Effect Of Physical Pretreatment Research Articles

Enzymatic extraction of ferulic acid from brewer’s spent grain: Effect of physical pretreatments and optimization using design of experiments

Brewers' grains (BSG), the main waste product of the beer industry, are widely available and rich in fiber and bioactive compounds. Ferulic acid (FA) is the main phenolic compound in BSG, it has antioxidant and antibacterial properties that make it a valuable product for cosmetic, food and pharmaceutical industries. Alkaline hydrolysis is the common technology for extracting FA from biomass, this technology needs to be substituted as it is non-selective and requires harsh conditions making purification more complicated and expensive. This research work presents enzymatic hydrolysis as a green alternative for FA extraction. Five commercial enzymes were screened and compared for their hydrolytic efficiency to release FA. Prior to the enzymatic hydrolysis, autoclave was selected as the most effective pretreatment. Depol 740L was selected as the desired enzyme based on its high feruloyl esterase activity (0.4 U/mL). The enzymatic extraction parameters (pH, temperature and enzyme dosage) were optimized using response surface methodology. The highest FA recovery, 1.06 ± 0.01 mg/g dry weight (43.13% in comparison with the alkaline hydrolysis), could be achieved at pH 5.27; temperature 60 °C and 1.72% enzyme. The optimal extraction conditions were found to be sufficient within 22 h, as determined by a kinetic study.

Physical pretreatment of food waste for reducing hydrogen-consuming bacteria

Food waste is a complex organic substrate that is also potentially hosting a variety of microbial species. In Malaysia, the large amount of food waste that is available can cause health and environmental issues due to inadequate management that has created problems such as greenhouse gas emission and release of wastewater. The utilization of food waste for value-added products is an attractive solution to reduce the accumulation of food waste, however, demands a pretreatment step to prepare the food waste for a specific production process. One interesting application of food waste is for the production of biohydrogen, which requires food waste to be free from hydrogen-consuming bacteria (HCB). This study aims to investigate the effect of physical pretreatment on food waste and suggest the best pretreatment parameters. Food waste samples were pretreated with heat at 70 °C, 80 °C and 90 °C for 15 and 30 minutes and UV radiation for 10, 15 and 30 minutes before being cultured in aerobic condition. The reduction in aerobic bacteria was measured. Heat pretreatment at 70 °C for 15 and 30 minutes could be considered as the best pretreatment compared to the other since it recorded the highest reducing sugar concentration. Heat pretreatment at 70 °C for 15 and 30 minutes and UV radiation pretreatment for 15 minutes had a bactericidal effect and able to remove HCB. There is a high possibility that bacteria 2, 7 and 8 were hydrogen-producing bacteria (HPB).

Effect of Physical Pretreatments on the Hydrolysis Kinetic, Structural, and Thermal Properties of Pinhão Starch Nanocrystals

AbstractStarch nanocrystals (SNCs) are insoluble platelet particles with multifunctional properties. SNCs production is mainly based on acid hydrolysis of cornstarch with low yield. This study focuses on investigating the effect of pretreatments (heat‐moisture‐treatment [HMT], annealing [ANN], and sonication [SNT]) on unconventional pinhão starch to produce SNCs by acid hydrolysis to improve the yield and SNCs properties. All starches hydrolysis is described by a first‐order model reaction and shown two phases related at k values. The faster hydrolysis is from SNT (k = 0.61 day−1) and the slower one is at ANN (k = 0.40 day−1). Furthermore, the acid hydrolysis is described by a rapid (0–2 days) phase, followed by a slow phase lasing 3–7 days. The HMT increases the yield of the SNCs (14.7%) but promotes losses in the RC (47.34%) as compared with the native starch (yield 10.23%; RC 52.23%). The ANN improves crystallites perfection, protecting them from acid attack. The pretreatments allow pinhão starch to be used as promising feedstock to produce SNCs with good yield and RC. In addition, ANN can be useful to improve the thermal stability and SNT to speeding up the hydrolysis for SNCs production, while HMT can increase the hydrolysis yield.

Effect of Physical Pre-treatment of Mature Seed in Callus Formation and Plant Regeneration of Zoysiagrass

ABSTRACT In order to improve the transformation efficiency of zoysiagrass by increasing the frequency of callus formation from mature seeds and plant regeneration, the effect of pre-treatment with sea sand was examined. Mature zoysiagrass seeds were given 10 min of swelling time before sea sand treatment using a sea sand and seed ratio of 1 : 1 and a vortex shaking speed of 6 (1,000 rpm) for 10 min. The seeds showed increased callus formation that was more than 2 times the rate in the control. In addition, plant regeneration efficiency was also increased when embryogenic callus induced from sea sand-treated mature seeds was cultured in regeneration medium. These results will be very helpful for improving the genetic transformation frequency of zoysiagrass, a recalcitrant monocot grass. ( Key words : Callus, Pre-treatment, Sea sand, Zoysiagrass) Ⅰ. 서 론 우리나라를 중심으로 아시아 지역의 중국, 일본 등지에서 자생하는 것으로 알려져 있는 한국잔디(zoysiagrass)는 난지형 다년생 잔디로 알려져 있다(심 et al., 1998). 한국잔디는 지하경과 포복경에 의해 생육밀도를 높게 형성하는 특성이 있는 잔디이며, 또한 우리나라를 포함해 일본, 중국 등의 아시아 국가에서는 잔디 우점 초지를 이용하여 가축에게 방목용 초지로 활용한 예가 보고되고 있다(Dhital et al., 2010). 한국잔디로 조성된 초지는 목초생산성이 높을 뿐만 아니라 단위면적당 많은 수의 가축을 방목하는 고밀도의 방목강도에도 잘 견디는 특성이 있는 것으로 알려져 있다(Ito and Takatsuki, 2005). 잔디는 또한 다른 대부분의 C

Effect of Physical Pretreatment on Shrimp Waste for the Chitinase Production under Solid State Fermentation by Trichoderma virens

The effect of physical pretreatment and the physical structure of shrimp waste for subsequent use in the production of chitinase were investigated. Physical pretreatment was done using methods of microwave, oven, boiling and sun drying. From the results, it was evident that the structure of the shrimp waste has been affected. Higher chitinase production was found in treated shrimp waste as compared to untreated shrimp waste, due to the configuration changes that allows an increase in chitin’s degradability. The scanning electron microscope (SEM) images showed a marked change in the physical appearance of treated shrimp waste as compared to the untreated shrimp waste, especially with microwave pretreatment. Shrimp waste pretreated with microwave was found to produce higher chitinase’s activity (0.194 U/g IDS) as compared to control (raw shrimp), boiling, oven and sundried pretreatments by increment of 2.9, 1.37, 1.2 and 1.2 fold, respectively.

Effect of Pretreatment of Traditional Chinese Medicine Residue on the Biogas Productivity

The object of this study is to open the new ways of exploitation and utilization of traditional Chinese medicine residue (TCMR) as new energy material to produce biogas through indoor simulation tests. The experiment is carried out to study the effect of physical pretreatment by crusher on the biogas productivity of TCMR under medium temperature condition (35°C). TCMR is used as signal fermentation material without foreign elements which is 5% and cow dung is 10% for inoculum. The batch anaerobic digestion technology and the drainage collection biogas method are used. The results show that there is similar total biogas yield between the smashed TCMR and the unsmashed TCMR, of which the former is 9.35 L and the later is 9.28 L during 51 days fermentation. The biogas yield of smashed TCMR is higher than that of TCMR during fermentation starting period, and lower at the later stage. The results suggest that TCMR could be regarded as biogas fermentation material, and should not be smashed in order to economize the production cost.

Effect of physical pretreatment on dilute acid hydrolysis of water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes)

Effects of different physical pretreatments on water hyacinth for dilute acid hydrolysis process (121±3°C, 5% H2SO4, 60min) were comparatively investigated. Untreated sample had produced 24.69mg sugar/g dry matter. Steaming (121±3°C) and boiling (100±3°C) for 30min had provided 35.9% and 52.4% higher sugar yield than untreated sample, respectively. The highest sugar yield (132.96mg sugar/g dry matter) in ultrasonication was obtained at 20min irradiation using 100% power. The highest sugar production (155.13mg sugar/g dry matter) was obtained from pulverized samples. Hydrolysis time was reduced when using samples pretreated by drying, mechanical comminution and ultrasonication. In most methods, prolonging the pretreatment period was ineffective and led to sugar degradations. Morphology inspection and thermal analysis had provided evidences of structure disruption that led to higher sugar recovery in hydrolysis process.

A new physical pretreatment of plum for drying

In this paper a new physical pretreatment of plums, consists of piercing them by a thin needle, is proposed to increase the rate of drying. The effect of physical pretreatment on drying time was compared with chemical pretreatment that consists of dipping of plums in hot NaOH solution (1%). Drying experiments were carried out in a convective laboratory dryer at 85 °C and 0.81 m/s air velocity. It was observed that pierced plums were dried faster than chemically pretreated plums. After 480 min moisture ratio of pierced sample was 0.07 while for the chemical method it was 0.25. The moisture ratio at any time was compared with seven different mathematical models and the best model was determined according to the best agreement. Accordingly, two-term exponential model for moisture ratio is found to be superior to the other proposed models. The effective diffusivity was found to be 5.471 × 10 −9 m 2/s for chemically pretreated and 1.016 × 10 −8 m 2/s for physically pretreated plums.

Effect of physical pretreatments on the prepyrolytic behaviour of lignocellulosics

The effect of hammer milling or ball milling of straw on pyrolysis, at up to 300°C in an inert atmosphere, was studied using a modified tubular laboratory reactor. The process yield was determined on a dry basis and proximate analysis (volatile matter content and calorific value) carried out. Solid yield was negatively affected by the crystallinity reduction during ball milling, which improved the properties of the solid fuel produced by increasing its CV from 18 to 20 Mg/kg and by drastically reducing its VMC from 98 to 67% on a prepyrolyzed basis.

The Effect of Physical Pretreatment on the Ease of Saponification of Cellulose Acetate Material

The Effect of Physical Pretreatment on the Ease of Saponification of Cellulose Acetate Material