-octane at five bar, with an initial fuel mole fraction of 0.01, residence time of 2 s, and equivalence ratio of 0.25. Dozens of oxidation intermediates were qualitatively and quantitatively analyzed, helping to reveal the low temperature oxidation reaction processes of iso-octane and examine the kinetic models. Comparing iso-octane studies at high pressure in the literature, a highly detailed species pool was probed, which included H2O2, carbonyl acids, alkyl hydroperoxides, and keto-hydroperoxides (KHP). By combining the atmospheric pressure data in the literature, the recently developed model of iso-octane low temperature oxidation was examined. Further improvement of the kinetic model was achieved by carefully tuning the reaction rate constant of the KHP decomposition. Finally, according to the variation of mole fraction of products at different pressures, the pressure effects on key reaction pathways were discussed, and the selectivity of products at varied pressure conditions clarified.

The Increase in the Plasticity of Microcrystalline Cellulose Spheres’ When Loaded with a Plasticizer

Compaction pressure can induce an undesirable solid-state polymorphic transition in drugs, fragmentation, loss of coated pellet integrity, and the decreased viability and vitality of microorganisms. Thus, the excipients with increased plasticity can be considered as an option to decrease the undesirable effects of compaction pressure. This study aims to increase the plasticity (to reduce the mean yield pressure; Py) of dried microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) by loading it with a specially selected plasticizer. Diethyl citrate (DEC), water, and glycerol were the considered plasticizers. Computation of solubility parameters was used to predict the miscibility of MCC with plasticizers (possible plasticization effect). Plasticizer-loaded MCC spheres with 5.0 wt.% of water, 5.2 wt.% of DEC, and 4.2 wt.% glycerol were obtained via the solvent method, followed by solvent evaporation. Plasticizer-loaded formulations were characterised by TGA, DSC, pXRD, FTIR, pressure-displacement profiles, and in-die Heckel plots. Py was derived from the in-die Heckel analysis and was used as a plasticity parameter. In comparison with non-plasticized MCC (Py = 136.5 MPa), the plasticity of plasticizer-loaded formulations increased (and Py decreased) from DEC (124.7 MPa) to water (106.6 MPa) and glycerol (99.9 MPa), and that was in full accordance with the predicted miscibility likeliness order based on solubility parameters. Therefore, water and glycerol were able to decrease the Py of non-plasticized MCC spheres by 16.3 and 30.0%, respectively. This feasibility study showed the possibility of modifying the plasticity of MCC by loading it with a specially selected plasticizer.

A Study on Hydrogen Bonding and Energy Variation during Bubble Nucleation in Water on a Grooved Substrate by Molecular Dynamics Simulation.

In this paper, the bubble nucleation process of water was studied by molecular dynamics (MD) simulation. The nucleation mechanism of water on a grooved substrate was revealed from the perspective of hydrogen bond and energy change, and the effect of system pressure on nucleation was studied. The results show that the process of bubble nucleation of water molecules is essentially a process in which the thermal motion of water molecules gradually intensifies and the hydrogen bond continues to break with the increase in kinetic energy. As the hydrogen bond breaks, the kinetic energy of the water molecules is continuously converted to intermolecular potential energy. By analyzing the composition of the hydrogen bond energy, it is found that the electrostatic energy is much greater than the van der Waals energy, so the water nucleation process mainly overcomes the electrostatic force between molecules. With the gradual increase of pressure, although the kinetic energy distribution of molecules does not change significantly, it will cause the potential energy of water molecules to decrease significantly and then lead to the increase of the energy barrier that needs to be crossed for nucleation. Meanwhile, the rise of the nucleation barrier may result in the absence of obvious initial vapor nuclei inside the liquid so that the number of hydrogen bonds cannot be rapidly reduced, which is not conducive to boiling nucleation. The results of this study provide important implications for further understanding of the nucleate boiling process of water.