Effect Of Nicotine Chewing Gum Research Articles

Metabolic effects of nicotine gum and cigarette smoking: Potential implications for postcessation weight gain?

The effects of nicotine chewing gum and cigarettes on resting energy expenditure (REE) were evaluated. Twenty smoking women participated in nicotine gum and smoking administration, after which their REEs were measured. Results indicate an acute increase in REE for both nicotine gum and cigarettes. Metabolic rates for nicotine gum slowly returned to baseline, whereas rates for cigarettes quickly dropped and fell significantly below baseline. Thus, the metabolic effect of nicotine gum was greater than the effect of smoking.

Mecamylamine reduces some EEG effects of nicotine chewing gum in humans

Spontaneous EEG was recorded in nine cigarette smokers who had been abstinent from tobacco for 12 hr. Subjects were treated with a capsule containing either centrally acting nicotine blocker, mecamylamine (10 mg), or placebo. At each of three 60-min intervals after the capsule was ingested, the subjects chewed two pieces of gum containing a total of 0, 4 or 8 mg of nicotine. Nicotine and mecamylamine dose combinations were randomized across subjects. Two three-minute periods of spontaneous EEG were recorded before the capsule and before and after gum chewing from bipolar electrode montages at the following positions: Cz-T5, Cz-T6, Cz-F7 and Cz-F8. During one period the subjects relaxed with eyes closed, in the other period they performed a math task with eyes open. When the drugs were given individually, mecamylamine decreased beta power and nicotine gum (4 and 8 mg) increased alpha frequency. Mecamylamine pretreatment prevented the increase in alpha frequency caused by the 4 mg gum dose but not the 8 mg dose. Alpha power was increased by the 8 mg gum dose and that increase was prevented by mecamylamine. Self-reported ratings of the "strength" of the gum were significantly diminished by mecamylamine pretreatment. The data are consistent with the results of earlier studies which indicate that the effects of tobacco administration and withdrawal are mediated by central actions of nicotine.

Effect of Nicotine Chewing Gum in Combination with Group Counseling On the Cessation of Smoking

Effect of Nicotine Chewing Gum in Combination with Group Counseling On the Cessation of Smoking

Electroencephalographic effects of nicotine chewing gum in humans

The electroencephalographic (EEG) and subjective effects of nicotine chewing gum (0, 2 and 4 mg) were compared in three tobacco deprived (12 hr) heavy smokers. EEG responses were recorded from F 7, F 8, T 5, and T 6 positions before and after the subjects chewed nicotine gum (chew rate=1 per 2 sec) for 10 min and subsequently analyzed by a computer-based data acquisition and analysis system. Analysis of the chewed gum indicated that the subjects extracted approximately 50 percent of the available nicotine. The nicotine gum increased EEG frequencies in the alpha (7.25–14 Hz) and beta (14.25–25 Hz) bands and decreased theta (4–7 Hz) power. The EEG effects were most evident in the resting subject; the effects of the gum were similar but weaker when the EEG was aroused by a mental arithmetic task. Nicotine gum had EEG stimulant effects like those of inhaled tobacco smoke which were most apparent in the relaxed subject. In spite of this similarity, the subjects did not identify the effects of the gum as being identical to those of cigarettes.

Effects of nicotine chewing gum on smoking cessation in routine clinical use.

SummaryThis is a study of the value of(adding nicotine chewing gum to group smoking cessation therapy. The results from three periods of such therapy are compared. In periods I and III treatment included group support therapy and nicotine chewing gum. In period II the group support therapy was identical, but the nicotine replacement chewing gum was, for reasons not provoked by the study, unavailable. The study spans the years 1975–1980 and a total of 2404 smokers.In period I, when the gum was available on a clinical trials basis, 25 per cent of the individuals treated with group therapy including nicotine chewing gum remained abstinent at a 12‐month follow‐up. This figure decreased significantly, to 18 per cent, in period II when the gum was unavailable, to recover to 25 per cent in period III, after introduction of the gum on the pharmaceutical market.Thus, it is found that routine clinical use of nicotine chewing gum as a complement to group treatment improves the long‐term success rate by about one‐third, as compared with treatment using psychological methods alone.

Effect of Nicotine Chewing Gum in Smoking Cessation

The effect of 2-mg nicotine chewing gum as an adjunct to group therapy for smoking cessation was studied in a placebo-controlled, double-blind, randomized trial. After one year, 29% of the 106 subjects treated with nicotine chewing gum had remained abstinent throughout the year compared with 16% of the 99 subjects treated with placebo. The results were confirmed by measurement of levels of expired CO. More subjects in the nicotine group (70/94 v 45/93) reported that the gum reduced the craving for smoking. The adverse effects were few and not serious. In the nicotine group, 3% were still using the nicotine gum after two years. No subjects in the placebo group used the chewing gum beyond six months. Nicotine chewing gum is effective in improving the success rates in smoking cessation based on group therapy.

Effect of nicotine chewing gum in smoking cessation. A randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind study

Effect of nicotine chewing gum in smoking cessation. A randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind study

Effects of nicotine chewing gum and follow-up appointments in physician-based smoking cessation

The effect of different follow-up programs reinforced or not reinforced with the nicotine chewing gum Nicorette was tested by 13 physicians working in the open health care system. A total of 151 patients were advised to stop smoking, and were asked to participate in the program if judged sufficiently motivated by the physicians. After inclusion they were randomized into short or long follow-up, and nicotine gum vs no gum. The physicians conducted the follow-up therapy in their own personal way. Short follow-up was comprised of one appointment 14 days after cessation, while long follow-up consisted of a telephone call (1 week), an appointment (2 weeks), a second appointment (1 month), and a letter (3 months). The results at 12 months were that long follow-up showed a trend ( P < 0.12 toward being better than short follow-up, while nicotine gum was significantly better than no gum ( P < 0.05) in maintaining abstinence. The group with the best outcome was the one receiving long follow-up and nicotine gum, which yielded an expired air carbon monoxide-controlled, 12-month abstinence rate of 27%. The abstinence outcomes at 12 months for the other groups were short follow-up and nicotine gum, 22%; long follow-up and no gum, 15%; and short follow-up and no gum, 3%. The physicians' reactions to the smoking cessation treatment were largely positive. The nicotine gum seems to be a relatively simple, cost-effective, and practical tool for physicians to enhance and reinforce their antismoking advice. With a longer active follow-up period than was used here (1 month), even better results may be possible.

Effect of nicotine chewing gum as an adjunct to general practitioners' advice against smoking

Effect of nicotine chewing gum as an adjunct to general practitioners' advice against smoking

Effect of nicotine chewing gum as an adjunct to general practitioners' advice against smoking

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