Effects Of Parental Psychological Control Research Articles

Trajectories of Perceived Parental Psychological Control and the Longitudinal Associations with Chinese Adolescents' School Adjustment across High School Years.

Past research supports the detrimental effects of parental psychological control on adolescent school adjustment in both emotional and academic domains. However, how psychological control changes during adolescence, and how such developmental course is related to adolescent psychological well-being and academic functioning are unclear. The direction of effects between parenting and child behaviors is also inconclusive. This 3-year longitudinal study addressed these research gaps by using five waves of survey data on 710 Chinese adolescents of high school ages (Mean age at T1 = 15.54 years, SD = 0.45, 50% males). Using latent growth curve models and latent class growth analysis, the majority of adolescents (about 63%) reported gradual increases of parental psychological control in the first 2 years of high school but a slight decline afterwards, while the other 37% perceived low and stable levels. Results from parallel latent growth modeling suggested that trajectories of psychological control were positively related to developmental trends of internalizing problems (i.e., depression and anxiety) and maladaptive academic functioning, but negatively associated with the trajectory of adaptive academic functioning, as indexed by intercept-intercept and slope-slope associations. The random-intercept cross-lagged models further revealed that psychological control was predictive of adolescent anxiety and lower adaptive academic functioning, and bidirectionally associated with maladaptive academic-related beliefs and behaviors at the within-person level. Taken together, these findings highlight the crucial role of parental psychological control on adolescent school adjustment in the Chinese cultural context and support the reciprocal model of parent-child interactions.

The Effect of Parental Psychological Control on Adolescents’ Academic Delayed Behavior

The Effect of Parental Psychological Control on Adolescents’ Academic Delayed Behavior

The moderating effects of parental psychological control on the relationship between unsociability and socio-emotional functioning among Chinese children.

There have been studies indicating that children's unsociability was associated with poorer socio-emotional functioning in China. Although some researchers have found that parenting behavior would influence the relationship between children's unsociability and adjustment, the role of parental psychological control has not been explored. This study aimed to investigate the moderating effect of parental psychological control on the relationship between unsociability and socio-emotional functioning in Chinese children. A total of 1,275 students from Grades 3 to 7 (637 boys, Mage = 10.78 years, SD = 1.55 years) were selected from four public schools in Shanghai to participate in this study. Data of unsociability, peer victimization and social preference were collected from peer-nominations, and data of parental psychological control, depressive symptoms and social anxiety were collected from self-reports. There were positive associations between unsociability and peer victimization, depressive symptoms, and social anxiety, as well as a negative association between unsociability and social preference. Parental psychological control moderated these associations, specifically, the associations between unsociability and peer victimization, social preference, and depressive symptoms were stronger, and the association between unsociability and social anxiety was only significant among children with higher level of parental psychological control. The findings in the current study highlight the importance of parental psychological control in the socio-emotional functioning of unsociable children in the Chinese context, enlightening educators that improving parenting behavior is essential for children's development.

Differential Effects of Parental Psychological Control on Boys’ versus Girls’ Smoking Development

Differential Effects of Parental Psychological Control on Boys’ versus Girls’ Smoking Development

The effect of parental psychological control on children's peer interactions in China: the moderating role of teachers' emotional support.

Peer interactions are critical to young children's social development, and proximal-system has a direct influence on personal growth. The study aims to analyze the relationship between parental psychological control and young children's peer interactions, as well as the moderating role of teachers' emotional support in this association. A total of 241 children aged 3-6 years, alongside their parents, and 27 teachers, participated in the study. Teachers reported children's peer interactions whilst parents reported their psychological control. The level of teachers' emotional support was co-coded by two researchers. The results of the study indicated that parental psychological control was significantly and negatively related to young children's peer interactions; teachers' emotional support was significantly and positively related to young children's peer interactions; the cross-level moderating effect validates our hypothesis that teachers' emotional support has a moderating effect between parental psychological control and young children's peer interactions, buffering the impact of parental psychological control on young children's peer interactions. These findings expand our comprehension of the association between parental psychological control, teachers' emotional support, and young children's peer interactions, and provide guidance for integrating the components of the proximal system and devising interventions to establish a home-school harmony environment that fosters children's social development.

부모의 심리적 통제가 대학생의 이성 간 비현실적 기대에 미치는 영향: 정서표현 양가성에 의한 부적응적 완벽주의의 조절된 매개효과

Objectives: This study was conducted to verify the moderated mediating effect of maladaptive perfectionism by ambivalence over emotional expression in the effect of parental psychological control on unrealistic expectations among romantic relationships of university students. Method: Data collected for this study were analyzed for correlation, mediating effect, and moderating effect of major variables applying SPSS 26 and PROCESS macro 4.0, and a boosting algorithm was employed to verify significance. Results: The influence of parents' psychological control on the unrealistic expectations of university students and the moderating effect of ambivalence of emotional expression on maladaptive perfectionism were confirmed. Conclusions: As a result of the study, it has been confirmed that relational ambivalence lowers mind reading among unrealistic expectations in romantic relationships. Therefore, it suggests that if you recognize and practice the importance of expressing emotions through counseling, you can help restore emotional communication and form healthy relationships.

Effects of Parental Psychological Control on Attitudes Toward Seeking Professional Psychological Help in Senior High School Students: Serial Mediating Effects of Rejection Sensitivity and Social Withdrawal.

The purpose of the current study was to examine the serial mediating effects of rejection sensitivity and social withdrawal on parental psychological control and attitudes toward seeking professional psychological help among senior high school students. In November 2022, 648 students completed a self-report questionnaire. The parental psychological control scale, senior high school students' rejection sensitivity scale, social withdrawal scale, and attitudes toward seeking professional psychological help scale were used for measurement. Correlation analysis showed parental psychological control and rejection sensitivity were positively correlated with social withdrawal (r = 0.387, 0.466, 0.495, all p < 0.001). Parental psychological control and rejection sensitivity were significantly negatively correlated with social withdrawal and attitudes toward seeking professional psychological help (r = -0.325, -0.324, -0.397, all p < 0.001). Mediating effect analysis indicated that parental psychological control had a significant direct effect on attitude toward seeking professional psychological help, and rejection sensitivity and social withdrawal had significant serial mediating effects among parental psychological control and attitudes toward seeking professional psychological help in senior high school students. These aspects warrant attention as they play significant roles in influencing students' willingness to seek psychological assistance. [Journal of Psychosocial Nursing and Mental Health Services, xx(xx), xx-xx.].

부모의 심리적 통제 및 자기효능감이 대학생의 진로태도성숙에 미치는 영향

부모의 심리적 통제 및 자기효능감이 대학생의 진로태도성숙에 미치는 영향

부모의 심리적통제와 대학생의 대인관계 유능성의 관계에서 사회적지지의 매개효과

Objectives This study aims to test the mediating effects of social support on the relationship between parental psychological control, social support, interpersonal competency variables, and parental psychological control and interpersonal competence of college students. Methods To this end, 263 university students enrolled in universities in the metropolitan area were surveyed through questionnaires. The collected data were analyzed with SPSS 25.0 through descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation analysis, and hierarchical multiple regression analysis, and the significance of indirect effects was verified using the bootstrapping method. Results The main results are summarized as follows: First, after analyzing the correlation between each variable of parental psychological control, social support, and interpersonal competence, it was found that parental psychological control and interpersonal competence were significantly inadequately correlated, and parental psychological control and social support were also significant inadequacy correlations. Next, social support and interpersonal competence were significantly statically correlated. Second, parental psychological control affected interpersonal competence and had a negative effect on social support. Third, in the effect of parental psychological control on interpersonal competence, social support had a fully mediated effect. Conclusions Through the results of research that the higher the psychological control of parents, the lower the perception of social support, which negatively affects the development of interpersonal competence, we would like to provide basic data for the promotion of interpersonal competency in college students.

Does Parental Psychological Control Affect Non-Suicidal Self-Injury of Adolescents via Depression?

This study aimed to examine the effect of parental psychological control on adolescents’ non-suicidal selfinjury and verify whether this effect is mediated by depression. In the first survey of 647 middle and high school students, only those who had experiences of non-suicidal self-injury were selected (136 adolescents). For data analysis purposes, descriptive statistics for each measured variable and Pearson’s correlation coefficients among research variables were calculated. In addition, Process Macro - Model 4 by Hayes (2013) was used to investigate the mediating model. Finally, the bootstrapping method was applied to confirm the significance of the mediating effect. The results of this study were as follows. First, parental psychological control and depression directly affected the frequency of non-suicidal self-injury among adolescents. Second, depression mediated the relationship between parental psychological control and non-suicidal selfinjury. In conclusion, the more parents controlled their children’s psychological factors, the higher the level of depression among adolescents, and as a result, the higher the frequency of non-suicidal self-injury. These findings suggest that educational intervention on parental psychological control is important to prevent and reduce non-suicidal self-injury; however, psychotherapy intervention that reduces the levels of depression should also be required.

Parental Psychological Control and Children's Prosocial Behavior: The Mediating Role of Social Anxiety and the Moderating Role of Socioeconomic Status.

Complementing internalizing and externalizing developmental outcomes of parental psychological control, in this study, we shift the focus to children’s prosocial behaviors. Drawing on self-determination theory and problem-behavior theory, this study addresses the relationship between parental psychological control, social anxiety, socioeconomic status (SES), and children’s prosocial behavior. The parental psychological control scale, social anxiety scale for children, and prosocial behavior were applied in the study. Participants were 1202 elementary school-age children in China. The present study showed that parental psychological control was negatively associated with prosocial behavior and social anxiety played a partial mediating role between parental psychological control and prosocial behavior. Meanwhile, SES moderated the relationship between parental psychological control and prosocial behavior. The effect of parental psychological control on prosocial behavior was more significant among students with low levels of SES than the higher ones. The findings showed that parenting plays an essential role in the development of children’s prosociality.

부모의 심리적 통제가 아동의 열등감을 매개로 역기능적 분노표현에 미치는 영향

Objectives The purpose of this study is to examine moderated mediation effects of self-compassion through inferiority between parental psychological control and child's dysfunctional anger expression. Methods To this end, 348 children in the 4th to 6th grades of five elementary schools located in Daegu and Gyeong sang buk-do were analyzed using the parental psychological control scale, dysfunctional anger expression scale, inferiority scale, and self-compassion scale. Correlation analysis was conducted to examine the relationship between measurement variables using SPSS 23.0 and SPSS Macro PROCESS v3.0, hierarchical regression analysis was conducted to verify the mediating effect, and regulatory regression analysis was conducted to verify the moderating effect. Results The results of the study are as follows. First, it was found that inferiority partially mediated the psychological control of parents and the dysfunctional anger expression of children. Second, it was found that self-compassion controls the relationship between the child's inferiority and dysfunctional anger expression. Third, it was found that there was a moderated mediation effect of self-compassion in the effect of parental psychological control on dysfunctional anger expression through the child's inferiority. Conclusions Through the results of this study, it was confirmed whether self-compassion can control the effect of psychological control of parents perceived by children on dysfunctional anger expression through an inferiority. Through this, it suggests that it is important to cultivate an individual's receptive and flexible attitude as well as a family parenting environment in order to lower children's dysfunctional anger expression. Therefore, information was provided to establish specific intervention strategies in counseling and education sites to improve the level of self-compassion.&#x0D;

Witnessing intimate partner violence and cyberbullying among Chinese adolescents: The mediating effect of self-control and moderating effect of parental psychological control

Witnessing intimate partner violence (IPV) is associated with adolescents’ externalizing behavior problems such as bullying and aggression, but its association with cyberbullying perpetration remains unclear. Given the prevalence of cyberbullying perpetration, this study aims to examine the relationship between witnessing IPV and cyberbullying perpetration, and also to explore whether self-control mediates, and parental psychological control (PPC) moderates the association. 1,670 primary and junior high school students (aged from 10 to 15 years, 53.7% boys) in China participated in the questionnaire survey in May, 2017. The results showed that witnessing IPV positively predicted cyberbullying perpetration significantly when sex and grade were controlled. Self-control partially mediated the relationship between witnessing IPV and cyberbullying perpetration, while PPC moderated the relation between witnessing IPV and cyberbullying perpetration. Specifically, the effect of IPV on cyberbullying perpetration was stronger when PPC was high compared to when PPC was low. Multi-group analysis showed that the effect of witnessing IPV on cyberbullying perpetration was stronger in boys than in girls and the mediation effect of self-control was stronger among junior high school students than among primary schools. The implications for intervention of cyberbullying perpetration are discussed.

The Influence of Parental Psychological Control on Social Anxiety among College Students: The Mediating Effect of Self-Discrepancy and Validation from Others

Background: This study aimed to investigate the effects of parental psychological control on social anxiety among college students and to understand the mediating effect of self-discrepancy and validation from others between them.Methods: The participants were 351 college students from Daegu and Gyeongsangbuk-do who responded to a survey. And structural equation model was used to analyze the data.Results: First, there was no mediating effect of self-discrepancy between parental psychological control and social anxiety. Second, there was a significant mediating effect of validation from others between them. Finally, self-discrepancy and validation from others were found to sequentially mediate between parental psychological control and social anxiety.Conclusions: This findings suggest that self-discrepancy and validation from others could be used as a therapeutic strategy in treatments.

부모의 심리적 통제가 남녀 청소년의 우울에 미치는 영향: 내면화된 수치심의 매개효과

본 연구는 부모의 심리적 통제가 남녀 청소년의 우울에 미치는 직접적인 영향과 내면화된 수치심을 통한 간접적 영향을 살펴보는 것을 목적으로 하였다. 이를 위해 남녀 고등학생 348명(남학생 141명, 여학생 207명)을 대상으로 자기보고식 설문을 통해 자료를 수집하였다. 수집한 자료는 SPSS 22.0을 사용하여 상관관계분석을 실시하였고, AMOS 23.0 프로그램을 통해 구조방정식모형을 분석하였다. 그 결과, 부모의 심리적 통제가 청소년의 우울에 미치는 직접적 영향은 유의하지 않았다. 그러나 청소년의 내면화된 수치심을 통해 우울에 영향을 미치는 간접적 영향은 남자 청소년의 경우 아버지와의 관계에서만 유의하였고, 여자 청소년의 경우 아버지와 어머니와의 관계에서 모두 유의하였다. 즉, 남자 청소년의 경우 아버지의 심리적 통제를 높게 지각할수록 내면화된 수치심이 높았으며, 내면화된 수치심이 높을수록 우울을 더 많이 보인 반면, 여자 청소년은 부모의 심리적 통제를 높게 지각할수록 내면화된 수치심이 높았으며, 내면화된 수치심이 높을수록 우울을 더 많이 보였다. 이러한 결과는 청소년의 우울 치료 및 상담을 통한 개입 시 아버지와 어머니의 영향이 다름을 인식하고, 청소년의 성별에 따라 개입 방안을 다르게 제공해야 할 필요가 있음을 시사한다.

Family socioeconomic status and Chinese high school students' test anxiety: Serial mediating role of parental psychological control, learning resources, and student academic self-efficacy.

It is widely documented that students with lower family socioeconomic status (SES) tend to have higher test anxiety than their peers from higher SES families. However, few studies have empirically examined the underlying mechanism whereby family SES shapes students' test anxiety. To bridge this gap, the present study proposed and tested a serial mediation model in which family SES is associated with students' test anxiety through the indirect effect of parental psychological control, access to learning resources, and academic self-efficacy. The sample comprised 354 Chinese high school students (134 boys; mean age=16.15years old). The results were as follows: (1) higher family SES was associated with increased access to learning resources, higher academic self-efficacy, lower parental psychological control, and lower test anxiety. In contrast, test anxiety was associated with decreased access to learning resources, lower academic self-efficacy, and higher parental psychological control; and (2) the mediation model indicated parental psychological control, learning resources, and academic self-efficacy functioned as serial mediators in the relationship between family SES and students' test anxiety (i.e., family SES → psychological control and learning resources → academic self-efficacy → test anxiety). The findings are discussed in the framework of the family stress/investment models and social cognitive theory. Concrete suggestions for how low SES parents can help decrease their children's test anxiety are provided.

Interactive effects of parental psychological control and autonomy support on emerging adults’ emotion regulation and self-esteem

Emerging adulthood is a life period characterized with instabilities and identity explorations (Arnett, 2000). The current study explored how parental psychological control and autonomy support predicted 386 emerging adults’ emotion regulation and self-esteem (80.8% females, 89.1% Caucasians). As expected, psychological control predicted low levels, whereas autonomy support predicted high levels of emotion regulation and self-esteem among emerging adults. Moreover, interaction effects between autonomy support and psychological control were identified. Autonomy support was predictive of high levels of emotion regulation only when parents used low parental psychological control, but not when parents engaged in high psychologically controlling behaviors. Autonomy support also had more significant positive effects on self-esteem for those who reported low psychological control. Implications of the findings were discussed.

The Effect of Parental Psychological Control Perceived by University Students on Relationship Aggression -Moderated Mediating Effect of Social anxiety through Self-acceptance-

The Effect of Parental Psychological Control Perceived by University Students on Relationship Aggression -Moderated Mediating Effect of Social anxiety through Self-acceptance-

Parental psychological and behavioral control and positive youth development among young Chinese adolescents: The mediating role of basic psychological needs satisfaction

Previous studies indicate that parental psychological control and behavioral control play crucial roles in the positive development of adolescents. However, little is known about the underlying mechanism of the associations between parental psychological control and behavioral control and positive youth development (PYD). The present study sought to examine the role of basic psychological needs satisfaction as a mediator of the association between parental psychological control and behavioral control and PYD. Two-wave longitudinal data were collected from a sample of 783 young Chinese adolescents (427 boys, Mage = 10.87, SDage = .94) who enrolled in three primary schools in Beijing, China. Results of structural equation modeling indicated that basic psychological needs satisfaction mediated the associations between parental psychological control and behavioral control and PYD six months later. Moreover, results of multiple-group invariance analysis indicated no gender differences in the indirect effects of parental psychological control and behavioral control on PYD six months later through basic psychological needs satisfaction. Implications for future research and practices for parents and school practitioners are discussed.

The Effect of Parental Psychological Control on the Interpersonal Problems and the Self-direction on Their Children of University Student

The Effect of Parental Psychological Control on the Interpersonal Problems and the Self-direction on Their Children of University Student