Effect Of Presoaking Research Articles

Presoaking hamstring autograft with vancomycin does not jeopardize its biomechanical properties, including graft elongation, after cyclic loading.

Presoaking the graft with vancomycin before implantation has been shown to reduce the risk of postoperative infection after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR). However, the effects of presoaking on the graft biomechanical properties remain unclear. This study aimed to determine whether presoaking the graft with vancomycin affects the graft biomechanical properties and length after cyclic loading. Ten paired (20 specimens) gracilis and semitendinous tendons were harvested from fresh-frozen human cadaveric specimens. Two tendons were folded in half to make four strands, and the grafts were randomized into the vancomycin and control groups. The graft was exposed to the antibiotic solution for 15 min (5 mg/mL) and prepared by mixing 1 g of vancomycin with 200 mL of normal saline (NaCl 0.9%). The control group was soaked in normal saline for 15 min. The prepared grafts were attached to the actuator of a dynamic tensile-testing machine. All grafts were tested with 3000 cycles of cyclic loading followed by a pull-to-failure. The cyclic loading protocol consisted of position and load control blocks to simulate the graft in vivo in the postoperative phase after ACLR. Presoaking in vancomycin did not jeopardize the biomechanical properties of the graft. In addition, presoaking with vancomycin did not elongate the grafts. No significant differences were found in the mean Young's modulus and the mean total elongation of the graft of the specimen between the vancomycin group and the control group. Presoaking the graft with vancomycin jeopardized neither its biomechanical properties nor elongation even after cyclic loading in this in vitro study. It is suggested that vancomycin presoaking could be considered a safe and effective preventive measure for postoperative infections after ACLR. Not applicable.

Effect of in-situ pre-soaking in seawater on the erosion-corrosion properties and micro-mechanism of nickel aluminium bronze alloy

The effects of pre-soaking in seawater on the corrosion behaviour of the nickel aluminium bronze alloy were examined using electrochemical and erosion-corrosion tests. The surface passive film of the alloy pre-soaked for 30 d consisted of an outer loose CuO film, a middle dense Cu2O film, and a denser inner Cu2O film contained Al2O3. The corrosion properties of the sample pre-soaked for 30 d were significantly improved, with ∼71% reduction in corrosion rate at 3 m/s compared with the unsoaked sample. Strong bonding between the substrate and passive films formed during pre-soaking effectively inhibited the entry of ions from seawater.

Non-thermal plasma (NTP) treatment of Trigonella foenum-graecum L. seeds stimulates the sprout growth and the production of nutraceutical compounds

The possibility to stimulate the production of some nutraceutical properties of fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.) sprouts by non-thermal plasma (NTP) processing of the seeds in different conditions was studied. The non-thermal plasma used in this work was a surface dielectric barrier discharge. Two types of processing were performed: direct NTP treatment and NTP with a cover treatment, to simulate the processing of packaged seeds. For all treatments, the effect of pre-soaking of the seeds was studied as well. The analyses of the seeds after processing indicated an increase of the hydrophilicity of their surface for NTP direct treatment as resulted from the water contact angle measurements, which could be due to the strong etching evidenced by scanning electron microscopy imaging. A significant (p < 0.05) increase of the seedling growth, by up to 50%, was found especially for the pre-soaked seeds. These results were correlated with the increase of chlorophyll pigments concentrations, with higher concentrations in the case of NTP direct treatment than for the NTP with cover treatments. Direct NTP treatment for 30 s of dry seeds led to the highest increase of the flavonoid concentration of about three times compared to that obtained for untreated seeds. For the polyphenols and antioxidant activity, NTP with cover treatments proved to be better, with a significant increase, especially for 90 s treatment of the pre-soaked seeds. All the results indicate the possibility of tuning the nutraceutical properties of fenugreek sprouts by NTP treatment.

The importance of presoaking to improve the efficiency of MgCl2-modified and non-modified biochar in the adsorption of cadmium

Investigating the effect of presoaking, as one of the most important physical factors affecting the adsorption behavior of biochar, on the adsorption of heavy metals by modified or non-modified biochar and presoaking mechanism is still an open issue. In this study, the water presoaking effect on the kinetics of cadmium (Cd) adsorption by rice husk biochar (produced at 450 °C, B1, and at 600 °C, B2) and the rice husk biochar modified with magnesium chloride (B1 modified with MgCl2, MB1, and B2 modified with MgCl2, MB2) was investigated. Furthermore, the effect of pH (2, 5, and 6), temperature (15, 25, and 35 °C), and biochar particle size (100 and 500 µm) on the kinetics of Cd adsorption was also investigated. Results revealed that the content of Cd adsorbed by the presoaked biochar was significantly higher than that by the non-presoaked biochar. The highest Cd adsorption capacity of MB2 and MB1 was 98.4 and 97.6 mg g−1, respectively, which was much better than that of B1 (7.6 mg g−1) and B2 (7.5 mg g−1). The modeling of kinetics results showed that in all cases pseudo-second-order model was well-fitted (R2>0.99) with Cd adsorption data. The results also indicated that the highest Cd adsorption values were observed at pH 6 in presoaked MB1 with size of 100 µm as well as at the temperature of 35 °C in presoaked MB2, indicating the optimum conditions for this process. The presoaking process was not affected by biochar size and pH, and the difference in adsorbed Cd content between presoaked biochars and non-presoaked ones was also similar. However, the temperature had a negative effect on presoaking. The presoaking process decreased micropores (<10 µm) in the biochars but had no effect on biochar hydrophobicity. Therefore, presoaking, which could significantly increase Cd adsorption and reduce equilibrium time by reducing the micropores of biochars, is suggested as an effective strategy for improving the efficiency of modified biochars or non-modified ones in the adsorption of contaminants (Cd) from aquatic media.

The impact of a meta-analysis on orthopaedic surgeons' practice with regards to vancomycin graft pre-soaking in anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: A paper questionnaire survey study.

Understanding the impact of orthopaedic scientific research is vital in identifying facilitators and barriers to its implementation in clinical practice. A meta-analysis was carried out which showed that presoaking hamstring (HT) autografts in vancomycin was associated with a 10-fold reduction in infection rate in anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction. Our aim was to determine the practice of orthopaedic surgeons with regards to vancomycin presoaking and explore whether they would adopt the findings of this meta-analysis. A paper questionnaire survey was administered to attendees of an annual EFORT podium presentation of the meta-analysis findings. Descriptive statistics were used to summarize the characteristics of respondents and their responses. A total of 29 senior surgeons/subspecialists performing a median of 40 ACL reconstructions per year completed the survey of whom 7 (24.1%) had encountered an ACL graft infection in the previous 2 years and 14 (48.3%) in the previous 5 years. Only 3 (10.3%) presoaked the ACL graft with an antibiotic. About 1/4 of those who up to then did not pre-soak the graft (6/26, 23.1%) would consider changing their practice to pre-soaking with vancomycin, with similar findings (5/20, 25.0%) in those that used a HT autograft as their first choice. Orthopaedic surgeons are receptive to the findings of a meta-analysis reporting on the effectiveness of vancomycin graft presoaking in ACL reconstruction, which can thus have a substantial impact upon clinical care. Addressing concerns about vancomycin induced graft toxicity and comparing the pre-soaking effect to that of specific intravenous antibiotic regimens may further enhance the uptake of this practice.

Low-cycle fatigue behaviors of 316L austenitic stainless steel in high temperature water: Effects of pre-soaking, dissolved oxygen, and boric acid & lithium hydroxide

Latest studies found that for 316LN austenitic stainless steel (ASS), its LCF life decreased noticeably in high temperature water containing a great amount of dissolved oxygen (DO) (2 ppm DO), compared with that in the water containing 50 or 100 ppb DO. This finding is different from previous studies about ASSs. This study confirmed that the 316L had similar behavior to 316LN. The LCF life of 316L in water containing 1000 ppb DO water was considerably shorter than that in the water containing 50 ppb DO. Addition of boric acid & lithium hydroxide and pre-soaking did not display noticeable effects on the LCF life of this material in the water with 1000 ppb DO, indicating the discrepancy between the latest studies and previous studies was not caused by the boric acid & lithium hydroxide and pre-soaking. This study also confirmed that similar to 316LN, when a certain amount of DO was added into the water, the amount of hydrogen absorbed into the material decreased significantly compared with that when the DO was less than 5 ppb.

Effect of Presoaking on the Kinetics of Cadmium (Cd) Adsorption on Modified and Unmodified Rice Husk Biochars

Effect of Presoaking on the Kinetics of Cadmium (Cd) Adsorption on Modified and Unmodified Rice Husk Biochars

Effect of pre-soaking substrate and light availability on seed germination and seedling establishment of Dracaena draco (L.) L., a threatened species

The Dragon tree, Dracaena draco (L.) L., is an extremely threatened species. Its natural regeneration is disturbed and population appears to decrease rapidly. To design appropriate germination and seedling establishment protocols for a species conservation and restoration program, we studied the effects of pre-soaking, substrate and light availability treatment on seed germination for 15-day period. The condition for light availability corresponded to the sowing depth (at surface or at 2 cm depth). Germination occurred better in the dark when seeds were sown at 2 cm depth. Our results showed that D. draco seeds sown in the sand under dark condition and after 24 hours pre-soaking in warm water germinated better and recorded 82.5% of final germination percentage (FGP). However, seedlings grew better in potting soil and recorded 54 mm of length. The maximum FGP of 51.3% was recorded under light condition. These results indicate that sowing depth and light availability could be a limiting factor for D. draco seed germination in natural condition. Furthermore, the establishment of D. draco seedlings (shoot and root length) during an 8-week period in pots was also assessed and illustrated. More research on seed ecophysiology is required to understand the mechanisms controlling seed germination of D. draco in arid and semi-arid conditions viz. salinity and drought.

The physiological effect of pre-soaking with tryptophan on sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.) productivity under different levels of salinity stresses

BackgroundSalinity has a negative effect on the productivity of many crops. Therefore, the present study was conducted to investigate the effect of pre-soaking in different concentrations of tryptophan (0.0, 2.5, and 5.0 mM) on growth, yield and root quality of two sugar beet cultivars (DS-9004 and LP-15) under different salinity levels (320, 2000, 4000, 6000, and 8000 ppm) in an effort to reduce salinity damage on sugar beet. The data were collected at 2 stages of growth (75 and 180 days after sowing).ResultsThe results revealed that the pre-soaking in tryptophan treatments (2.5 mM) were the most effective treatments under different salinity levels and caused significant increases in all tested parameters of this study. Moreover, increasing salinity levels decreased significantly the root purity parameters and increased impurity parameters of sugar beet. The DS-9004 cultivar gave the highest values of all studied parameters compared with the LP-15 cultivar under different salinity levels with tryptophan (2.5 mM). Chlorophyll a content and chlorophyll a/b ratio, as well as carotenoids content, were highest in DS-9004 cultivar, while chlorophyll b content was highest in LP-15 cultivar at 75 days.ConclusionsSalinity level up to 320 ppm positively affected the growth yield of sugar beet while the highest significant reduction was associated with increasing salinity up to 8000 ppm. Thus, pre-soaking in tryptophan (2.5 mM) has a promotive effect on increasing sugar beet yield under water salinity conditions.

Determination of absorption dose in chemical mutagenesis in plants.

Chemical mutagenesis is a useful tool for inducing mutations in plants. Seeds are often used as the material for chemical mutagenesis. The biological effect of a chemical mutagen on seeds is determined by absorption dose (the product of mutagen concentration and acting time, which starts after the mutagen is absorbed by the seeds). In practice, however, the concept of exposure dose (the product of mutagen concentration and treating time) is usually used instead because the time for absorbing mutagen is unknown. In this study, we conducted an experiment using ethyl methane sulphonate (EMS) to treat cauliflower seeds, in which five EMS concentrations (0%, 0.5%, 1.0%, 1.5% and 2.0%), three treating time lengths (4 h, 6 h and 8 h) and two pretreatments (non-presoaking and presoaking of seeds for 2 h) were set. We obtained a well-fitted nonlinear regression model for the relationship between seedling survival rate and the EMS treatment, and its marginal models for the two pretreatments. Based on the models, we determined the EMS absorption doses under the two different pretreatments and identified their 50% lethality dose (LD50). We found that presoaking could delay EMS absorption and therefore reduce the injury caused by EMS within a given treating time, but could hardly change the biological effect of EMS after it is absorbed. The conclusions about absorption dose and presoaking effect obtained in this study might be generally applicable to plant chemical mutagenesis in principle.

Effect of Pre-soaking by distilled water on seeds germination of black seeds (Nigella sativa L.) under salinity stress

A laboratory experiment was conducted to study the effects of salinity and presoaking treatments on final germination percentage, days to 50% germination, and recovery percentage of Nigella sativa seeds. Seeds were divided into two groups and for 24h one group was presoaked in different NaCl concentrations (25, 50, 75, and 100 mM), while the other was presoaked in distilled water. They were then sown in Petri dishes and watered with salinity treatments. Results showed high significant difference between the two presoaking treatments. Final germination percentage of seeds of the first group was negatively affected where it decreased as salinity concentration increased. Only seeds at 25 mM reached to 50% of germination after ten days, while those at other concentrations failed. Results also showed that seeds of the second group were germinated well after being exposed to salinity stress. They also achieved more than 50% germination during the first five days of experiment. The recovery percentage of the un-germinated seeds of the two groups was low indicating toxic ionic effect on seed germination and viability. It was concluded that salinity effect on germination traits increases with the increase in concentration and presoaking treatment in distilled water helps seeds to reduce salinity stress.

Effect of Pre-Soaking on Seedling Establishment and Pretilachlor Tolerance in Four Rice Genotypes

This study aimed to investigate the effects of pre-soaking for 2 h before seeding on rice seedling establishment after 15-day spraying with pretilachlor. The cytochrome P-450 content, glutathione S-transferase (GSTs), and root activity were also determined. Seedlings of four rice cultivars with contrasting tolerance of pretilachlor were compared. Seed pre-treatment by pre-soaking increased the survivability and growth under pretilachlor spray and improved seedling establishment by increasing P-450, GSTs and root activities. Tolerant genotypes, super hybrid rice, responded better to pre-soaking in direct-seeded rice treated with pretilachlor. It is important for establishment in direct-seeded rice with pre-soaking seeds before sowing in improving emergence and seedling. The positive effect of pre-soaking was proved in all four rice genotypes. Seed pre-soaking will be effective in direct-seeded rice culture to protect rice treated with pre-emergence herbicide and control weedy rice.

High Pressure Processing Treatment of Fresh-Cut Carrots: Effect of Presoaking in Calcium Salts on Quality Parameters

Effect of high pressure (HP) treatment (200–600 MPa; 0–20 min) on quality of fresh-cut carrot slices was evaluated after presoaking in selected calcium salt solutions (1% calcium chloride, 1% calcium lactate, 1% calcium gluconate, and distilled water as control) for one hour. Results showed that calcium chloride (CaCl2) solution pretreatment was most effective for preserving the hardness of carrot slices at 400 and 600 MPa and this treatment also resulted in the least amount of color change in carrots, followed by calcium lactate, gluconate, and control pretreatments. The average sensory evaluation scores during 9 days of refrigerated storage at 4°C in control, CaCl2, calcium lactate, and calcium gluconate presoaking treatments followed by HP treatment were 6.4 ± 0.5, 8.0 ± 0.5, 7.8 ± 0.4, and 7.6 ± 0.3, respectively, on a zero to 9 scale for quality.

Effect of mixing methods of nano silica on properties of recycled aggregate concrete

The effect of presoaking of recycled coarse aggregate (RCA) in nano silica (NS) solution on the properties of recycled aggregates concrete is compared with the direct mixing of NS in concrete. In this study, four series of concrete are considered. The first and second series are control series containing 100% natural coarse aggregate (NCA) and 100% RCA, respectively. The third and fourth series are similar to the second series in every aspect except that 2 wt% NS is added through direct mixing in concrete and presoaking of RCA in 2 wt% NS solution of 24 hr, respectively. Results show that the measured 28‐day compressive strength of recycled aggregate concrete containing presoaked RCA is higher than that containing direct mixing of NS in concrete. The volume of permeable voids, water sorptivity, and chloride ion penetration measured after 28 days curing is also reduced in recycled aggregate concrete containing presoaked RCA in NS solution than that containing direct mixing of NS in concrete. The total porosity of mortar adjacent to presoaked RCA is also found to be significantly lower than the same, where NS is mixed directly. The concentration of pores in the matrix adjacent to presoaked RCA is also shifted to medium capillary pores from the large capillary pores of matrix adjacent to RCA containing no NS. The volume of medium capillary pores reduced significantly in the matrix adjacent to presoaked RCA compared to the same, where NS is mixed directly. The scanning electron microscopic image analysis also supports this observation.

Effect of Presoaking Sugar Beet (Beta vulgaris L.) Seeds with Gibberellic, Abscisic or Ascorbic Acids on Alleviation of Salinity Stress

A study was conducted to investigate the effect of presoaking of sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.) seeds (polygerm) with gibberellic acid, abscisic acid, or ascorbic acid on alleviation of salt stress at seedling stage. The salinity levels of irrigation solution were 0, 25, 50 and 100 mM NaCl and the presoaking treatments were water as a control, 10 µM GA3, 10 µM ABA, and 0.5 mM ASA for 12 hrs. Seeds were sown in plastic pot containing 0.8 Kg prewashed sand and irrigated three times weekly by 100 mL per pot of one-tenth modified Hoagland solution containing the salt level. After seven weeks from sowing, the whole plants were collected. The results indicated that increasing salt concentration decreased the fresh and dry weight of whole plant, shoot and root, and shoot height of all presoaking treatments. However, shoot/root ratio on fresh and dry weight basis and moisture content of whole plant, shoot and root, chlorophyll content index, and electrolyte leakage were increased with increasing salt concentration of all presoaking treatments. However, presoaking of sugar beet seeds (polygerm) with the GA3, ABA, or ASA showed no significant effect to alleviation salt stress on sugar beet seedlings. However, the interaction between salt levels and presoaking treatments was significant for whole plant and root fresh and dry weights, shoot/root ratio on fresh weight basis, whole plant and root moisture content and chlorophyll content index, while nonsignificant for shoot fresh and dry weights, shoot height, shoot/root ratio on dry weight basis, shoot moisture content and electrolyte leakage.

Effect of presoaking on the germination of Psoralea corylifolia Linn.

Effect of presoaking on the germination of Psoralea corylifolia Linn.

Effect of Pre-soaking with Salt and Sugar Treatments on Quality Characteristics of Dried Top Shell(Hexaplex Nigritus)

Effect of Pre-soaking with Salt and Sugar Treatments on Quality Characteristics of Dried Top Shell(Hexaplex Nigritus)

염 및 당 침지 처리가 건조 사과의 품질특성에 미치는 영향

염 및 당 침지 처리가 건조 사과의 품질특성에 미치는 영향

Effectiveness of Seed priming with Polyamines in Decreasing Drought Stress Adversities in Two Wheat Cultivars

Two cultivars of bread Wheat (Triticum aestivum), Miser2 and Sakha 94 (Differ in their drought tolerance) were selected for drought and Polyamines (PAs) treatment. Seeds of both cultivars were presoaked in water or 100 μM solutions of either putrescine (put) spermines (spm) separately or in mixture for 10 h. Thereafter, all seedlings (OR) germinated seeds were restricted to drought by withholding water beginning from the seventh day after sowing (DAS) for a total experimental period of 21days. The results revealed that drought caused significant decrease in growth parameters, pigments, total protein contents, total insoluble sugars, antioxidant enzymes activities and membrane stability index in both cultivars. The decrease was more pronounced in Sakha94.The level of proline, total soluble sugars, H2O2 and lipid peroxidation increased under drought stress in Misr2 more than in Sakha 94 confirming thatMisr2 is more tolerant.Presoaking seeds in putrescine solutions accumulated pigments, proline, soluble and insoluble sugars and total protein however; it decreased H2O2 content and lipid peroxidation in Sakha 94, but soaking in spermine increased catalase activity while pretreatment with the mixture increased guaiacol peroxidase activity in Sakha94 only. The little effect of presoaking with polyamines was most detected in Misr2. In conclusion, presoaking with spm and/ or put play to some extent a protective role against drought stress through improving plant tolerance. This response differs according to the cultivar but more future research will be carried about PAs application as foliar spray.

Microwave assisted retting – A novel method of processing of flax stems

A new method for retting of flax stem was introduced by using microwave energy. The combined effect of pre-soaking, microwave volumetric heating and the non-thermal effect of microwave energy were applied in the retting of flax stem. Effective retting was observed in various combinations of pre-soaking, Microwave treatment times and microwave energy. The samples soaked for 24 and 36 h with microwave treatments of 20 min showed better retting efficiency. Fried tests, Near Infrared analysis and fibre diameter analysis were done to find out the retting efficiency. The effect of non-thermal effect of microwave in flax retting was proved experimentally. Colourimetric tests and tensile strength tests were conducted to compare the quality of fibres after microwave retting and no significant changes in the physical qualities were observed. The water released after pre-soaking was not contaminated because of less microbial activity in short duration of the entire process. In industrial point of view, this method is acceptable because of the ease of recyclability of the pre-soaked water and comparably short duration of the process.