Effect Of Nitromethane Research Articles

Effect of Nitromethane and Jatropha Biodiesel on the Combustion, Performance and Emission Characteristics of Diesel Engine

The experimental work reported has been carried out in two parts; Jatropha biodiesel production and engine test. The engine test has been carried out on a direct injection, single-cylinder, water-cooled stationary diesel engine. Several diesel fuel blends which contain 10% and 20% by volume of JBD and 1% and 3% nitromethane were prepared. The effects of these blends on the combustion, performance, and emission characteristics of diesel engine were studied. The tests were performed under constant speed and varying load conditions without altering injection timing. A maximum increase of 11.73%, 3.2 % and 7.68 % in the brake thermal efficiency, the brake specific fuel consumption and exhaust gas temperature were achieved respectively for 20% Jatropha biodiesel and 3% nitromethane at full engine load. Compared to the pure diesel operation, the peak in-cylinder pressure of blended fuels was lower at the full load conditions. Also, the maximum net heat release rate of blended fuels was lower than that of diesel at all loading conditions. In regards to the engine emissions, the results showed that the blended fuels reduced carbon monoxide at 18.6–28.9% and unburned hydrocarbon of 7.5-24.2%, while increased the emission of nitrogen oxides at 6.9–14.3% and carbon dioxide at 4.3-10.5%.

Effect of nitromethane on fuel/air explosion characteristics under different ambient conditions

The impact of nitromethane on the explosion characteristics of diethyl ether -aluminium powder mixed fuel in the presence of different ambient factors is studied in a 20 L sphere-shaped explosion vessel. The explosion pressure of the fuel is obtained by a series of experiments, and the mechanism of nitromethane during these experiments is deduced by analysing the maximum rate of pressure increase and the gas products. The results showed that a synergistic effect existed between nitromethane and diethyl ether at high mass concentrations. The self-decomposition reaction of nitromethane enables high mass concentration fuels to react more fully, maintaining a higher explosion pressure under a low-pressure or high-relative humidity environment.

Analysis of Combustion in a Small Homogeneous Charge Compression Assisted Ignition Engine

Combustion analysis has been conducted on a small two-stroke glow ignition engine, which has similar combustion characteristics to homogeneous charge compression ignition (HCCI) engines. Difficulties such as unknown ignition timing and the polytropic index have been addressed by combining both heat release and mass fraction burn analyses. Results for all operating conditions have shown good correlations between the two methods. The engine has been fuelled with a mixture of methanol, nitromethane, and lubrication oil. The effect of nitromethane on combustion is difficult to determine, since altering nitromethane content also changes the air-fuel ratio under the current experiment set-up. However, it is still possible to show that nitromethane shortens the combustion periods beyond the uncertainty created by the mixture strength and cycle-by-cycle variations. The results further show that a faster combustion does not necessarily give a higher indicative mean effective pressure (i.m.e.p.) in this engine. This is because the start of combustion can shift away from its optimum value when nitromethane is added. The initial combustion period is found to be between 10 and 30° CA (crank angle); the main combustion period is between 25 and 50° CA. These combustion periods are comparable to a traditional spark ignition engine. In a very rich mixture, the ‘hot’ glow plug has been found to change significantly the combustion characteristics. Further study would be recommended to elucidate the effect of glow plugs. Lastly, in the case of poor combustion, cycle-by-cycle analysis shows that a misfire or partial burn cycles are always followed by high i.m.e.p. and fast burn cycles.

The effect of nitromethane on serum creatinine concentrations measured using the jaffe reaction or enzyme coupled assay

The effect of nitromethane on serum creatinine concentrations measured using the jaffe reaction or enzyme coupled assay

Polycyclic Aromatic Nitrogen Heterocycles. Part VI. Fluorescence Emission and Quenching Behavior of Select Phenyl- and Alkyl-derivatives Dissolved in Nonelectrolyte Solvents

Abstract Fluorescence emission spectra are reported for 6,7-dimethyldibenzo[c,f][2,7]naphthyridine, 6-ethyl-7-methyldibenzo[c,f][2,7]naphthyridine, 11, 12-dimethyldibenzo[a,c]phenazine, 7-phenyldibenzo[b,h][l,6] naphthyridine, and 7,8-dihydro-7,7-dimethyl-6-H-quino[2,3,4krl]acridine dissolved in organic nonelectrolyte solvents of varying polarity and acidity. Results of these were used to screen PANHs for potential use as spectroscopic probes. The effect of nitromethane as a selective quenching agent on both the unprotonated and protonated PANHs was also examined. Nitromethane was found to quench fluorescence emission of 7,8-dihydro-7,7-dimethyl-6-H-quino[2,3,4kl] acridine. Emission intensities of the remaining four PANHs, and of the four protonated PANHs for which an emission spectra could be obtained, remained essentially constant and were not affected by nitromethane.

Spectroscopic properties of polycyclic aromatic compounds: Part II. Fluorescence emission and quenching behavior of select acenaphthylene derivatives in organic nonelectrolyte solvents

Fluorescence emission spectra have been measured for acenaphthylene, aceanthrylene, acephenanthrylene, benz[ e]aceanthrylene, 3-methylbenz[ j]aceanthrylene, 6-methylbenz[ j]aceanthrylene, benzo[ def]cyclopenta[ hi]chrysene, cyclopenta[ cd]pyrene (also called acepyrylene) and acenaphth[1,2 a]acenaphthylene in organic nonelectrolyte solvents of varying polarity. Benz[ e]aceanthrylene was found to exhibit probe character for many of the solvents considered; however, emission intensity ratios in benzene, toluene, p-xylene and o-xylene were too small compared against nonelectrolyte solvents of similar polarity. The effect of nitromethane as selective quenching agent was also examined. Results of these measurements show that nitromethane does quench the fluorescence emission of the nine solutes studied, which is contrary to what would be expected based upon the fact that all nine solutes are nonalternant polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons.

Spectroscopic Properties of Polycyclic Aromatic Compounds. Part III: Fluorescence Emission and Quenching Behavior of Periodic Table Group 16 Hetero-Atom Derivatives

Fluorescence emission spectra are reported for benzo[b]naphtho[2,3d]furan, dinaphtho[l,2b:l′,2′d]furan, dinaphtho[2,lb:l′,2′d]furan, dibenzo[2,3:10,11]perylo[l,12bcd]furan, dibenzo[2,3:10,ll]perylo-(l,12bcd]thiophene, naphtho[l,8bc:5,4b′c′]dipyran (also called 1,6-dioxapyrene), and naphtha[l,8bc:4,5b′c′]dipyran (also called 1,8-dioxapyrene) in organic nonelectrolyte solvents of varying polarity. Results of these measurements indicate that dinaphtho[l,2b:l′,2′d]furan exhibits slight signs of probe character as evidenced by changing emission intensity ratios; however, the dynamic range was much too small to classify this molecule as a polycyclic aromatic compound probe. The effect of nitromethane and 1,2,4-trimethoxybenzene as selective quenching agents was also examined. Nitromethane was found to quench fluorescence emission of all the aforementioned compounds except benzo[b]naphtho[2,3d]furan.

Polycyclic Aromatic Nitrogen Heterocycles. Part V: Fluorescence Emission Behavior of Select Tetraaza- and Diazaarenes in Nonelectrolyte Solvents

Fluorescence emission spectra are reported for tricycloquinazoline, dibenzo[c,f][2,7]naphthyridine, dibenzo[a,c]phenazine, dibenz[b,h]-indeno[1,2,3de][1,6]naphthyridine, and dibenz[c,f]indeno[l,2,3ij]-[2,7]naphthyridine dissolved in organic nonelectrolyte solvents of varying polarity and acidity. Results of these experiments were used to screen PANHs for potential probe character. The effect of nitromethane as a selective quenching agent on both the unprotonated and protonated PANHs was also examined. Nitromethane was found to quench fluorescence emission of dibenzo[c,f][2,7]naphthyridine. Emission intensities of the remaining four PANHs, and of the three protonated PANHs for which emission spectra could be obtained, remained essentially constant and were not affected by nitromethane.

Polycyclic Aromatic Nitrogen Heterocycles. Part IV: Effect of Solvent Polarity, Solvent Acidity, Nitromethane and 1,2,4-Trimethoxybenzene on the Fluorescence Emission Behavior of Select Monoaza- and Diazaarenes

Fluorescence emission spectra are reported for naphth[2′l′8′7′: 4,10,5]anthra[l,9,8cdef]cinnoline, benzo[lmn][3,8]phenanthroline (also called 2,7-diazapyrene), benz[4,10]anthra[l,9,8cdef]cinnoline, naphtho[8,1,2hij]pyreno[9,10,ldef]phthalazine, acenaphtho[l,2b]pyridine, benzo[a]phenazine, indeno[l,2,3ij][2,7]naphthyridine, and indeno-[l,2,3ij]isoquinoline dissolved in organic nonelectrolyte solvents of varying polarity and acidity. Results of these measurements indicate that naphth[2′,1′,8′,7′:4,10,5]anthra[l,9,8cdef]cinnoline exhibits some signs of probe character as evidenced by changing emission intensity ratios; however, numerical values did not vary systematically with solvent polarity. The effect of nitromethane and 1,2,4-trimethoxybenzene as selective quenching agents on both the unprotonated and protonated PANHs was also examined. Nitromethane was found to quench fluorescence emission of roughly two-thirds of the alternant unprotonated PANHs studied to date. Emission intensities of the protonated PANHs remained essentially constant and were not affected by nitromethane. 1,2,4-Trimethoxybenzene, on the other hand, quenched the fluorescence emission of several unprotonated and all protonated PANHs examined.

Spectroscopic Investigation of Fluorescence Quenching Agents: Effect of Nitromethane on the Fluorescence Emission Behavior of Select Cyclopenta-PAH, Aceanthrylene, and Fluorene Derivatives

Nitromethane is examined as a selective fluorescence quenching agent for “alternant” alkyl-substituted polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Fluorescence emission behavior is reported for 11 H-benz[bc]aceanthrylene, 4 H-cyclopenta[def]phenanthrene, 4 H-cyclopenta[def]chrysene, 13 H-dibenzo[a,g]fluorene, 13 H-dibenzo[a,i]fluorene, 4 H-benzo[b]cyclopenta[mno]chrysene, 4 H-cyclopenta[pqr]picene, 7 H-dibenzo[c,g]fluorene, 9 H-benz(6,7)indeno[1,21]phenanthrene, 4 H-benzo[b]cyclopenta[jkl]triphenylene, 13 H-dibenz[bc,k]aceanthrylene, 13 H-dibenz[bc,l]aceanthrylene, and 4 H-benzo[def]cyclopenta[mno]chrysene dissolved in organic solvents of varying polarity and in acetonitrile or aqueous-acetonitrile solvent mixtures at various nitromethane concentrations. Results of these measurements show that nitromethane quenches fluorescence emission of the thirteen solutes studied, which is in complete agreement with what would be expected on the basis of the fact that all solutes are “alternant” polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons.

Dissociation constants of phosphorus monothioacids in absolute ethanol and nitromethane

1. The method of potentiometric titration in transfer circuits was used to determine the dissociation constants of phosphorus monothioacids ABPSOH in abs. ethanol and nitromethane at 25°. In these solvents the thione-thiol equilibrium is shifted toward the thione forms. 2. The differentiating effect of nitromethane on the strength of the studied phosphorus monothioacids was established.

Mammalian Histidine Ammonia Lyase: IN VIVO INACTIVATION AND PRESENCE OF AN ELECTROPHILIC CENTER AT THE ACTIVE SITE

Abstract Histidine-ammonia lyase (EC 4.3.1.3) from rat liver became inactivated and incorporated radioactivity upon incubation with 14C-nitromethane. Degradation of the 14C-protein yielded the same products that appear after 14C-nitromethane inactivation and degradation of the bacterial enzyme. Therefore, the two enzymes must possess an identical, or at least very similar electrophilic center at the active site. Injection of nitromethane into adult mice caused the inactivation of liver histidase. If the effect of nitromethane in vivo is specific, it will provide a model for the human genetic disorder, histidinemia.