Residual tensile stresses and microstructural heterogeneity in welded joints are primary factors that degrade fatigue performance. As an effective post-weld strengthening method, Laser Shock Peening (LSP) can address these issues. Given the personalized demands of different regions, this paper proposes a Laser Non-Uniform Shock Peening (LNUSP) technique. This approach involves applying high pulse energy to the weld zone (WZ) and heat-affected zone (HAZ), and low pulse energy to the base material (BM) to achieve a more uniform residual compressive stress distribution and refined microstructure, thereby improving overall performance and service life. Results indicate that LSP transforms residual tensile stresses on the weld surface into compressive stresses. Compared to original samples, uniformly LSP-treated samples, and locally LSP-treated samples, LNUSP-treated samples exhibit more uniform residual stress and hardness distribution. LSP significantly increases surface hardness, with LNUSP-treated samples achieving a maximum hardness of 308.3 HV. Additionally, LSP induces martensitic transformation in the BM and WZ areas, alters grain orientation, and promotes dislocation movement, resulting in dislocation tangling, dislocation networks, and twin structures, which refine grain size. Consequently, LSP markedly improves joint fatigue performance, delaying fatigue crack propagation. The fatigue life of LNUSP-treated samples is increased by 25.41 % compared to original samples, reaching levels comparable to high-energy large-area impacts. This enhancement is attributed to the uniform residual stress and refined grain structure.